Peripapillary fluid: Obvious and not so obvious!

Intraretinal or subretinal fluid in the peripapillary area can be clinically visualized in conditions such as peripapillary choroidal neovascularization, optic disc pit maculopathy, and optic nerve head tumors and granulomas. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) helps to visualize peripapillary fluid in many other chorioretinal conditions such as peripapillary pachychoroid syndrome, posterior uveitis, central retinal vein occlusion, malignant hypertension, hypotonic maculopathy as well as neuro-ophthalmological conditions such as glaucoma, microcystic macular edema and disc edema due papilledema, non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, neuroretinitis, and diabetic papillopathy. Often, the differential diagnosis of peripapillary fluid is a bit tricky and may lead to misdiagnosis and improper management. We describe a diagnostic algorithm for peripapillary fluid on OCT and outline the salient features and management of these conditions.

Risk factors for secondary Glaucoma in patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Identify the prevalence and risk factors for secondary glaucoma among Mexican-mestizo patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease (VKH). METHODS: Retrospective cohort study analyzing the demographic, clinical, and epidemiological variables. Risk estimates were calculated using a Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS: One hundred eyes of 50 patients, 44 (88%) women and 6 men (12%) with a median age of 35.5 years (IQR 29-46) and a median follow-up time of 72 months (IQR 13.7-126.7) were analyzed. The prevalence of glaucoma was 20%, with angle-closure accounting for 70% of all cases. Significant clinical risk factors for glaucoma development were a chronic recurrent stage at presentation (RR 2.88, 95% CI 1.11-12.63, p = 0.037), ≥ 2 episodes of recurrent anterior uveitis (RR 8.52, 95% CI 2.02-35.92, p < 0.001), angle-closure disease (ACD, RR 7.08, 95% CI 2.44-20.48, p < 0.001), iris bombé (RR 5.0, 95% CI 2.10-11.90, p < 0.001), and peripapillary atrophy (RR 3.56, 95% CI 1.43-8.85, p < 0.001). Exposure to > 24 months of oral (RR 9.33, 95% CI 2.21-39.28, p < 0.001) or > 12 months of topical corticosteroids (RR 3.88, 95% CI 1.31-11.46, p = 0.007) were associated with an increased likelihood for secondary glaucoma development. CONCLUSION: Glaucoma is a frequent complication of VKH, often attributed to mixed pathogenic mechanisms. Chronic disease at presentation, recurrent inflammation, angle-closure mechanisms, iris bombé, and peripapillary atrophy represent clinically significant risk factors for developing secondary glaucoma. Prompt and aggressive steroid-spearing immunosuppressive therapy for adequate inflammation control may lower the risk of glaucoma in VKH.

Contractile peripapillary staphyloma: OCTA documentation of increased peripapillary vessel density during transient visual loss episodes.

PURPOSE: to describe a patient with a contractile peripapillary staphyloma and transient visual loss (TVL) that underwent repeated OCTA examination documenting disc contraction and increased peripapillary vessel density as the mechanism of TVL. OBSERVATIONS: a 28-year-old male presented multiple daily episodes of TVL for the last 5 years. Fundoscopic examination revealed a peripapillary staphyloma. The fundus photographs and SS-OCT demonstrated flattening of the posterior polo and crowding of the contracted optic disk, which became hyperemic with tortuous and dilated veins during visual loss episodes. OCTA showed temporary increased peripapillary vessel density, presumably from severe venous congestion leading to TVL during the contraction. CONCLUSION AND IMPORTANCE: increased peripapillary vessel density can be demonstrated by OCTA during TVL in contractile peripapillary staphyloma. These findings indicate that severe venous stasis during disc contraction is the cause of TVL.

Quantification of the Peripapillary Microvasculature in Eyes with Glaucomatous Paracentral Visual Field Loss.

PURPOSE: To quantify abnormalities in the peripapillary microvasculature in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and paracentral visual field (VF) loss. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-three POAG patients, including 15 with paracentral VF loss and 18 with peripheral VF loss, and 31 control participants underwent swept-source OCT angiography (OCTA) of the peripapillary region. METHODS: The POAG groups were matched by VF mean deviation (MD). The peripapillary microvasculature from the internal limiting membrane to the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) interface was quantified within a 0.70-mm annulus around Bruch's membrane opening after removal of large vessels. Both vessel density (VD) and the integrated OCTA by ratio analysis signal (IOS) suggestive of flow were measured. Regional VD and IOS were measured from the affected hemisphere corresponding to the VF hemifield of more severe loss, which was used to calculate the paracentral total deviation (PaTD), or total deviation within the central 10°. One eye per participant was included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Difference in peripapillary OCTA measurements between paracentral and peripheral VF loss groups and correlation of peripapillary VD and IOS with PaTD. RESULTS: The POAG groups had matched VF MD (-3.1 ± 2.5 dB paracentral vs. -2.3 ± 2.0 dB peripheral; P = 0.31), did not differ in average RNFL thickness (71.1 ± 14.7 µm vs. 78.1 ± 15.0 µm; P = 0.55), but differed in age (59.2 ± 9.6 years paracentral vs. 67.4 ± 6.6 years peripheral; P = 0.02). Compared with control participants, both paracentral and peripheral VF loss groups showed reduced VD (P < 0.001 and P = 0.009, respectively) and IOS (P < 0.001 and P = 0.01, respectively) in the affected hemisphere. Compared with POAG eyes with peripheral VF loss, the paracentral group showed reduced peripapillary VD (38.0 ± 2.0%, 35.0 ± 2.2%, respectively; P = 0.001) and IOS (44.3 ± 3.1%, 40.4 ± 4.0%, respectively; P = 0.02) in the affected hemisphere. Among all POAG eyes, peripapillary VD and IOS of the affected hemisphere correlated significantly with functional measurement of paracentral loss (PaTD, r = 0.40, P = 0.02; r = 0.45, P = 0.008; respectively). These correlations remained significant after adjusting for age (r = 0.41, P = 0.02; r = 0.47, P = 0.01; respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Regional peripapillary microvasculature showed decreased VD and flow in POAG with paracentral loss, supporting its importance in this glaucoma subtype.

Estafiloma peripapilar, presentación clínica y diagnósticos diferenciales en anomalías congénitas de nervio óptico / Peripapillary staphyloma, clinical presentation, and differential diagnoses in congenital optic nerve anomalies

Un paciente de 3 meses con sospecha de estrabismo presenta al examen una gran anisometropía con -9.50 esfera en su ojo izquierdo y al fondo de ojo destaca una papila alterada similar a la papila de Morning-Glory. Las anomalías congénitas de nervio óptico (ACNO) son un grupo de condiciones que se presentan clínicamente como baja agudeza visual, estrabismo y/o nistagmus. El diagnóstico dife-rencial es clínico y complejo por la sobre posición morfológica entre estas. Los principales diagnósticos diferenciales son la papila deMorning-Glory, el coloboma y la hipoplasia de nervio óptico. Se recomienda manejo multidisciplinario por sus asociaciones sistémicas.

A 3-month-old patient with a suspicion of strabismus on examination has a great anisometropia with -9.50 sphere in his left eye and at the fundus examination an altered papilla similar to the Morning-Glory papilla. Congenital optic nerve abnormalities (ANOC) are a group of conditions that present clinically as low visual acuity, strabismus, and nystagmus. The differential diagnosis is clinical and complex due to the morphological position between them. The main differential diagnoses are the Morning-Glory papilla, the coloboma, and optic nerve hypoplasia. Multidisciplinary management is recommended for its systemic associations.

Hemorragia peripapilar subretinal profunda como complicación asociada a drusen de nervio óptico / Deep subretinal peripapillary bleeding as a complication associated to optic nerve drusen

RESUMEN Los drusen de nervio óptico fueron descritos por primera vez por Liebreich en el año 1868. Otros términos para designar esta entidad incluyen cuerpos hialinos y cuerpos coloides del disco óptico. Tienen una prevalencia de 1 por 500 y el 60 por ciento de los casos se encuentran profundos en la cabeza del nervio óptico. La patogenia primaria de los drusen puede ser una displasia hereditaria del canal óptico del disco óptico y su vasculatura, lo que predispone a la formación de estos. La evolución natural de los drusen es un proceso dinámico que transcurre durante toda la vida. Entre las complicaciones asociadas se presentan defectos de campo visual, pérdida de visión central (rara pero bien documentada), neuropatía óptica isquémica, oclusiones vasculares retinales, pérdidas transitorias de la visión, neovascularización subretinal peripapilar, corioretinopatia serosa central peripapilar y hemorragias pre y peripapilares. Se presenta una paciente de 64 años de edad con antecedente de haber sido operada de desprendimiento de retina del ojo izquierdo, y en el ojo derecho presentaba una hemorragia peripapilar subretinal profunda asociada a drusen(AU)

ABSTRACT Optic nerve drusens were first described by Liebreich in the year 1868. Other terms to designate this condition are optic disc hyaline bodies and colloid bodies. They have a prevalence of 1 per 500 and 60 percent of the cases occur deep in the optic nerve head. The primary pathogenesis of drusens may be an inherited dysplasia of the optic canal of the disc and its vasculature, which leads to their formation. The natural evolution of drusens is a lifelong dynamic process. Associated complications include visual field defects, central vision loss (rare but well documented), ischemic optic neuropathy, retinal vascular occlusion, transient sight loss, peripapillary subretinal neovascularization, central serous peripapillary chorioretinopathy, and pre- and peripapillary bleeding. A case is reported of a 64-year-old female patient with a history of surgery for retinal detachment of the left eye. In the right eye the patient presented deep peripapillary subretinal bleeding associated to drusen(AU)

Variabilidad del espesor de la capa de fibras nerviosas peripapilares entre grupos según severidad de miopía y grupo control / Variability of the peripapillary nerve fiber layer thickness between groups according to severity of myopia and control group

Introducción: La miopía es uno de los errores refractivos más prevalentes, a nivel global 28,3%. La apariencia morfológica del disco óptico en la miopía con las variaciones propias de la condición hacen del diagnóstico clínico y el monitoreo de la progresión del glaucoma muy difícil. Recientemente, nuevas modalidades de imagen de alta resolución se desarrollaron para darnos más información y ayudar en la detección de los cambios micro anatómicos de la cabeza del nervio óptico. Objetivo: Determinar la variabilidad del espesor de la capa de fibras nerviosas peripapilares (CFNR) medido con tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) entre los diferentes grupos según severidad de miopía y grupo control. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal. Muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos. Con componente analítico. Resultados: Se analizaron un total de 144 ojos, de los sujetos estudiados aproximadamente dos tercios eran del sexo femenino (n: 97 ojos). La edad media de los sujetos estudiados fue de 30,68 +/- 11,58. Se estudiaron 50 (34,7%) ojos emétropes como grupo control, entre los diferentes grupos según severidad de la miopía se estudiaron 27 (18,8 %) ojos con miopía leve, 33 (22,9 %) con miopía moderada y 34 (23,6 %) ojos con miopía severa. La media de longitud axial encontrada fue de 23,12 +/- 0,81mm para el grupo control (emétropes); 23,72 +/- 0,76 para el grupo con miopía leve; 25,11+/-0.79mm para el grupo con miopía moderada y de 26,42 +/- 1,45mm para el grupo con miopía severa, encontrándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre estos grupos con una longitud axial mayor para el grupo con miopía severa. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos estudiados, para diferencias encontradas en el espesor promedio y en el espesor de los cuadrantes superior, inferior y temporal. Las diferencias encontradas en el espesor del cuadrante nasal fueron no significativas. Conclusión: A pesar de las limitaciones, este estudio claramente demuestra que los ojos con miopía severa tienen un espesor menor en la CFNR peripapilares que los ojos emétropes en los cuadrantes superior e inferior. En el cuadrante temporal y nasal se encontró un aumento del espesor, siendo estadísticamente significativo en el cuadrante temporal. Por un lado este adelgazamiento podría ser un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo del glaucoma ya que las variaciones en la disposición de las fibras nerviosas de la cabeza del nervio óptico se postulan que hacen del ojo miope más susceptible al daño glaucomatoso. Para la relevancia clínica, debemos tener en cuenta las diferencias propias de la miopía para realizar el diagnóstico correcto en los casos de sospecha de glaucoma y evaluar progresión con OCT. Así también sería ideal agrupar según rango etario por las diferencias propias de esta variable que podría haber influenciado en la interpretación de los resultados.

Introduction: Myopia is one of the most prevalent refractive errors, globally 28.3%. The morphological appearance of the optic disc in myopia with the variations of the condition make clinical diagnosis and monitoring of glaucoma progression very difficult. Recently, new high resolution imaging modalities were developed to give us more information and help in the detection of micro anatomic changes of the optic nerve head. Objective: To determine the thickness variability of the peripapillary nerve fiber (RNFL) layer measured with optical coherence tomography (OCT) between the different groups according to myopia severity and control group. Methodology: This is an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. Non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases. With analytical component. Results: A total of 144 eyes were analyzed, approximately two thirds of the subjects studied were female (n: 97 eyes). The average age of the subjects studied was 30.68 +/- 11.58. 50 (34.7%) emmetropic eyes were studied as a control group, among the different groups according to severity of myopia 27 (18.8%) eyes with mild myopia were studied, 33 (22.9%) with moderate myopia and 34 (23.6%) eyes with severe myopia. The mean axial length found was 23.12 +/- 0.81mm for the control group (emétropes); 23.72 +/- 0.76mm for the group with mild myopia; 25.11 +/- 0.79mm for the group with moderate myopia and 26.42 +/- 1.45mm for the group with severe myopia, with statistically significant differences between these groups with a greater axial length for the group with severe myopia. Statistically significant differences were found between the groups studied, for differences found in the average thickness and in the thickness of the upper, lower and temporal quadrants. The differences found in the thickness of the nasal quadrant were not significant. Conclusion: Despite the limitations, this study clearly demonstrates that eyes with severe myopia have a smaller thickness in the peripapillary RNFL than the emmetropic eyes in the upper and lower quadrants. An increase in thickness was found in the temporal and nasal quadrant, being statistically significant in the temporal quadrant. On the one hand this thinning could be a risk factor for the development of glaucoma since variations in the arrangement of the nerve fibers of the optic nerve head are postulated that make the myopic eye more susceptible to glaucomatous damage. For clinical relevance, we must take into account the differences of myopia to make the correct diagnosis in cases of suspected glaucoma and evaluate progression with OCT. Thus it would also be ideal to group according to age range due to the differences of this variable that could have influenced the interpretation of the results.

Drusa de nervo ótico associada à estafiloma peripapilar congênito / Optic disk drusen associated with congenital peripapillary staphyloma

Resumo Nós descrevemos uma rara associação entre estafiloma peripapilar congênito e drusa de disco óptico em uma mulher de 47 anos de idade e visão normal.

Abstract We described a rare association between peripapillary staphyloma and optic disk drusen in a woman with 47 years old and normal vision.

Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and choroidal thickness in cirrhosis patients / Espessura da camada de fibras nervosas peripapilares da retina e coroide em pacientes com cirrose

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effect of cirrhosis on peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and choroidal thickness with enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. Methods: This cross sectional, single center study was undertaken at Bulent Ecevit University Ophthalmology department with the participation of internal medicine, Gastroenterology department. Patients who were treated with the diagnosis of cirrhosis (n=75) were examined in the ophthalmology clinic. Age and sex matched patients (n=50) who were healthy and met the inclusion, exclusion criteria were included in the study. Complete ophthalmological examination included visual acuity with Snellen chart, intraocular pressure measurement with applanation tonometry, biomicroscopy of anterior and posterior segments, gonioscopy, axial length measurement, visual field examination, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer, central macular and subfoveal choroidal thickness measurements. Results: The difference between intraocular pressure values was not statistically significant between cirrhosis and control group (p=0.843). However, mean peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was significantly thinner in cirrhosis group in all regions (p<0.001) and subfoveal choroidal thickness was significantly thinner in cirrhosis group also (p<0.001). Moreover, central macular thickness of cirrhosis group was significantly thicker than the control group (p=0.001). Conclusion: Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and subfoveal choroidal thickness was significantly thinner in cirrhosis patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da cirrose na camada de fibras nervosas da retina e na espessura da coroide através da tomografia de coerência óptica com imagem de profundidade aprimorada. Métodos: Este estudo transversal, de único centro, foi realizado no departamento de Oftalmologia da Universidade Bulent Ecevit com a participação do departamento de medicina interna em gtastroenterologia. Os pacientes que foram tratados com o diagnóstico de cirrose (n = 75) foram examinados na clínica da oftalmologia. Foram incluídos pacientes correspondentes em idade e sexo (n = 50) que fossem saudáveis e possuíssem o critério de inclusão exigido pelo estudo. Realização de exame oftalmológico completo: acuidade visual com tabela de Snellen, a medida da pressão intraocular com tonometria de aplanação, biomicroscopia do segmento anterior e posterior, gonioscopia, medida do comprimento axial, exame de campo visual, camada de fibras nervosas da retina, macular central e medidas de espessura de coroide. Resultados: A diferença entre os valores de pressão intraocular não foram estatisticamente significativos entre os grupos cirrótico e controle (p=0,843). Entretanto, a espessura da camada de fibras nervosas da retina foi significativamente mais fina no grupo cirrótico em todas as regiões (p=0,001) e a espessura subfoveal da coroide também foi significativamente mais fina no grupo cirrótico (p=0,001). Além disso, a espessura macular central do grupo cirrótico foi significativamente mais grossa do que no grupo de controle (p=0,001). Conclusão: Por fim, as espessuras das camadas de fibras nervosas da retina e subfoveal da coroide foram significativamente mais finas nos pacientes com cirrose.