Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria using calf and upper arm circumference as phenotypic criteria for assessing muscle mass demonstrate satisfactory validity for diagnosing malnutrition in hospitalized patients: A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Hospitalized individuals present high rates of malnutrition and loss of muscle mass (MM). Imaging techniques for assessing MM are expensive and scarcely available in hospital practice. The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) proposed a framework for malnutrition diagnosis that includes simple measurements to assess MM, such as calf circumference (CC) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). This study aimed to analyze the validity of the GLIM criteria with CC and MUAC for malnutrition diagnosis, using Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) as the reference standard, in inpatients. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted on 453 inpatient adults in a university hospital. The presence of malnutrition was assessed within 48 h of hospital admission using SGA and GLIM criteria using CC and MUAC as phenotypic criteria for malnutrition diagnosis. Accuracy, agreement tests, and logistic regression analysis adjusted for confounders were performed to test the validity of the GLIM criteria for malnutrition diagnosis. RESULTS: The patients were aged 59 (46-68) years, 51.4% were male, and 67.8% had elective surgery. Compared with SGA, the GLIM criteria using the two MM assessment measures showed good accuracy (area under the curve > 0.80) and substantial agreement (κ > 0.60) for diagnosing malnutrition. The highest sensitivity was obtained with GLIMCC (89%), whereas GLIMMUAC showed high specificity (>90%). Also, malnutrition identified by GLIMCC and GLIMMUAC was significantly associated with prolonged hospitalization and in-hospital death. CONCLUSION: In the absence of imaging techniques to assess MM, the use of CC and MUAC measurements from the GLIM criteria demonstrated satisfactory validity for diagnosing malnutrition in hospitalized patients.

Survey of nutrition screening practices in pediatric hospitals across the United States.

BACKGROUND: Nutrition screening on admission is critically important to systematically identify patients with undernutrition given the known relationship with deleterious clinical outcomes. Limited data exist regarding optimal processes and criteria for pediatric nutrition screening. Therefore, we sought to characterize nutrition screening practices in pediatric hospitals. METHODS: A total of 365 inpatient pediatric hospitals in the United States were identified, eligible, and contacted. Eligible hospitals included general pediatric hospitals, adult hospitals with pediatric units, and specialty pediatric hospitals. One respondent at each eligible hospital was asked to complete a 33-question survey of admission nutrition screening practices. RESULTS: Of 268 survey respondents, 37% represented pediatric units in adult hospitals, 35% general pediatric hospitals, and 28% pediatric specialty or psychiatric hospitals. A total of 98.5% endorsed the existence of a screening process on admission. Anthropometrics (eg, body mass index z score, 84%) and nutrition status (eg, change in intake, 67%) were the most common screening criteria applied. A nutrition screening instrument was used in 37% of institutions, and only 31% of institutions reported using pediatric-specific screening instruments. Pediatric units within adult hospitals were 1.38 times more likely to use a screening instrument validated in any population. Barriers to nutrition screening included the lack of a standard screening procedure and insufficient staff to conduct screening. Fifty-four percent of respondents reported a desire to change their hospital's nutrition screening process. CONCLUSION: Most pediatric hospitals screen for nutrition risk on admission. However, methods and criteria varied widely across pediatric hospitals, highlighting the importance of standardized best practices.

Comorbidity burden and nutritional status are associated with short-term improvement in functional independence and pain intensity after hip fracture surgery in older adults with in-hospital rehabilitation.

PURPOSE: Hip fracture is a common condition among older adults. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of nutritional status and comorbidity burden on changes in functionality, fall risk, and pain intensity one month after hip surgery in older adults with in-hospital rehabilitation. METHODS: Thirty-six hip fracture patients (55.6% female) aged 65 years or older with indication for surgical resolution were recruited. The main outcomes were functional independence (Barthel Index), risk of falls (Downton Falls Risk Index) and pain intensity (Visual Analogue Scale), assessed preoperatively and one month after discharge. Covariates included age, sex, BMI, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and nutritional status (Mini Nutritional Assessment). For the inferential analysis, a one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied. RESULTS: Significant improvements were observed in functional independence (11.0 points, 95% CI: 1.7 to 20.3), risk of falls (-2.8 points, 95% CI: -4.0 to -1.7) and pain intensity (-2.6 points, 95% CI: -3.4 to -1.9). Among the covariates, a significant interaction was found between the CCI and improvements in functional independence (F=7.03, p=0.010, η2p=0.093), while nutritional status showed a significant interaction with pain reduction (F=5.65, p=0.020, η2p=0.075). CONCLUSION: A lower comorbidity burden was associated with greater postoperative functional independence, while better nutritional status was associated with a greater reduction in postoperative pain intensity.

Prevalence of malnutrition and impact on 30-day hospital readmission in adults receiving home care and ambulatory care: A descriptive cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the prevalence of malnutrition among patients receiving home care (HC) and ambulatory care (AC) services. Further, the risk of hospital readmission in malnourished patients transitioning from hospital to HC or AC is also not well established. This study aims to address these two gaps. METHODS: A descriptive cohort study of newly referred HC and AC patients between January and December 2019 was conducted. Nutrition status was assessed by clinicians using the Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF). Prevalence of malnutrition and at risk of malnutrition (ARM) was calculated, and a log-binomial regression model was used to estimate the relative risk of hospital readmission within 30 days of discharge for those who were malnourished and referred from hospital. RESULTS: A total of 3704 MNA-SFs were returned, of which 2402 (65%) had complete data. The estimated prevalence of malnutrition and ARM among newly referred HC and AC patients was 21% (95% CI: 19%-22%) and 55% (95% CI: 53%-57%), respectively. The estimated risk of hospital readmission for malnourished patients was 2.7 times higher (95% CI: 1.9%-3.9%) and for ARM patients was 1.9 times higher (95% CI: 1.4%-2.8%) than that of patients with normal nutrition status. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of malnutrition and ARM among HC and AC patients is high. Malnutrition and ARM are correlated with an increased risk of hospital readmission 30 days posthospital discharge.

Adaptation and validation of the EPIC-Norfolk food frequency questionnaire for assessing dietary intake in Ukrainian adults.

Introduction: Currently, there are no validated food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) for evaluating nutrient intake in Ukrainian adults. This study aimed to adapt and validate the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer Food Frequency Questionnaire (EPIC-Norfolk FFQ) for this population group. Methods: Adults aged 18-54 years (n=90) living in different regions of Ukraine completed the new Ukrainian version of the EPIC-Norfolk FFQ and provided information about their 24-hour dietary recall. Raw and energy-adjusted data were analysed using Spearman's correlation coefficients, Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, cross-classification method, weighted kappa and Bland-Altman analysis. Results: Correlations ranged from 0.0738 (retinol equivalents) to 0.458 (total energy and phosphorus) and were statistically significant for all nutrients except cholesterol and vitamin A (as retinol and retinol equivalents). The percentage of participants classified into the same and adjacent quartiles ranged from 61.11% (vitamin A as retinol equivalents) to 81.11% (vitamin D). Gross misclassification into the opposite quartile ranged from 3.33% (magnesium) to 10% (cholesterol, vitamin A as retinol and retinol equivalents). Using the weighted kappa, most nutrients had a fair agreement (ĸ=0.21-0.40). Energy adjustment did not affect the results for most nutrients. Bland-Altman plots confirmed overestimation of the absolute intake of most nutrients and appeared to underestimate total sugars intake by FFQ; nevertheless, there was good agreement between the two methods. Conclusion: The new Ukrainian version of the FFQ demonstrated reasonable relative validity for ranking an individual's nutrient intake. The overestimation of the absolute intake of most nutrients is comparable to or even less than that in other FFQ validation studies. We cannot recommend the current Ukrainian version of the FFQ for the assessment of vitamin A (as retinol and retinol equivalents) consumption because of significant differences in results between the two methods.

Effectiveness of video-assisted teaching on prevention of constipation among postpartum women admitted in postnatal ward at a tertiary care hospital: a randomised controlled trial.

Background: The postpartum period is a vital phase for a mother as she undergoes a role transition in her life, in addition to physiological changes. Among all discomforts experienced during this period, constipation is more common and it can cause lifelong complications such as haemorrhoids, rectal prolapse and anal fissures if left untreated. Adequate care, education and compliance with proper postpartum diet and exercise can prevent it. Aim and objective: This study intended to assess the effect of video-assisted teaching in preventing constipation among postpartum women in comparison with routine care. Settings and design: Antenatal outpatient department and postnatal ward. Experimental research design-randomised controlled trial. Methods and material: Totally, 160 antenatal women in the III trimester were selected by convenience sampling and randomised into study and control groups. Data were collected using a semistructured questionnaire. Postpartum women in the study group received video-assisted teaching regarding the postnatal diet and exercise for the prevention of constipation developed by the researcher with reference from books, journals, Indian council of medical research Recommended dietary allowances table and expert opinion. Postpartum women in the control group received routine care as a pamphlet regarding the care of women after delivery which was routinely given to all mothers along with the discharge slip. Constipation Assessment Scale was used to assess the presence of constipation at the end of second week of post partum. Statistical analysis used: Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Results: Data showed 27% of postpartum women in control group had constipation comparing to only 6.1% of the women in the study group (p<0.05). There was a significant association between consumption of fruits, green leafy vegetables, increased fluid intake, regular walking and the status of constipation (p<0.001). Conclusions: Video-assisted teaching was effective in preventing constipation among postpartum women.

Development of a questionnaire for assessing the impact of children's food marketing exposure on diet-related outcomes.

Introduction: The Government of Thailand has drafted legislation to protect children from the harmful impact of unhealthy food (including beverages) marketing. Local evidence on Thai children's exposure to, and the impact of, this marketing is necessary to, first, support the adoption of this Law and, second, to contribute to assessing policy implementation and effectiveness. This study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire for examining Thai children's exposure to unhealthy food marketing and its impact on diet-related outcomes. Materials and methods: To design the questionnaire, we first conceptualised the range of impacts of unhealthy food marketing on children's diet-related outcomes based on published frameworks. These outcomes related to food brand loyalty, preference, purchase and consumption. We conducted a literature review to gather related questions used in earlier surveys to assess these outcomes. Using these questions, we assessed content validity with five experts. Face validity and reliability were assessed for 32 children. Validity was assessed using Content Validity Index (CVI) and Kappa statistics. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results: We identified 15 survey questions that had been used to assess the outcomes of interest. The CVI of all questions was 1.0, indicating perfect agreement with each question's relevance by the experts. Most questions were perceived to be easy to read and comprehend, suggesting face validity. Cronbach's alpha and ICC of all questions were both 0.75, demonstrating internal consistency across responses to questions about, separately, brand loyalty, preferences, purchase and consumption. Conclusion: The final 15-item questionnaire provides a valid and reliable survey instrument for measuring the impact of unhealthy food marketing on children's diet-related outcomes. This instrument will be useful for gathering local evidence on the need for policy reform to protect children from unhealthy food marketing in Thailand. The instrument also provides a cost-effective approach for generating evidence in other jurisdictions to propel policy actions. This is a pilot study and the validity and reliability needs further testing after a larger-scale roll-out.

MyFitnessPal smartphone application: relative validity and intercoder reliability among dietitians in assessing energy and macronutrient intakes of selected Filipino adults with obesity.

This study aimed to explore the validity of energy and macronutrient intake estimates provided by a popular nutrition tracking smartphone application. 37 obese Filipino adults and 3 nutritionist-dietitians participated in this study. Participants used MyFitnessPal to log their food intake for 5 days. They also completed paper-based food record forms at the same time. Dietitians then referred to each of the participants' completed food record forms to log the participants' food intakes and generated estimates of energy and nutrient intake using the same app. The researcher also referred to the participants' completed food record forms and generated energy and nutrient intake data using the Food Composition Tables (FCT)-the Philippine reference standard for estimating calorie and nutrient intakes. T-tests showed no statistical difference in energy and macronutrient data generated between participants and dietitians using MyFitnessPal app but Bland-Altman plots showed very weak to moderate agreements. T-tests revealed statistically significant difference between using the MyFitnessPal app and FCT in estimating energy, protein and fat intakes and Bland-Altman plots showed very weak to moderate agreement between MyFitnessPal and FCT. MyFitnessPal was found to underestimate the values for energy, carbohydrates and fat and overestimate values for protein when compared with estimates using FCT. Analysis of variance showed good intercoder reliability among dietitians, with the exception of fat intake estimates. The Goldberg approach showed very low likelihood of misreporting energy intake among the participants in this study. In this study, MyFitnessPal showed poor validity among Filipinos with obesity but with good reliability when used by dietitians. It also showed poor validity relative to the FCT. Prior nutrition knowledge is a factor in ensuring the accuracy of energy and nutrient intake data generated using MyFitnessPal app. It is recommended that users consult with dietitians for guidance on how to use these apps in weight management interventions.

Geographical altitude and stunting among children aged under 5 years in India.

Introduction: Previous studies have found positive associations between higher geographical altitude and increased risk of stunting in children under 5 years old, but little evidence exists on this relationship in the Indian context specifically. Chronic exposure to high altitudes can impair food security, healthcare access, oxygen delivery and nutrient absorption, potentially increasing malnutrition. Objective: To investigate the association between geographical altitude and stunting among children aged under 5 years in India. Methods: Using data from the 2015-2016 National Family Health Survey, logistic regression was conducted to estimate the relationship between altitude and stunting, adjusting for child, maternal and household characteristics. The analysis included over 167 555 children under 5 years old. Results: Children at higher altitudes had a significantly greater risk of stunting. Those at >2000+ metres had 40% higher adjusted odds of stunting than children below 1000 metres. The altitude-stunting association was stronger among rural children. Conclusions: This study provides robust evidence that higher geographical altitude is an important risk factor for stunting among young children in India, especially those in rural areas. Targeted interventions to improve food security, healthcare access and nutrition in high-altitude regions could help to mitigate the higher burden of stunting in these areas.

Meaning of nutrition for cancer survivors: a photovoice study.

Background: Little is known about how cancer survivors perceive nutrition through the cancer experience and how those perceptions may influence their diet. Aims: This study aimed to capture the meaning of nutrition for cancer survivors who are post-cancer treatment using a participatory photography method known as photovoice. Methods: Wang and Burris's photovoice procedure was followed. Recruitment took place via email through existing links with participants from a previous quantitative study. The participants were tasked with taking photographs to represent the meaning of nutrition for them post-treatment. Group workshops and semistructured interviews were conducted to facilitate reflection, dialogue and analysis. Data analysis followed Braun and Clarke's six-phase thematic analysis. Results: One man and seven women (n=8) across the Island of Ireland were recruited. Participants identified six themes (illustrated with photographs): (1) Fresh is Best, (2) Be kind to yourself, (3) Building Blocks. Be Informed., (4) Post-Treatment Healing Changes, (5) Chemo Rituals and (6) Food for the Soul-Healthy Mind. Healthy Body. Conclusions: Participants displayed a holistic approach to a healthy lifestyle for recovery post-treatment and maintaining health. While diverse, participants made post-treatment nutritional changes by introducing and eliminating certain foods or food groups. All agreed that being informed and building nutrition knowledge are essential. It is important to clarify the implications cancer has had on diet and health when providing nutrition guidance to ensure that it is appropriate and specific.

Finding the place for nutrition in healthcare education and practice.

Background: Malnutrition continues to impact healthcare outcomes, quality of life and costs to healthcare systems. The implementation of nutrition care in healthcare practice may improve health outcomes for patients and the community. This paper describes the iterative development and implementation of nutrition medical education resources for doctors and healthcare professionals in England. These resources are part of the Nutrition Education Policy for Healthcare Practice initiative. Method: Action research methodology was employed to develop and implement nutrition education workshops for medical students and doctors. The workshop was developed iteratively by an interdisciplinary project team, and the content was initially based on the General Medical Council outcomes for graduates. It was evaluated using quantitative evaluation tools and informal qualitative feedback captured from attendees using tools provided by the host organisations and developed by the roadshow team. Results: A total of 6 nutrition education workshops were delivered to 169 participants. This simple educational package demonstrated potential for delivery in different healthcare settings; however, formal feedback was difficult to obtain. Evaluation results indicate that workshops were better received when delivered by doctors known to the participants and included local context and examples. Reported barriers to the workshops included difficulty for participants in finding the time to attend, beliefs that peers gave a low priority to nutrition and uncertainty about professional roles in the delivery of nutrition care. Conclusion: A key outcome of this project was the development of resources for nutrition training of doctors, adapted to local needs. However, relatively low attendance and multiple barriers faced in the delivery of these workshops highlight that there is no ideal 'place' for nutrition training in current healthcare teaching. Interprofessional education, through relevant clinical scenarios may increase awareness of the importance of nutrition in healthcare, support the alignment of health professional roles and improve subsequent knowledge and skills.

Nutrition counsellors' recommended eating patterns for individuals with type 2 diabetes in the USA.

Introduction: Multiple eating patterns can promote glycaemic control and weight loss among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Clinical practice guidelines for T2D management encourage health professionals to guide patients' selection of a patient-centred eating pattern. This study aims to characterise beliefs about and recommendations for and against practice guideline-concordant eating patterns among registered dietitians (RDs) and other healthcare professionals who provide nutrition counselling to patients with T2D. Methods: This was a cross-sectional online survey. We invited 82 RDs affiliated with an academic health system in the midwestern USA to participate. We also invited health professionals who provide nutrition counselling to patients with T2D and are affiliated with 264 primary care practices within the Michigan Collaborative for Type 2 Diabetes. Participants were asked to select the eating pattern(s) that they commonly recommend or avoid for patients with T2D and why. Results: Survey respondents (n=81) most commonly recommend low-carbohydrate (77.8%); Mediterranean-style (52.8%) and energy-modified/calorie-restricted (36.1%) eating patterns. Survey respondents most commonly recommend avoiding very low-carbohydrate (51.0%) and very low-calorie (49.0%) eating patterns. Respondents who did not recommend very low-carbohydrate were most concerned about the eating pattern being too restrictive (93.0%). Conclusions: Survey respondents recommend a range of guideline-adherent eating patterns to patients with T2D but tend to recommend against very low-carbohydrate and very low-calorie eating patterns. Additional strategies are needed to increase patient-centred use of these evidence-based options in clinical practice settings.

Urine sodium concentration and 28-day weight velocity in preterm infants: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Urine sodium concentration has been suggested as a marker to guide enteral sodium supplementation in preterm infants; however, no previous data have demonstrated relationships between urine sodium concentration and postnatal growth. METHODS: We performed a single-center retrospective cohort study on 224 preterm infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at the Children's Hospital of Georgia between January 2010 and July 2022. Spot urine sodium was measured in preterm infants (<34 weeks postmenstrual age [PMA]) between days of life (DOLs) 7 and 28. Our exposure of interest was spot urine sodium concentration (milliequivalents per liter) obtained between postnatal days 7 and 28, and our primary outcome was weight velocity (grams per kilograms per day) determined at DOL 28. Statistical relationships were assessed by multivariate analysis with subgroup comparisons by Student t test and analysis of variance. RESULTS: In 224 preterm infants (199 ± 17 days, 56% male, 71% Black), urine sodium concentration did not associate with weight velocity at DOL 28 and 36 weeks PMA. Urine sodium concentration was weakly associated with gestational age at birth, and Black preterm infants had higher urine sodium values when compared with "other," but not White preterm infants. CONCLUSION: Spot urine sodium during the first month of life does not associate with weight velocity at DOL 28 or 36 weeks PMA.

Evaluating Validated Diet Quality Indices Used in Pregnant Women in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review.

CONTEXT: Diet quality indices (DQIs) assess the level of adherence to dietary recommendations and a specified dietary pattern in populations; however, there is limited evidence regarding the construct criteria and validation methodology of DQIs used in pregnant women. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to (i) identify and describe characteristics of DQIs that have been validated for use in pregnant women in high-income countries, and (ii) evaluate criteria used to develop DQIs and validation methodologies employed. DATA SOURCES: CINAHL, Embase, Medline, SCOPUS, and Web of Science were systematically searched for eligible articles published between 1980 and November 2022 that focused on DQIs validated for use in pregnant women from high-income countries. DATA EXTRACTION: Characteristics, development criteria, and validation methodologies used in the included articles were extracted by one reviewer and checked by a second reviewer. DATA ANALYSIS: A narrative synthesis and descriptive statistics were used to summarize the review findings. Reporting was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement. RESULTS: Six articles with 5 validated DQIs were identified. In total, 3777 participants were included - five articles had pregnant women aged 31-50 years and in their second trimester. Food frequency questionnaires were used as the dietary assessment method in all studies, and 3 DQIs were used to assess dietary intake at 1 time point, using 2 different dietary assessment methods. No indices fulfilled preferred features for the DQI development criteria developed by Burggraf et al (2018). Construct validity was assessed by all DQIs, followed by criterion validity (n = 4) and test-retest reliability (n = 2). CONCLUSION: Limited high-quality validated DQIs for use in pregnant women in high-income countries were identified. Scoring for DQI components were not specific to nutrient requirements for pregnant women. Findings from this review may inform the development of DQIs that evaluate specific dietary requirements and specific food safety considerations applicable to pregnancy. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: https://osf.io/u2hrq.

Trends in Nutrition-Related Risk Factors Identified Post-Operatively in Patients Treated for a Lower-Extremity Injury.

This study investigated trends within a custom Sports Nutrition Assessment for Consultation (SNAC) survey designed to identify nutrition-related risk factors among post-operative lower-extremity youth athletes. Athletes aged 8-18 years who completed the SNAC at a sports medicine institution after lower-extremity surgery were reviewed for associations between SNAC questions and age/sex differences. Of 477 patients (15.0 ± 2.0 years; 47.8% female), 319 (66.9%) answered 'yes' to at least one question and were identified for a consult, though 216 (64.3%) declined. The most frequent questions to prompt a consult were a desire to better understand nutrition for recovery (41.5%) and regularly skipping at least one meal a day (29.8%). Inter-question responses were often significantly related, especially regarding appetite changes, weight changes, and/or meal-skipping. While consult acceptance was not significantly different between sex/age, males were more likely to report a desire to better understand nutrition (p = 0.004) and a weight change (p = 0.019), and females were more likely to report struggling with dizziness/fatigue (p < 0.001). Additionally, older athletes reported an appetite change (p = 0.022), meal-skipping (p = 0.002), a desire to better understand nutrition (p < 0.001), a weight change (p < 0.001), and an effort/recommendation to change their body composition/weight (p = 0.005). These findings demonstrate a link between risky nutrition behaviors and physical detriments.

Malnutrition prevalence in hospitalized pediatric patients: A comparison of national and World Health Organization growth standards.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to investigate the frequency of malnutrition in hospitalized children and compare national growth standards with World Health Organization (WHO) standards. METHODS: After obtaining height, weight, and mid-upper arm circumference values for 250 children aged 1 month to 5 years, nutrition status was assessed separately according to Neyzi and WHO standards. Weight-for-age z score (WAZ), weight-for-height z score (WHZ), height-for-age z score (HAZ), and mid-upper arm circumference z score (MUACz) were calculated based on age. Patients with WHZ < -2 were considered to have acute malnutrition, while those with HAZ < -2 were considered to have chronic malnutrition per WHO's definition. RESULTS: According to the WHO and Neyzi standards, the z scores were as follows: WAZ (-0.53 ± 1.54/-0.61 ± 1.52), HAZ (-0.42 ± 1.61/-0.45 ± 1.38), WHZ (-0.33 ± 1.26/none), MUACz (-0.58 ± 1.31/none). The difference between WAZ scores for the two standards was highly significant (P = 0.0001), whereas the difference between HAZ scores didn't reach statistical significance (P = 0.052). In our study when evaluated according to WHO standards, the prevalence of acute and chronic malnutrition was 9.6% and 13.6%, respectively. The prevalence of chronic malnutrition in those aged <2 years was higher than in the 2-5 years age group (16.8% and 4.5%, respectively; P = 0.012). CONCLUSION: There were highly significant differences in the assessment of malnutrition between the WHO and national Neyzi according to WAZ standards, contradicting the claim that WHO curves can be universally applicable. The high rates of acute and chronic malnutrition in our study indicate that malnutrition remains a significant nutrition problem in our country.

Software and equations using segmental measures to estimate height in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy considering the level of gross motor function.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: In children with Cerebral palsy (CP) bone deformities create a difficulty in the collection of height measures by direct methods. Body segments are an alternative to study for anthropometric evaluation in children with CP. Motor compromise affects growth in these children. To our knowledge, no equations have been developed to estimate height that consider the level of involvement of children with CP. The aim was to develop equations to estimate height using segmental measures for children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of children and adolescents with CP of both sexes from 2 to 19 years old from five cities in Argentina. Children whose height and knee-heel height (KH) could be measured were included. Height, KH, and clinical covariables were collected. Linear regression models with height as the dependent variable and KH as predictors adjusted for significant covariates were developed and compared for R2, adjusted R2, and the root mean square of the error. RESULTS: 242 children and adolescents (mean age 9 ± 4 years) with a confirmed diagnosis of CP were included. The interaction between height and other variables such KH, sex, GMFCS, and age was analyzed. Two equations were developed to estimate height according to GMFCS level (GMFCS Level I-III: H = 1.5 × KH(cm) + 2.28 × age(years) + 51; GMFCS Level IV-V: H = 2.13 × KH (cm)+ 0.91 × age(years) + 37). The concordance correlation coefficient between estimated and observed height was 0.95 (95%CI [0.94; 0.96]). CONCLUSION: Height in children and adolescents with CP can be predicted using KH, GMFCS, and age. The equations and software can estimate height when this cannot be obtained directly.

Standardising and simplifying the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) for its more general application.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is present in 20-50% of hospital patients but its recognition is often neither timely nor complete. The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) aims to improve this, but its successful implementation may be compromised by its dependence on (a choice of) prior screening tools and difficulties in consistent assessment of muscle mass. AIMS: To explore different approaches to screening and muscle assessment in GLIM and to offer simpler choices for its more widespread application. METHODS: (1) Data from 300 consenting in-patients provided Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS-2002), Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), and Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) scores. GLIM scoring was preceded by NRS-2002 or MUST (using threshold scores of 1 or 2 for MUST), or no prior screening. The results of GLIM scoring preceded by different screening approaches were compared with those of SGA. (2) The literature on mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and calf circumference (CC) as simple, non-invasive, objective methods of muscle assessment methods was reviewed (3) The cumulative times taken to obtain GLIM scores were measured and corrected for the different screening strategies. RESULTS: (1) Participants' mean age was 60 years, 157 (52%) were female and mean BMI was 27.8 kg/m2. In comparison with SGA, GLIM with no prior screening had the highest sensitivity (65%) and negative predictive value (NPV) (76%), but the lowest specificity (90%) and positive predictive value (PPV) (84%). The equivalent figures for GLIM with prior MUST "1" were 62%, 75%, 93% and 88%; with prior NRS-2002, 55%∗, 73%, 98%∗ and 95%∗; and with prior MUST "2", 44%∗, 69%∗, 98%∗, 95%∗. The area under an ROC curve was the highest (0.78) when GLIM was performed without screening or with prior MUST "1". (2) Being less affected by oedema and gender differences than calf circumference, MUAC could serve as a standard globally accessible muscle mass assessment method which can be supplemented by technical approaches if available and deemed necessary. (3) The overall per-capita time requirement of GLIM was 240-245 s without prior screening, and was increased by 2-3% with prior MUST "1", by 27-29% with prior NRS-2002 and decreased by 8-9% with prior MUST "2". CONCLUSIONS: Preceding GLIM by screening can decrease its sensitivity and increase overall time utilisation; "gold standard" muscle assessment is not globally accessible. Our results therefore support considering using GLIM as a combined screening and assessment tool, with MUAC as the method of muscle assessment which can be supplemented by technical approaches if available and deemed necessary. This could potentially both simplify the use of GLIM and improve the early detection of malnutrition. ∗Indicates statistically significant difference from use of GLIM without prior screening.

Effect of nutrition assessment, counselling and support integration on mother-infant nutritional status, practices and health in Tororo and Butaleja districts, Uganda: A comparative non-equivalent quasi-experimental study.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition remains a health challenge for women aged 15 to 49 years and their infants. While Nutrition Assessment Counselling and Support (NACS) is considered a promising strategy, evidence of its effectiveness remains scanty. This study assessed the effect of the comprehensive NACS package on the mother-infant practices, health and nutrition outcomes in two districts in Eastern Uganda. METHODS: A comparative non-equivalent quasi-experimental design was employed with two groups; Comprehensive NACS (Tororo) and Routine NACS (Butaleja). Pregnant mothers were enrolled spanning various trimesters and followed through the antenatal periods and post-delivery to monitor their health and nutrition status. Infants were followed for feeding practices, health and nutritional status at birth and weeks 6, 10, 14 and at months 6, 9 and 12 post-delivery. Propensity score matching ensured study group comparability. The NACS effect was estimated by nearest neighbour matching and the logistic regression methods. Statistical analysis utilised STATA version 15 and R version 4.1.1. RESULTS: A total of 666/784 (85%) with complete data were analysed (routine: 412, comprehensive: 254). Both groups were comparable by mothers' age, Mid Upper Arm Circumference, prior antenatal visits, meal frequency, micronutrient supplementation and instances of maternal headache, depression and diarrhoea. However, differences existed in gestation age, income, family size, education and other living conditions. Comprehensive NACS infants exhibited higher infant birth weights, weight-for-age z-scores at the 3rd -6th visits (p < 0.001), length-for-age z scores at the 4th -7th visits (p < 0.001) and weight-for-length z-scores at the 3rd - 5th (p < = 0.001) visits. Despite fewer episodes of diarrhoea and fever, upper respiration infections were higher. CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive NACS demonstrated improved mother-infant nutritional and other health outcomes suggesting the need for integrated and holistic care for better maternal, infant and child health.