Perceptions of Social Capital Before and After the Perpetration of Femicide, Homicide, and Other Serious Crimes: Evidence from Argentina.

Over the past two decades, femicide-the gender-based killing of women or girls-has become an issue of international concern. Yet relatively little data on perpetrators exist. Current research primarily focuses on individual risk factors with less attention on community and societal factors. We use a social capital approach to examine femicide by analyzing the extent to which crime perpetrators experience and perceive social punishment (exclusion) from their social networks. Using a quota sampling strategy, we administered a cross-sectional questionnaire to perpetrators of femicide (N = 71), male-male homicide (N = 73), and other serious crimes (N = 64) across four prisons in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Other crime perpetrators served as a control to the two lethal crime groups. Perceived social capital scores were assigned based on responses to two scales adapted from the World Bank's "Integrated Questionnaire for the Measurement of Social Capital." Before committing murder, femicide and homicide perpetrators' scores were not statistically different. Yet after the crime, femicide perpetrators retained significantly greater scores than homicide perpetrators. The perceived social capital scores of other crime perpetrators did not change after the commission of their crimes. As a secondary objective, we examined the individual and social contexts of femicide perpetrators. Most (85%) of the femicide perpetrators could name at least one other person in their social network whom they knew to be physically violent during disagreements with their partner, while 11% stated that "everyone" they knew used violence during disagreements. Although the penalty for committing femicide and homicide is ostensibly equivalent-a life sentence of 50 years-we found that the informal social punishment femicide perpetrators perceived is less severe than that experienced by homicide perpetrators. These data indicate a lack of social punishment for femicide, compared to other crimes, showing social legitimization of the crime. These findings support the development of community-level interventions to prevent femicide.

Occupational Therapy and Imprisoned Adolescents: An Analysis of Professional Practices.

The care of adolescents in reclusion has been a field of work for occupational therapists in different parts of the world. The objective of this study was to describe and analyze Brazilian occupational therapists' practices with adolescents in reclusion. Research conducted in Brazil, identifying 56 professionals, invited to answer a questionnaire (n = 43); participate in discussion groups (n = 9); and interview (n = 4). Professionals reported different visions that guide their practices, including the identification of individual skills and the profession's possibilities for social action. Occupational therapists have specificities to work in these institutions, highlighting the possibilities of acting with a focus on social change. Practices in occupational therapy can lead to social change if focused on social issues. Social occupational therapy offers theoretical and methodological elements that inform the profession. Reflections on the practice carried out, according to a critical perspective, enable a performance in occupational therapy that intends social change.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to describe and analyze the practice of occupational therapists in custodial units of the Brazilian juvenile justice system. METHODOLOGY: Mapping and identification of occupational therapists in institutions of juvenile incarceration; questionnaire; workshops; semi-structured interviews; and synthesis meeting. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Forty-three professionals with diverse practices participated in this study. The collected data in the different stages of the research were analyzed based on social occupational therapy. CONCLUSION: Occupational therapy practices can lead to social change if focused on social issues. Social occupational therapy offers theoretical and methodological elements for that.

Occupational Therapy and Imprisoned Adolescents: An Analysis of Professional PracticesIntroduction: In Brazil, the number of adolescents convicted of infractions is increasing. Judicial sanctions may be imposed on this population, including imprisonment. There are occupational therapists working with these adolescents, but their practices are little recorded and debated.

Características de la población femenina carcelaria: un caso de la región Caribe de Colombia / Characteristics of the female prison population: a case from the Caribbean region of Colombia / Características da população carcerária feminina: um caso da região caribenha da Colômbia

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir las características de las mujeres privadas de libertad (MPL) de un centro de detención carcelario de la región Caribe de Colombia, a partir de un método cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal, mediante el uso de unidades de análisis documental de una muestra de 202 archivos psicojurídicos de mujeres privadas de libertad, durante los años 2021 y 2022. En estos archivos se encuentran 25 variables divididas en tres grupos. Primer grupo: características sociodemográficas de la población; segundo grupo: datos históricos, relativos a antecedentes familiares y de salud mental; tercer grupo: aspectos relacionados con la conducta delictiva. De acuerdo con los resultados encontrados, la mayor parte de la población son madres, con escaso acceso a oportunidades laborales, bajo nivel de escolaridad, con precarios ingresos económicos, antecedentes de victimización psicológica, sexual o física, exposición a violencia indirecta, antecedentes de abandono y, en algunos casos, se identificó la presencia de diagnósticos en salud mental, consumo de sustancias, comorbilidad y experiencias traumáticas durante su infancia y adolescencia y la prisionalización de padres o familiares. Estos resultados permiten reconocer la importancia de los aspectos históricos y los antecedentes de la conducta delictiva femenina, lo cual resulta fundamental en la prevención de la criminalidad, haciendo frente a los factores de riesgo previos a la conducta delictiva femenina; igualmente, la relevancia del fortalecimiento de un modelo carcelario de cara a las características y necesidades de la población femenina, una política criminal y un sistema penitenciario de género sensitivo, así como la incorporación de los resultados encontrados en el tratamiento carcelario, en la resocialización y en la prevención del fenómeno criminal.

The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of women deprived of liberty (MPL) in a prison detention centre in the Caribbean region of Colombia, based on a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional method, using units of documentary analysis of a sample of 202 psycho-legal files of women deprived of liberty, during the years 2021 and 2022. These files contain 25 variables divided into three groups. First group: socio-demographic characteristics of the population; second group: historical data, relating to family history and mental health; third group: aspects related to criminal behaviour. According to the results found, most of the population are mothers, with little access to job opportunities, low level of schooling, precarious economic income, history of psychological, sexual or physical victimisation, exposure to indirect violence, history of abandonment and, in some cases, the presence of mental health diagnoses, substance use, comorbidity and traumatic experiences during childhood and adolescence and the imprisonment of parents or relatives were identified. These results allow us to recognise the importance of the historical aspects and background of female criminal behaviour, which is fundamental in the prevention of criminality, addressing the risk factors prior to female criminal behaviour; also, the relevance of strengthening a prison model that takes into account the characteristics and needs of the female population, a criminal policy and a gender-sensitive penitentiary system, as well as the incorporation of the results found in prison treatment, in re-socialisation and in the prevention of the criminal phenomenon

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as características das mulheres privadas de liberdade (MPL) em um centro de detenção prisional na região caribenha da Colômbia, com base em um método quantitativo, descritivo e transversal, usando unidades de análise documental de uma amostra de 202 arquivos psicolegais de mulheres privadas de liberdade, durante os anos de 2021 e 2022. Esses arquivos contêm 25 variáveis divididas em três grupos. Primeiro grupo: características sociodemográficas da população; segundo grupo: dados históricos, relativos à história familiar e à saúde mental; terceiro grupo: aspectos relacionados ao comportamento criminal. De acordo com os resultadosencontrados, a maior parte da população é composta por mães, com pouco acesso a oportunidades de trabalho, baixo nível de escolaridade, renda econômica precária, histórico de vitimização psicológica, sexual ou física, exposição à violência indireta, histórico de abandono e, em alguns casos, foi identificada a presença de diagnósticos de saúde mental, uso de substâncias, comorbidade e experiências traumáticas durante a infância e a adolescência e o encarceramento dos pais ou parentes. Esses resultados permitem reconhecer a importância dos aspectos históricos e dos antecedentes do comportamento criminoso feminino, o que é fundamental na prevenção da criminalidade, abordando os fatores de risco anteriores ao comportamento criminoso feminino; também, a relevância do fortalecimento de um modelo prisional diante das características e necessidades da população feminina, de uma política criminal e de um sistema prisional sensível ao gênero, bem como a incorporação dos resultados encontrados no tratamento prisional, na ressocialização e na prevenção do fenômeno criminal.

Mood disorders among adolescents in conflict with the law and in custody.

The high prevalence of psychiatric symptoms among juvenile delinquents is a well-replicated international finding. This study aimed to find the prevalence of mood disorders and their relationship with serious criminal acts in a population of adolescents in conflict with the law and in custody. A total of 123 male inmates aged 14 to 17 years were interviewed and assessed. Mood disorders were diagnosed in 15% of the sample for current episode and 31% for lifetime, making them third most prevalent after dependence disorders and disruptive disorders. The psychopathological profile of the adolescents who had committed violent crimes corroborates other studies reporting a high prevalence of mood disorders in this population. Several factors have been found to influence the formation of juvenile delinquency, including absence of family structure, social inequality, lack of quality school education, alcohol and drug abuse/addiction and disruptive disorders. The present results confirm mood disorders as another such factor.

Moral Disengagement in Adolescent Offenders: Its Relationship with Antisocial Behavior and Its Presence in Offenders of the Law and School Norms.

This study focuses on understanding the relationship between moral disengagement mechanisms in adolescents who engage in law-breaking activities and those who violate school norms. To do so, we administered the Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement Scale (MMDS), which evaluates moral justification, euphemistic labeling, advantageous comparison, deflection of responsibility, diffusion of responsibility, distortion of consequences, dehumanization, and attribution of blame, to 366 adolescents (60.1% males (n = 220) and 39.9% females (n = 146)). Our results confirmed the hypothesis that law-breaking adolescents presented a higher degree of moral disengagement than those adolescents who violate school norms. Additionally, we found that adolescents who violated school norms displayed significantly higher levels of dehumanization than the controls, and law-breaking adolescents obtained the highest score in this domain. Our findings allow us to suggest that the presence of the dehumanization mechanism in adolescents who violate school norms could be used as an early indicator of the emergence of antisocial behaviors, since this was the only component of moral disengagement that significantly differentiated this group from the controls in the study.

A National Study on Psychological Violence in Brazil: Differences by Sex and Skin Color.

Violence is a global public health problem that affects especially the most vulnerable people. The aim was to analyze the prevalence of psychological violence in the Brazilian population and inequalities according to sex and skin color. This was a cross-sectional study in which the database of the National Health Survey 2019 was used. Psychological violence was considered present when an individual answered yes to at least one of the five variables investigated: In the last 12 months, has anyone (a) offended you, humiliated you, or ridiculed you in front of other people?; (b) yelled at you or called you names?; (c) used social media or cell phones to threaten, offend, curse, or expose your images without your consent?; (d) threatened to hurt you or hurt someone important to you?; and (e) destroyed something of yours on purpose? The independent variable was skin color. The crude prevalence ratio (PR) was determined by Poisson regression. All analyses were stratified by sex. Of the 88,531 respondents, 41,662 were males and 46,869 were females. The prevalence of the presence of psychological violence was 19% in women and 15.6% in men. Men and women with black/brown/yellow/indigenous skin color were 20% and 15% more likely to suffer one or more items of psychological violence, respectively, than men and women with white skin color (PR = 1.20; 95% CI [1.11, 1.30] and PR = 1.15; 95% CI [1.08, 1.23]). Psychological violence occurred predominantly against females and individuals with black/brown/yellow/indigenous skin color. There were notable inequalities in the exposure to this type of violence that need to be considered when making plans to address this problem. The findings emphasize the relevance of constantly reviewing political and social constructions to promote a reduction of inequalities.

Assessing attentional bias to emotions in adolescent offenders and nonoffenders.

Emotional processing is a cognitive function essential for the interaction of humans with their environment and the development of adaptive behaviors. Adolescent offenders (AOs) express difficulty in cognitive processes linked to emotional processing, which is a response consistently observed during the endogenous (i.e., controlled) control of attention. Less remains understood of the extent to which such atypical responses extend beyond controlled attention and influence exogenous mechanisms (i.e., automatic). This study explores this hypothesis using the recently devised emotional Flanker paradigm. It recruited a group of 39 male AOs and 39 nonoffenders from Barranquilla, Colombia. Assessment consists of an emotional Flanker paradigm administered along with traditional neurocognitive and social cognition tasks. The AOs displayed the well-known attentional bias to threat and a relatively atypical response to emotional targets in which they detected emotions, particularly negative ones, faster than did nonoffenders. Frontal lobe functions account for these effects but not sociodemographic variables nor general cognitive abilities. The results are interpreted in light of evidence suggesting that youngsters with high levels of antisocial behaviors (e.g., callous-unemotional traits) present an enhanced orientation toward distressing stimuli, which is explained by lifelong experiences (e.g., histories of abuse). The findings suggest that environmental influences seemingly exist in the development of these traits, but additional research is required to elucidate the role of cognitive and environmental factors in the development of antisocial behavior.

Emotional Behavioural Styles in Violent and Non-violent Juvenile Offenders / Estilos de comportamiento emocional en delincuentes juveniles violentos y no violentos

Abstract Previous studies have found emotional behavioural styles among school children in Pakistan and their impact on academic achievement (Javed et al., 1992; Samad et al., 2005; Soomro & Clarbour 2012; Syed et al., 2007; Syed & Hussein, 2009). The main purpose of the study was to extend the investigation to the juvenile offenders to assess the emotional behavioural styles among violent and non-violent juvenile offenders located in the different prisons of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. T-test and Binary Logistic Regression were used to analyse the data. T-test revealed that there were significant differences among violent and non-violent juvenile offenders on three emotional style factors: malevolent aggression, social self-esteem, and social anxiety. Binary Logistic Regression analysis indicated that violent juvenile offenders exhibited higher levels of malevolent aggression and low levels of social self-esteem and social anxiety than non-violent juvenile offenders. Current study is comparative in nature and may provide empirical evidences for distinguishing between the violent and non-violent juvenile offenders on the basis of emotional behavioural styles and suggest intensive multimodal Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and anger management program to modify the behaviour of violent juvenile offenders.

Resumen Estudios previos han encontrado estilos de comportamiento emocional en niños de edad escolar en Pakistán y su impacto en el rendimiento académico (Javed et al., 1992; Samad et al., 2005; Soomro & Clarbour 2012; Syed et al., 2007; Syed & Hussein, 2009). ). El objetivo principal del estudio fue ampliar la investigación a los delincuentes juveniles para evaluar los estilos de comportamiento emocional entre los delincuentes juveniles violentos y no violentos ubicados en las diferentes prisiones de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistán. Se utilizaron la prueba T y la regresión logística binaria para analizar los datos. La prueba T reveló que había diferencias significativas entre los delincuentes juveniles violentos y no violentos en tres factores de estilo emocional: agresión malévola, autoestima y ansiedad sociales. El análisis de regresión logística binaria indicó que los delincuentes juveniles violentos exhibieron niveles más altos de agresión malévola y niveles bajos de autoestima y ansiedad sociales que los delincuentes juveniles no violentos. El estudio actual es de naturaleza comparativa y puede proporcionar evidencias empíricas para distinguir entre los delincuentes juveniles violentos y no violentos sobre la base de los estilos de comportamiento emocional y sugerir una terapia cognitiva conductual (TCC) multimodal intensiva y un programa de manejo de la ira para modificar el comportamiento de los delincuentes juveniles violentos.

Subjetivar-se em situação de violência: a violência de estado e a criminalidade na vida dos adolescentes da periferia autores de atos infracionais / Becoming subjects in a context of violence: state violence and criminality in the lives of adolescent offenders from the periphery / Subjetivación en situación de violencia: la violencia del estado y la criminalidad en la vida de los adolescentes de la periferia autores de actos infraccionales

Na pesquisa em questão, relaciona-se a violência de Estado com a criminalidade na vida dos adolescentes da periferia autores de atos infracionais, partindo do viés da Psicologia Social. Abordando a historicidade das violências estruturais no Brasil, enquanto configuração de um Estado democrático de exceção permanente - pela implementação de um projeto necropolítico -, o trabalho baseou-se em quatro eixos teóricos principais: a violência de Estado, a necropolítica, o racismo estrutural e os adolescentes autores de atos infracionais. Para pensar os efeitos psicossociais da segregação, da violência, do racismo e da criminalização da pobreza na construção da subjetividade dos adolescentes autores de atos infracionais, o trabalho teve como método a análise do livro "Memórias de um Sobrevivente", de Luiz Alberto Mendes. As discussões abrangem o crime enquanto status e visibilidade; as análises de uma vida imersa em violência generalizada; e as torturas policiais em relação com a violência por vingança. Conclui-se que os estigmas aprisionam o sujeito em crenças de que ele só tem capacidade de ser o "marginal esperado", quem reage violentamente como efeito psicossocial de uma violência estrutural que produz sujeitos agressivos. Assim, a criação de novas práticas de atuação em psicologia nas situações sociais críticas se faz imprescindível e urgente. (AU)

In the research at hand, we explore the relationship between State violence and criminality in the lives of adolescents residing in marginalized commu-nities who have committed delinquent acts, from the perspective of Social Psychology. Addressing the historical context of structural violence in Brazil as a manifestation of a democratic state of permanent exception - through the implementation of a necropolitical agenda - this study is founded on four primary theoretical pillars: State violence, necropolitics, structural racism, and adolescent offenders. To contemplate the psychosocial repercussions of segregation, violence, racism, and the criminalization of poverty in the formation of the subjectivity of adolescent delinquents, this work employs the analysis of the book "Memórias de um Sobrevivente" by Luiz Alberto Mendes as its methodology. Discussions encompass the concept of crime as a social status and its visibility; analyses of a life deeply entrenched in pervasive violence; and police brutality within the context of retaliatory violence. Our conclusion asserts that the societal stigmas ensnare these adolescents, confining them to the belief that they are destined to be the "expected delinquent," predisposed to react violently as a psychosocial response to the structural violence that fosters aggressive behaviors. Consequently, the development of novel psychological interventions in critical social contexts is both imperative and urgent. (AU)

En la investigación en cuestión, la violencia estatal está relacionada con la criminalidad en la vida de los adolescentes de la periferia que cometieron delitos, por la perspectiva de la Psicología Social. Abordando la historicidad de la violencia estructural, en Brasil, como una configuración de un estado democrático de excepción permanente - a través de la implementación de un proyecto necropolítico. El trabajo se basó en cuatro ejes teóricos: la violencia de Estado, necropolítica, racismo estructural y adolescentes autores de actos infraccionales. Para reflexionar sobre los efectos psicosociales de la segregación, violencia, racismo y criminalización de la pobreza en la construcción de la subjetividad de los adolescentes en conflicto con la ley, fue utilizado el análisis del libro "Memórias de um Sobrevivente", de Luiz Alberto Mendes. Los debates abarcan el crimen como estatus y visibilidad; análisis de una vida inmersa en la violencia generalizada; y tortura policial en relación con la violencia por venganza. Se concluye que los estigmas aprisionan al sujeto en creencias de que solo tiene la capacidad de ser el "marginal esperado", que reacciona violentamente como efecto psicosocial de una violencia estructural que produce sujetos agresivos. Así, la creación de nuevas prácticas en psicología en situaciones sociales críticas es fundamental y urgente. (AU)

Factores dinámicos asociados a la reincidencia de menores infractores en España y Portugal: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Dynamic factors associated with recidivism among juvenile offendersin Spain and Portugal: systematic review and meta-analysis / Fatores dinâmicos associadosà reincidência entre delinquentes juvenis na Espanha e em Portugal: revisão sistemática e meta-nálise

El presente artículo analiza la evidencia empírica que aportan los estudios sobre la influencia de los factores dinámicos asociados a la reincidencia criminal de menores infractores dentro del contexto español y portugués. La búsqueda de los términos Juvenile delinquency* OR juvenile offenders* AND recidivism* OR Risk factors * se realizó en las bases de datos Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of science, Dialnet, Scielo y ProQuest. Aplicados los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, de un total de 105 653 artículos, se seleccionaron 20 para análisis cualitativo y 3 para incluir en el metaanálisis. El estudio permite concluir que los factores dinámicos con mayor capacidad de predicción son la educación, la relación con el grupo de pares, el tiempo de ocio, la familia y el consumo de SPA.

This article analyses the empirical evidence provided by studies on the influence of dynamic factors associated with the criminal recidivism of juvenile offenders in the Spanish and Portuguese context. The search for the terms Juvenile delinquency* OR juvenile offenders* AND recidivism* OR Risk factors* was carried out in the databases Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of science, Dialnet, Scielo and ProQuest. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, out of a total of 105 653 articles, 20 were selected for qualitative analysis and 3 for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The study allows us to conclude that the dynamic factors with the greatest predictive capacity are education, relationship with peer group, leisure time, family and PAS consumption.

Este artigo analisa as evidências empíricas fornecidas por estudos sobre a influência de fatores dinâmicos associados à reincidência de crimes de menores nos contextos espanhol e português. A busca pelos termosjuvenile delinquency* OR juvenile offenders* AND recidivism* OR risk factors* foi realizada nos bancos de dados Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Dialnet, SciELO e ProQuest. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, de 105.653 artigos, 20 foram selecionados para a análise qualitativa e 3 para a inclusão na meta-nálise. O estudo nos permite concluir que os fatores dinâmicos com maior capacidade preditiva são educação, relacionamento com o grupo de pares, tempo de lazer, família e consumo de PAS.

Experiências adversas na infância: um estudo com autores de agressão sexual / Experiencias infantiles adversas: un estudio con perpretadores de agresiones sexuales / Adverse childhood experiences: a study addressing the perpetrators of sexual violence

This study aimed to describe the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) of perpetrators of sexual violence of children and adolescents and their relationship with the abusers' personal and situational factors (n = 30). Hence, a database composed of the transcripts of interviews was analyzed using content analysis, from which thematic categories emerged as proposed by the Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). Physical abuse was the most frequently reported (70%). Sexual abuse was reported by almost half of the sample, which presented an increased risk in the face of the death and/or divorce of parents (RR = 4.21) and emotional neglect (RR = 3.2). In addition, the participants with higher ACE-Scores abused children more recurrently and less frequently consumed alcohol or other drugs. The interpretation of the results in light of the literature reinforces the hypothesis that the consequences of adversities during childhood are associated with a higher likelihood of becoming a victim throughout life and manifesting risky behaviors, such as aggressive sexual behavior. Future studies are suggested to apply the ACE-IQ to larger samples and implement a post-test to contribute to more effective interventions to treat this population.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las Experiencias Adversas en la Infancia por parte de los perpetradores de agresión de niños y niñas y la asociación con factores personales y situacionales identificados. (n = 30). Para ello, se utilizó el instrumento de cribado del Cuestionario Internacional de Experiencias Adversas en la Infancia (ACE-IQ) para el análisis de los datos. El maltrato físico fue reportado con mayor frecuencia (70%) y el abuso sexual fue mencionado por casi la mitad de la muestra, con su riesgo aumentado ante la muerte y/o divorcio de los padres (RR = 4,21) y negligencia emocional (RR = 3.2). Participantes con ACE-Scores más altos han agredido repetidamente a sus víctimas y con menos necesidad de consumir alcohol y/o otras drogas. Los resultados muestran que las consecuencias de la exposición a la adversidad en la infancia están asociadas no solo a la probabilidad de convertirse en víctima a lo largo de la vida, sino también a caminos de transitar permeados por conductas de riesgo y criminalidad. Se sugiere que más estudios puedan aplicar el ACE-IQ a muestras más grandes, con la realización de una prueba posterior, lo que puede contribuir a intervenciones más efectivas al servicio de esta población.

Este estudo objetivou descrever Experiências Adversas na Infância (EAI) relatadas por autores de agressão sexual de crianças e adolescentes e sua relação com fatores pessoais e situacionais identificados (n = 30). Para tanto, utilizou-se um banco de dados formado por transcrições de entrevistas previamente realizadas, cuja análise de conteúdo considerou categorias temáticas retiradas do Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). O abuso físico foi o mais relatado (70%) e o abuso sexual mencionado por quase metade da amostra, tendo seu risco aumentado diante da morte e/ou separação dos pais (RR = 4.21) e negligência emocional (RR = 3.2). Participantes com maiores ACE-Scores agrediram de forma mais recorrente e com menor uso de álcool e/ou outras drogas. A interpretação dos resultados à luz da literatura da área reforça a hipótese de que as consequências da exposição à adversidade na infância estão relacionadas tanto à probabilidade de tornar-se vítima ao longo da vida quanto de vir a manifestar comportamentos de risco, como a conduta sexual agressiva. Estudos posteriores poderão aplicar o ACE-IQ diretamente e em amostras maiores, com a realização de pós-teste, o que favorecerá a promoção de intervenções mais eficazes no atendimento a essa população.

Exploring the Relationship between Callous-Unemotional Traits and Implicit Attitudes toward Violence.

Past research has associated callous-unemotional traits (CU) in young people with serious conduct problems and antisocial behavior. However, whether CU traits influence implicit attitudes toward violence remains largely unexplored. We assess this hypothesis in two independent samples: a sample of youth with no criminal records (Study 1, N = 86), and in a sample of young offenders (Study 2, N = 61). Both groups were not compared due to theoretical (very different demographics) and statistical reasons (the total sample was insufficient to be able to reach the statistical power required in the comparison of both groups). Further, we use an implicit procedure to examine whether CU traits modulate wanting for violent stimuli. Across two samples of youth, we found little evidence of an association between CU traits and implicit violent cognition. In youth with no criminal records, implicit attitudes toward violence were related to the unemotional factor of CU traits, but unrelated to other factors and to a global CU traits score. CU traits were not associated with implicit attitudes toward violence in young offenders. The latter finding was mirrored in the implicit wanting task. Overall, our findings cast some doubts on the adequacy of implicit measures to assess implicit violent cognition in youth with CU traits. We discuss potential methodological limitations of this research (e.g., characteristics of the sample and performance in the implicit procedures) that may impact our results.

Assessing Racial Disparities in Homicide Sentencing: Findings From Brazil.

Over the past four decades, hundreds of studies have examined the presence of racial disparities in criminal punishment. The bulk of this research has been conducted in the United States and a few other western democracies, with limited research assessing the presence of racial disparities in criminal sentencing for homicides in South America. Using information gathered via original data collection on homicide cases from five different capital cities in Brazil, the current study examines two criminal court outcomes: whether a defendant was convicted and the length of sentence. Findings reveal the absence of racial disparities in conviction decisions, even though Black and Brown defendants received longer sentence lengths. Supplementary analyses show racial disparities in sentence length are most pronounced when the homicide victim was White. Implications for studying court outcomes in international contexts are discussed.

Clustering of Obesogenic Behaviors Associated With Bullying Roles Among 100,794 Adolescents.

Obesogenic behaviors have been individually associated with bullying during adolescence. However, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and diet manifest themselves in synergy and even behavioral profiles in which positive and negative behaviors coexist can be more positively associated with psychosocial outcomes. The present study aimed to analyze the association between clusters of obesogenic behaviors and different bullying roles in Brazilian adolescents. This cross-sectional study used data from the Brazilian School-based Health Survey-PENSE, 2015. A total of 100,794 male and female adolescents of the ninth-grade elementary school participated in the study. Students responded to an electronic questionnaire. Clusters of obesogenic behavior consisted of physical activity, exposure to sedentary behavior, and diet, and the different roles in bullying were: participant, victim, bully, and bully-victim. Binary logistic regression with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was used for data analysis (p < .05). Multiple adjustments and complex sampling procedures were employed. Adolescents in the cluster "Health-promoting sedentary behavior and Diet" had reduced chances of participating in bullying (odds ration [OR] = 0.70; 95% CI [0.64, 0.76]), of being a victim (OR = 0.87; 95% CI = 0.76-0.99), and being the bully (OR = 0.65; 95% CI [0.59, 0.71]); and those from the cluster "Health-promoting physical activity and Diet" had reduced chances of participating (OR = 0.81; 95% CI [0.76, 0.87]), being a victim of bullying (OR = 0.86; 95% CI [0.76, 0.98]), being the bully (OR = 0.79; 95% CI [0.72, 0.85]), and being a bully-victim (OR = 0.74; 95% CI [0.61, 0.90]), when compared to those from the "health-risk" cluster in the adjusted analysis. Clusters of obesogenic behavior may reduce adolescent bullying: victim, bully, and bully-victim benefit when exposed to healthier behavioral profiles. The school setting must recognize bullying as a problem and therefore simultaneously promote multi-component interventions to tackle physical activity, sedentary behavior, and eating behavior. Outcomes other than obesity should be acknowledged when promoting obesogenic behaviors.

Cognitive distortions of sexual victimizers of children and adolescents: associations with experiences in the family of origin, early maladaptive schemas, self-esteem and self- efficacy / Distorções cognitivas de vitimizadores sexuais de crianças e adolescentes: associações com experiências na família de origem, esquemas inicias desadaptativos, autoestima e autoeficácia / Distorsiones cognitivas de los abusadores sexuales de niños y adolescentes: asociaciones con experiencias en la familia de origen, esquemas iniciales de desadaptación, autoestima y autoeficacia

Abstract Introduction: Cognitive distortions of child sexual offenders have been researched because they might be the foundation for tort conduct. Objective: the aim of this study was to analyze cognitive distortions in individuals convicted for statutory rape against children and/or teenagers and verify connections with their family of origin, early maladaptive schema, self-esteem, and self-efficacy, as well as to assess the predictive power of these variables in the occurrence of cognitive distortions. Method: this was a descriptive, correlational and explanatory research performed with 49 men currently serving time without parole. The following instruments were administered: Family Background Questionnaire, Young Schema Questionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, as well as a documentary review of the legal proceedings of the participants. Results: the study revealed connections between cognitive distortions and substance abuse by the father (r=0,417; p=0,034), as well as vulnerability to harm (r=0,416; p=0,008), defectiveness (r=0,405; p=0,013), and grandiosity (r=0,339; p=0,040) schema. The vulnerability to harm scheme was the only predictive variable for cognitive distortions, accounting for 73,4 % of the variance. Conclusion: importance of analyzing cognitive distortions in child sexual victimizers and the possibility of schema therapy as an alternative treatment.

Resumo Introdução: As distorções cognitivas de indivíduos que vitimizam sexualmente crianças e/ou adolescentes vêm sendo objeto de investigação, pois podem estar na base da conduta delitiva. Objetivo: analisar as distorções cognitivas de indivíduos presos pelo crime de estupro de vulnerável contra crianças e/ou adolescentes e verificar associações com experiências na família de origem, esquemas iniciais desadaptativos, autoestima e autoeficácia, bem como avaliar o poder preditivo dessas variáveis para a ocorrência de distorções cognitivas. Método: Tratase de uma pesquisa descritiva, correlacional e explicativa, realizada com 49 homens cumprindo pena em regime fechado. Foram aplicados os instrumentos Family Background Questionnaire, Young Schema Quetionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale e foi feito um levantamento documental dos processos judiciais dos participantes. Resultados: O estudo revelou associações entre as distorções cognitivas e o abuso de substâncias paterno (r=0,417; p=0,034), assim como com os esquemas de vulnerabilidade ao dano (r=0,416; p=0,008), defectividade (r=0,405; p=0,013) e grandiosidade (r=0,339; p=0,040). O esquema de vulnerabilidade ao dano foi a única variável preditiva das distorções cognitivas, explicando 73,4 % da variância. Conclusão: importância da análise de distorções cognitivas em vitimizadores sexuais infantis e a possibilidade da terapia dos esquemas como alternativa de tratamento.

Resumen Introdución: Las distorsiones cognitivas de individuos que victimizan sexualmente a niños han sido objeto de investigación, pues pueden ser la base de un comportamiento criminal. Objetivo: Analizar las distorsiones cognitivas de personas encarceladas por el delito de violencia sexual contra niños y / o adolescentes y verificar las asociaciones con experiencias en la familia de origen, esquemas iniciales desadaptativos, autoestima y autoeficacia, así como evaluar el poder predictivo de estas variables en las distorsiones cognitivas. Método: Es una investigación descriptiva, correlacional y explicativa, llevada a cabo con 49 hombres encarcelados en régimen cerrado. Se aplicaron los instrumentos Family Background Questionnaire, Young Schema Quetionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale y se realizó una encuesta documental de los procesos judiciales de los participantes. Resultados: El estudio reveló asociaciones entre las distorsiones cognitivas y el abuso de sustancias paterno (r = 0,417; p = 0,034), así como con los esquemas de vulnerabilidad a daños (r = 0,416; p = 0,008), defectos (r = 0,405; p = 0,013) y magnitud (r = 0,339; p = 0,040). El esquema de vulnerabilidad al daño fue la única variable predictiva para las distorsiones cognitivas, explicando el 73,4 % de la varianza. Conclusiones: importancia de analizar las distorsiones cognitivas en los abusadores sexuales infantiles y la posibilidad de la terapia de esquema como un tratamiento alternativo.

Is digit ratio (2D:4D) different between sexual and non-sexual offenders, and non-offending men: study of a Colombian sample / Existen diferencias en la ratio 2D:4D entre delincuentes sexuales y no sexuales, y hombres no delincuentes? Un estudio en una muestra colombiana

Abstract One research line in criminal behavior studies 2D:4D ratio as predictor of aggression and violent behavior has been established, given that there are sexually dimorphic behaviors associated with the influence of testosterone on brain organization. However, results have been mixed. The aim of this study was to explore the differences in the 2D:4D ratio among offending and non-offending Colombian men in four groups (N = 139). A comparative study was conducted with three groups of offenders sentenced in a Colombian penitentiary: (1) sexual offenders against children (n = 34), (2) sexual offenders against adult women (n = 31), and (3) non-sexual violent offenders (n = 26); as well as one group (4) men with no criminal record (n = 48). The 2D:4D ratio was measured using the hand scanning technique and three digital measurements were analyzed with the Autometric software: right hand ratio, left hand ratio, and difference between the right and left hand ratios (Dr - Iz). Although, in all groups, right-digit ratio was lower that left-digit ratio (negative Dr-l ratio) and, in non-offending men this difference was not significant, no strong significant differences were found between groups in any measure of 2D:4D ratio used (right hand, left hand or Dr−l). The results support the idea that these associations are too weak to consider them predictors of sexual or non-sexual criminal behavior. The risk factors determining sexual or non-sexual criminal behavior, seems to go beyond intra-uterine effects and involve complex interactions between heritability, epigenetics, and pre-natal and post-natal life events.

Resumen Una de las líneas de investigación de la conducta criminal estudia la relación 2D:4D como predictor de agresión y comportamiento violento, dada la conexión de este marcador biológico con la influencia de la testosterona en la organización del cerebro y los comportamientos sexualmente dimórficos más prevalentes en hombres. Los resultados han sido mixtos y, en general, se han encontrado tamaños de efecto débiles, aunque significativos, en la relación entre proporción 2D:4D y el comportamiento agresivo, con escasos estudios comparativos y con muestras forenses. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar las diferencias en la relación 2D:4D entre hombres colombianos (N = 139) con y sin delitos en cuatro grupos. Para ello, .e realizó un estudio comparativo con tres grupos de delincuentes condenados en una cárcel de Colombia: (1) agresores sexuales de menores (n = 34); (2) agresores sexuales de mujeres adultas (n = 31); (3) delincuentes violentos no sexuales (n = 26), y uno de (4) hombres sin antecedentes delictivos (n = 48). Se midió la proporción 2D:4D usando la técnica de escaneo de las manos y se analizaron tres medidas digitales con el software Autometric: proporción de la mano derecha, mano izquierda y diferencia entre la proporción de las manos derecha e izquierda (Dr - Iz). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre la diferencia de la proporción Dr-Iz en todos los grupos, en la que la 2D:4D de la mano derecha fue menor que la de la mano izquierda en todos los grupos. Sólo en los hombres sin antecedentes delictivos esta diferencia no fue significativa. Para evaluar las diferencias grupales en las relaciones 2D:4D, se ajustaron modelos tipo a ANOVA unidireccional con un solo grupo como predictor, seguidos de contrastes de Helmert para comparar las diferencias entre todos los grupos. El grupo predijo sólo la diferencia de las proporciones Dr - Iz, pero no las proporciones de la mano derecha o izquierda por separado. El grupo de hombres sin antecedentes delictivos, mostró una proporción 2D:4D de la mano izquierda significativamente menor (masculinizada) y una menor diferencia (más cercana a cero) entre las proporciones Dr-Iz comparado con los grupos de delincuentes. Sin embargo, los contrastes con cada grupo, mostraron que la diferencia sólo fue significativa con el grupo de delincuentes violentos no sexuales, pero no con los grupos de agresores sexuales. Se concluyó que no hubo diferencias significativas importantes y concluyentes entre los grupos en ninguna medida de la proporción 2D:4D utilizada (mano derecha, mano izquierda o Dr − Iz). Estos resultados respaldan la idea de que estas asociaciones son demasiado débiles para considerarlas predictores de conductas criminales sexuales o no sexuales. Los factores de riesgo que determinan el comportamiento delictivo sexual o no sexual parecen ir más allá de los efectos intrauterinos reflejados por el biomarcador 2D:4D y, posiblemente, involucrar interacciones complejas entre heredabilidad, epigenética y eventos de la vida prenatal y postnatal. Si la relación 2D:4D es un marcador indirecto válido y confiable de androgenización prenatal, no es algo que se pueda discutir con los datos aquí obtenidos. Sin embargo, si tiene más que un simple efecto detectado por casualidad en el comportamiento delictivo, esto también debería explorarse más a fondo no sólo en la mano derecha, como la mayoría de la investigación disponible lo ha hecho, sino en la mano izquierda y en la diferencia entre las proporciones 2D:4D Dr-Iz, para evaluar si su poder explicativo se mantiene bajo como hasta ahora o incluso inexistente.

The association between victim-offender relationship and the age of children and adolescents who suffer sexual violence: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Objectives: Sexual violence is a problem that affects children and adolescents regardless of social class, age, origin, religion, education level, marital status, race, or sexual orientation. This study aimed to analyze the associations between victim-offender relationships and the victim's age in cases of sexual violence involving female victims. Methods: This cross-sectional, retrospective observational study used data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health's Department of Public Health Surveillance in Brasília regarding the reportable crime of rape as informed by female victims in the Federal District between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2018. The age of the victim was classified as <15 years or 15-19 years. The offenders were classified into eight different categories according to their relationship with the victim: father, stepfather, brother, husband, boyfriend, friend, stranger, and others. The association between the victim-offender relationship and the victim's age was assessed. Results: Overall, there were 4,617 reported cases of sexual violence, with 78.3% of these (n = 3614) corresponding to children under 15 and 21.7% to adolescents 15-19 years old (n = 1003). Close relatives, including brothers, and friends were the main perpetrators in cases of girls < 15 years old. Strangers and friends were the principal perpetrators in the group of girls 15-19 years old. Conclusions: Children under 15 are the group most affected by sexual violence. Strategies must be developed to prevent the sexual abuse of children and adolescents and to facilitate the rehabilitation of victimized children.

Examining the Factor Structure of a Risk Assessment Inventory in Young Offenders: FER-R, Risk and Resource Assessment Form.

The FER-R, Risk and Resource Assessment Form, is a multidimensional inventory of structured professional judgment that assesses criminogenic risks and resources for the design and management of individualized intervention plans with criminally sanctioned adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the FER-R, reviewing its factorial structure to contribute evidence of convergent and discriminant construct validity in a sample of adolescents sentenced for crimes in Chile. For each domain (risks and resources) with its respective facets, a unidimensional bifactor structure (CFA-BF) was obtained, with adequate indices of fit that confirmed its construct validity, while the convergent validity was demonstrated with the YLS/CMI and the divergent validity with two MACI scales. The FER-R adds factorial validity to the evidence of the previously reported predictive validity, making it a robust inventory for the evaluation of young offenders, and a relevant tool to manage differentiated interventions in Chile, with a high potential for use in Latin America. The importance of finding a suitable balance in assessing risks and protective factors is discussed, in order to manage interventions adjusted to the needs of the adolescents to promote their criminal desistance.

The association between victim-offender relationship and the age of children and adolescents who suffer sexual violence: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: Sexual violence is a problem that affects children and adolescents regardless of social class, age, origin, religion, education level, marital status, race, or sexual orientation. This study aimed to analyze the associations between victim-offender relationships and the victim's age in cases of sexual violence involving female victims. METHODS: This cross-sectional, retrospective observational study used data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health's Department of Public Health Surveillance in Brasília regarding the reportable crime of rape as informed by female victims in the Federal District between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2018. The age of the victim was classified as <15 years or 15-19 years. The offenders were classified into eight different categories according to their relationship with the victim: father, stepfather, brother, husband, boyfriend, friend, stranger, and others. The association between the victim-offender relationship and the victim's age was assessed. RESULTS: Overall, there were 4,617 reported cases of sexual violence, with 78.3% of these (n = 3614) corresponding to children under 15 and 21.7% to adolescents 15-19 years old (n = 1003). Close relatives, including brothers, and friends were the main perpetrators in cases of girls < 15 years old. Strangers and friends were the principal perpetrators in the group of girls 15-19 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Children under 15 are the group most affected by sexual violence. Strategies must be developed to prevent the sexual abuse of children and adolescents and to facilitate the rehabilitation of victimized children.

Violent Extremism and Moral Disengagement: A Study of Colombian Armed Groups.

Violent extremism is commonly conditioned by a variety of psychological processes and mechanisms that when activated or deactivated aid implication in extreme behavior, including destructive actions with a large dose of cruelty against people and groups. One of those processes is moral disengagement, which was originally postulated by Bandura. To test this relationship, the present research focused on studying these mechanisms in members of Colombian illegal armed groups. Total sample size was 18 (14 males and four females) demobilized members of the Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia [AUC]) and guerrilla organizations (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia [FARC], National Liberation Army [ELN], among others), which had participated directly or indirectly in violent actions against people and groups, which included murders, tortures, and massacres. Qualitative methodology was used, specifically in-depth interviews and content analysis. This analysis led to the verification in the narratives of the participants of the use of all the mechanisms of moral disengagement described by Bandura aiming to justify their behavior within the armed group. The most noteworthy mechanisms were those that minimized participation (especially, attributing behavior to obeying orders: displacement of responsibility) and moral justification, especially, the context of confrontation. Moral disengagement processes are found in armed group members (such as insurgency, terrorist organizations, or militias). These mechanisms cancel ordinary psychological reactions of rejection, fear, and moral controls that oppose the carrying out of cruelty and extreme violence.