The hydroxytyrosol-typed phenylpropanoidglycosides: A phenylpropanoid glycoside family with significant biological activity.

Hydroxytyrosol-typed phenylpropanoid glycosides (HPGs), composed of phenylethanol and various complex oligosaccharides, are widespread and abundant in different plant, and have a diverse range of biological activities. All HPGs reported previously have been isolated from natural sources, and most of them showed significant bioactivities, such as anti-inflamatory, anti-cancer, cytoprotection, neuro-protective effects, enzyme-inhibitory, anti-microbial effects, and cardiovascular activity. The goal of this review is to summarize the structures of HPGs reported over the past few decades, as well as to introduce their pharmacological effects. We also introduce the possible relationship between the structures of HPGs and their source plants, as well as the structure-activity relationships of some important activities. This review will serve as a resource for future research into this class of compounds, and demonstrate their potential value.

Evaluating the pharmacological activities of Aloe perryi-Silver nanoparticles induced apoptosis against colon cancer cells (HCT-116).

Aloe perryi has been studied and possesses several activities, including antibacterial, antiparasitic, and anticancer properties. In this study, A. perryi was used as a reducing agent of silver ions into silver nanoparticles. Aloe perryi-silver nanoparticles (APS-NPs) were characterized and evaluated using characterization techniques. However, the antioxidative, antibacterial, and anticancer assays were studied to evaluate the pharmacological activities of APS-NPs. APS-NPs were developed and changed to dark brown and the maximum absorption was 442 nm. SEM (5-583 nm), TEM (4-110 nm), XRD (21.84 nm), and zeta potential analysis (63.39 nm) revealed that the APS-NPs were nano-sized, and the APS-NPs had a cubic crystalline structure, according to the XRD results. FTIR analysis suggested that functional groups of A. perryi metabolites were involved in forming APS-NPs. The zeta potential indicated that the APS-NPs were negatively charged (-32 mV), suggesting good stability. APS-NPs showed significant antioxidative stress activity by reducing DPPH-free radicles in a dose-dependent manner. APS-NPs-induced antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii). APS-NPs reduced the cell viability and cell migration of the human colon tumor cell line (HCT 116) compared with controls, indicating that APS-NPs could play a role in reducing metastasis and inducing cell apoptosis against colon cancer. In conclusion, the nanoparticle synthesis from A. perryi extract demonstrated excellent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities, thus suggesting that our APS-NPs have the potential to be used as antioxidative and antibacterial in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Syringin: a naturally occurring compound with medicinal properties.

Syringin, a phenylpropanoid glycoside, is widely distributed in various plants, such as Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms, Syringa reticulata (BL) Hara var. mandshurica (Maxim.) Hara, and Ilex rotunda Thumb. It serves as the main ingredient in numerous listed medicines, health products, and foods with immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, antihyperglycemic, and antihyperlipidemic effects. This review aims to systematically summarize syringin, including its physicochemical properties, plant sources, extraction and separation methods, total synthesis approaches, pharmacological activities, drug safety profiles, and preparations and applications. It will also cover the pharmacokinetics of syringin, followed by suggestions for future application prospects. The information on syringin was obtained from internationally recognized scientific databases through the Internet (PubMed, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science, Medline Plus, ACS Elsevier, and Flora of China) and libraries. Syringin, extraction and separation, pharmacological activities, preparations and applications, and pharmacokinetics were chosen as the keywords. According to statistics, syringin can be found in 23 families more than 60 genera, and over 100 species of plants. As a key component in many Chinese herbal medicines, syringin holds significant research value due to its unique sinapyl alcohol structure. Its diverse pharmacological effects include immunomodulatory activity, tumor suppression, hypoglycemic action, and hypolipidemic effects. Additionally, it has been shown to provide neuroprotection, liver protection, radiation protection, cardioprotection, and bone protection. Related preparations such as Aidi injection, compound cantharidin capsule, and Tanreqing injection have been widely used in clinical settings. Other studies on syringin such as extraction and isolation, total synthesis, safety profile assessment, and pharmacokinetics have also made progress. It is crucial for medical research to deeply explore its mechanism of action, especially regarding immunity and tumor therapy. Meanwhile, more robust support is needed to improve the utilization of plant resources and to develop extraction means adapted to the needs of industrial biochemistry to further promote economic development while protecting people's health.

Advances in the Structures, Pharmacological Activities, and Biosynthesis of Plant Diterpenoids.

More and more diterpenoids have attracted extensive attention due to the diverse chemical structures and excellent biological activities, and have been developed into clinical drugs or consumer products. The vast majority of diterpenoids are derived from plants. With the long-term development of plant medicinal materials, the natural resources of many plant diterpenoids are decreasing, and the biosynthetic mechanism of key active components has increasingly become a research hotspot. Using synthetic biology to engineer microorganisms into "cell factories" to produce the desired compounds is an essential means to solve these problems. In this review, we depict the plant-derived diterpenoids from chemical structure, biological activities, and biosynthetic pathways. We use representative plant diterpenes as examples to expound the research progress on their biosynthesis, and summarize the heterologous production of plant diterpenoids in microorganisms in recent years, hoping to lay the foundation for the development and application of plant diterpenoids in the future.

Crotalaria burhia Buch. -Ham.: a comprehensive review of its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology.

Crotalaria burhia (Family: Fabaceae) is an important medicinal plant widely distributed in arid parts of the world, including Pakistan, India, and Afghanistan. This plant has enormous ethnobotanical values and is used to treat various common ailments such as swelling, infections, cancer, hydrophobia, pain and skin diseases. Moreover, it is also utilised as food for goats, to make sheds for animals and as a suitable soil binder. This review article is an attempt to analyse critically and to provide updated and categorised information about C. burhia including comprehensive knowledge of the botanical description, traditional/folklore uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological/biological potential, and to facilitate scientific basis for future work. The phytochemical studies (qualitative and quantitative) on C. burhia have indicated the presence of important phytochemical classes, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, phenolics, tannins, steroids, and terpenoids. Pharmacological studies such as anti-inflammatory/analgesic, antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-tumour, anti-nociceptive, enzyme inhibition, and termiticidal activities were reported from different parts of this plant. Most of the bioassays from this plant have been done on the crude extract. Minimal information about the phytochemicals (responsible for biological activities), except a few compounds has been reported. The potential chemical compounds may need to be purified and tested for the biological potential from isolated compounds in future.

Amomum villosum Lour.: An insight into ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, and pharmacological overview.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Amomum villosum Lour. is a widely esteemed species of medicinal plant on a global scale. Its medicinal properties have been documented as early as the Tang Dynasty, particularly the fruit, which holds significant medicinal and culinary value. This plant is extensively found in tropical and subtropical regions across Asia. It possesses the properties of warming the middle and dispelling cold, regulating Qi to invigorate the spleen, harmonizing the stomach to alleviate vomiting, and nourishing deficiencies. In recent years, A. villosum has garnered global attention for its remarkable biological activity. Currently, numerous bioactive compounds have been successfully isolated and identified, showcasing a diverse array of pharmacological activities and medicinal benefits. AIM OF THE WORK: This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the research advancements in the geographical distribution, botany, traditional applications, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, quality control, clinical applications, and toxicology of A. villosum. Furthermore, a critical summary of the current research and future prospects of this plant is presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Obtain information about A. villosum from ancient literature, doctoral and master's theses, and scholarly databases including Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), ScienceDirect, plant directories, and clinical reports. RESULTS: At present, about 500 compounds have been isolated and identified from various organs of A. villosum, including monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, polysaccharides, and other components. Modern pharmacological studies have revealed that A. villosum exhibits exceptional biological activities in vitro and in vivo, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, liver protection, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, anti-microbial, regulating gastrointestinal activity, immune regulation, regulating flora, anti-obesity, estrogen, and more. Some of these activities have found extensive application in clinical practice. CONCLUSION: A. villosum, as a well-established medicinal herb, holds significant therapeutic potential and is also valued for its culinary applications. Currently, the research on the active components or crude extracts of A. villosum and their potential mechanisms of action remains limited. Furthermore, certain pharmacological activities require further elucidation for a comprehensive understanding of its internal mechanisms. Moreover, it is strongly recommended to prioritize research on pharmacokinetics and toxicity studies. These efforts will facilitate a thorough exploration of the potential of A. villosum and establish a robust foundation for its potential clinical applications.

Biotransformation and pharmacological activities of platycosides from Platycodon grandiflorum roots.

In Northeast China, Goubao pickle is a popular food fermented from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum as the main material, offering a unique flavor and rich nutritional value. Platycosides in roots of P. grandiflorum may play a crucial role in determining the quality of Goubao pickle through microorganism fermentation. However, biotransfermation of platycosides has not been reviewed during fermentation. In this study, we reviewed platycosides in chemical diversity, metabolic processes in vivo, biotransformation of platycosides in vitro, and pharmacological effects. Finally, we also discussed how to improve the bioactive secondary platycosides we desire by regulating enzymes from microorganisms in the future.

Chemical constituents, pharmacological activities and quality evaluation methods of genus Hippocampus: A comprehensive review.

The genus Hippocampus is a multi-origin animal species with high medicinal and healthcare values. About 57 species of Hippocampus spread worldwide, of which about 14 species can be used as medicine, showing anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-depressant, anti-hypertension, anti-prostatic hyperplasia, antivirus, anti-apoptotic, antifatigue, and so on. And those pharmacological effects are mainly related to their active ingredients, including amino acids, abundant proteins (peptides and oligopeptides), fatty acids, nucleosides, steroids, and other small molecular compounds. The main means of authentication of Hippocampus species are morphological identification, microscopic identification, thin layer chromatography method, fingerprint method and genomics method. This review will provide useful insight for exploration, further study and precise medication of Hippocampus in the future.

Advances and perspectives on pharmacological activities and mechanisms of the monoterpene borneol.

BACKGROUND: Borneol, a highly lipid-soluble bicyclic terpene mainly extracted from plants, is representative of monoterpenoids. Modern medicine has established that borneol exhibits a range of pharmacological activities and used in the treatment of many diseases, particularly Cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs). The crucial role in enhancing drug delivery and improving bioavailability has attracted much attention. In addition, borneol is also widely utilized in food, daily chemicals, fragrances, and flavors industries. PURPOSE: This review systematically summarized the sources, pharmacological activities and mechanisms, clinical trial, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and application of borneol. In addition, this review describes the pharmacological effects of borneol ester and the combination of borneol with nanomaterial. This review will provide a valuable resource for those pursuing researches on borneol inspiring the pharmacological applications in the medicine, food and daily chemical products, and developing of new drugs containing borneol or its derivatives. METHODS: This review searched the keywords ("borneol" or "bornyl esters") and ("pharmacology" or "Traditional Chinese medicine" or "Cardio-cerebrovascular diseases" or "blood-brain barrier" or "ischemic stroke" or "nanomaterials" or "neurodegenerative diseases" or "diabetes" or "toxicity") in Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) from January 1990 to May 2024. The search was limited to articles published in English and Chinese. RESULTS: Borneol exhibits extensive pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory effects, analgesia, antioxidation, and has the property of crossing biological barriers and treating CVDs. The intrinsic molecular mechanisms are involved in multiple components, such as regulation of various key factors (including Tumor necrosis factor-α, Nuclear factor kappa-B, Interleukin-1ß, Malondialdehyde), inhibiting transporter protein function, regulating biochemical levels, and altering physical structural changes. In addition, this review describes the pharmacological effects of borneol ester and the combination of borneol with nanomaterial. CONCLUSION: The pharmacological properties and applications of borneol are promising, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, as well as enhancing drug delivery and treating CVDs. However, its clinical application is hindered by the limited research on safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics. Therefore, this review systemically summarized the advances on pharmacological activities and mechanisms of the borneol. Standardized clinical trials and exploration of synergistic effects with other drugs were also are outlined.

Pharmacological and phytochemical properties of the genus Buxus: A review.

BACKGROUND: Buxus plants have been used in traditional medicine for a very long time. The Buxus genus has been used to cure a variety of illnesses. OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to provide a literature review on the genus Buxus including its biological and phytochemical properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The current study was conducted using several scientific databases. Correct plant names were verified from plantlist.org. The results of this search were interpreted, analyzed, and documented based on the obtained bibliographic information. RESULTS: Within all the species of the family Buxaceae, 5 species of the genus Buxus are reported to be antibacterial, 3 species have been found to be antioxidant, 5 species are cytotoxic, 1 species is anti-inflammatory, 1 species is antidiabetic, and 4 species are antifungal. Alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids, peptides, and phenolic compounds are the main chemical components of this genus. The study of >11 Buxuss pecies has identified >201 compounds. Pharmacological research has demonstrated that crude extracts and some pure compounds obtained from Buxus have several pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antifungal. Based on the study of the phytochemistry of Buxus species, it was concluded that all the studied plants have active compounds, among which 55 molecules showed interesting activities. CONCLUSIONS: The numerous traditional uses of Buxus species have been supported by several studies. Before Buxus plants can be fully employed clinically, further research is necessary.

The genus Litsea: A comprehensive review of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and other studies.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The genus L. has high medicinal value and has traditional been used to treat a variety of gastrointestinal disorders, as well as diabetes, edema, colds, arthritis, asthma, and traumatic injuries. AIM OF THE REVIEW: This work addresses the missing information by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the traditional uses, chemical components, and pharmacological applications of the more reported species of the genus L. The origin of the genus, its toxicology, and the use of classical therapies in modern medicine were also discussed. It provides references for historical evidence, resource development, and medical research on the genus. METHOD: ology: Data about the genus L. were gathered via Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Connected Papers, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), electronic ancient books and local chronicles. The WFO Plant List (wfoplantlist.org) and Flora of China (www.iplant.cn) confirmed L.'s Latin name, and the species information. The program ChemBioDraw Ultra 14.0 was used to create the molecular structures of the compounds that were displayed in the text. RESULT: Currently, at least 740 constituents have been isolated and identified from L. These include 9 groups of chemicals, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. They have been shown to have over 20 biological properties in vivo and in vitro, such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant effects. CONCLUSION: Based on pharmacological investigations, chemical components, and traditional folk applications, L. is considered a medicinal plant having a variety of pharmacological actions. However, although the pharmacological activity of the L. genus has been preliminary demonstrated, most have only been assessed using simple in vitro cell lines or animal disease models. In order to fully elucidate the pharmacological activity and mechanisms of L., future studies should be conducted in a more comprehensive clinical manner.

Exploring Anthocyanins: Unveiling Sources, Analytical Techniques, and Biological Activities.

Anthocyanins (ANCs) are obtained from pigmented foods like blueberry, strawberry, and red cabbage and are phenolic compounds belonging to the flavonoids family. ANCs have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their diverse biological activities and potential health benefits. This comprehensive review presents a holistic exploration of anthocyanins, spanning from their chemical structure and biosynthesis pathways to the myriad analytical techniques employed for their identification and quantification. Furthermore, the rich tapestry of plant sources yields anthocyanins is delved into, highlighting their incorporation into various pharmaceutical formulations. This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on anthocyanins, spanning from their origins in nature to their multifaceted pharmacological activities and innovative pharmaceutical applications.

Green Propolis: A Review of Pharmaceutical Patents with Potential Therapeutic Applications.

Green propolis is a resin produced from Baccharis dracunculifolia, which has as its main compounds flavonoids, derivatives of cinnamic acids, such as artepillin C and baccarin. This resin has antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. This review aimed to analyze pharmaceutical patents containing green propolis in various formulations. The search was conducted in the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI), the Patent Search of Spain and Latin America (Latipat-Espacenet), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and Google Patents, with a combination of the keywords green propolis, green propolis extract, pharmacology, and pharmaceutical product. Primary research identified 60 patents, from which 22 were selected after applying the inclusion criteria. The selected patents referred to products with pharmacological activities, from cancer treatment to food supplements and included innovations for improved controlled release of the green propolis compounds. Most of the documents concerned the preparation and/or formulation of the green propolis extract, followed by innovative extraction methods, treatment and systemic use, and finally by topical use and quality control techniques and procedures. Thus, the reviewed patents of green propolis provided valuable insights into the pharmaceutical applications of green propolis, showing its potential in diverse formulations and treatments.

An Overview of Pyridazinone Analogs: Chemical and Pharmacological Potential.

Pyridazinones are classical molecules that occupy an important place in heterocyclic chemistry, and since their discovery, they have been widely developed. The introduction of new functional groups into pyridazinone structures has enabled the synthesis of a large diversity of compounds. The pharmacological and agrochemical importance of pyridazinone derivatives has aroused the interest of chemists and directed their research toward the synthesis of new compounds with the aim of improving their biological effectiveness. In this review, we have compiled and discussed the different synthetic routes, reactivity, and pharmacological and agrochemical applications of the pyridazinone ring.

In vitro Biological Properties and in Silico Studies on Tinospora Cordifolia Stem Aqueous Extract.

Tinospora cordifolia, commonly known as "Giloy" or "Guduchi," is a medicinal plant with a rich history in traditional medicine systems. The aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia stems has garnered attention due to its reported pharmacological activities. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro biological properties of the aqueous extract and complement the findings with in silico studies to gain insights into potential molecular interactions. The Tinospora cordifolia stem aqueous extract was subjected to a battery of in vitro assays to assess its biological properties. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using invitro assay. To complement the in vitro findings, in silico studies involving molecular docking analyses were conducted to predict potential interactions between the extract's constituents and relevant biomolecular targets. The in vitro evaluation revealed significant anti-inflammatory activity of the Tinospora cordifolia stem aqueous extract, as evidenced by its ability to suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In silico studies provided insights into the molecular interactions between the extract's bioactive constituents and key inflammatory and antioxidant targets, further supporting the observed biological properties. The combined in vitro biological assays and in silico studies offer a comprehensive assessment of the Tinospora cordifolia stem aqueous extract's potential therapeutic properties. The demonstrated anti-inflammatory activities align with the traditional use of Tinospora cordifolia and suggest its potential in managing inflammatory and oxidative stress-related disorders. The in silico insights provide a molecular understanding of the extract's mode of action, strengthening the rationale for further investigation and development of natural products derived from Tinospora cordifolia for pharmaceutical and medicinal applications.

Calotropis procera and the Pharmacological Properties of Its Aqueous Leaf Extract: A Review.

Calotropis procera (C. procera) is a versatile plant often used for fuel, fodder, wood, fiber, phytoremediation, medicine, and synthesis of nanoparticles. Its ability to tolerate abiotic stresses and its morphophysiological adaptation have made it popular worldwide. Currently, it is identified as an environmental weed across the world. C. procera owes its therapeutic qualities to the secondary metabolites like tannins, alkaloids, and phenols present in it. New synthetic drugs are being formulated by using these secondary metabolites as a prototype. This review aimed to provide a summary of the chemometric profile, toxicity, and pharmacological activities of the aqueous leaf extract of C. procera based on the current literature.

Research progress on pharmacological effects and bioavailability of berberine.

Berberine (BBR), a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid obtained from natural medicines such as coptidis rhizoma, has a wide range of pharmacological activities such as protecting the nervous system, protecting the cardiovascular system, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antitumor, antibacterial, and antidiarrheal. However, factors such as poor solubility, low permeability, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux, and hepatic-intestinal metabolism result in BBR having a low bioavailability (< 1%), which restricts its application in clinical settings. Therefore, improving its bioavailability is a prerequisite for its clinical applications. This review summarizes the various pharmacological effects of BBR and analyzes the main reasons for its poor bioavailability. It introduces methods to improve the bioavailability of BBR through the use of absorption enhancers and P-gp inhibitors, structural modification of BBR, and preparation of BBR salts and cocrystals as well as the development of new formulations and focuses on the bioavailability study of the new formulations of BBR. The research of BBR was also prospected in order to provide reference for the further research of BBR.

Molecular pharmacology and therapeutic advances of monoterpene perillyl alcohol.

BACKGROUND: Perillyl alcohol (POH) is a aroma monoterpene commonly obtained from various plants' essential oil. Recently, increasing researches have demonstrated that POH may be useful, not only as flavor compound, but also as bioactive molecule because of a variety of biological activities. PURPOSE: The aim of this review is to summarize the production, pharmacological activities and molecular mechanism, active derivatives, toxicity and parmacokinetics, and industrial application of POH. METHODS: A systematic search of published articles up to January 2024 in Web of Science, China Knowledge Network, and PubMed databases is conducted using the following keywords: POH, POH derivatives, biological or pharmacological, production or synthesis, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and application. RESULTS: Biotechnological production is considered to be a potential alternative approach to generate POH. POH provides diverse pharmacological benefits, including anticancer, antimicrobial, insecticidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive, vasorelaxant, antinociceptive, antiasthmatic, hepatoprotective effects, etc. The underlying mechanisms of action include modulation of NF-κB, JNK/c-Jun, Notch, Akt/mTOR, PI3K/Akt/eNOS, STAT3, Nrf2 and ERS response pathways, mitigation of mitochondrial dysfunction and membrane integrity damage, and inhibition of ROS accumulation, pro-inflammatory cytokines release and NLRP3 activation. What's more, the proteins or genes influenced by POH against diseases refer to Bax, Bcl-2, cyclin D1, CDK, p21, p53, HIF-1α, AP-1, caspase-3, M6P/IGF2R, PARP, VEGF, etc. Some clinical studies report that intranasal delivery of POH is a safe and effective treatment for cancer, but further clinical investigations are needed to confirm other health benefits of POH in human healthy. Depending on these health-promoting properties together with desirable flavor and safety, POH can be employed as dietary supplement, preservative and flavor additive in food and cosmetic fields, as building block in synthesis fields, as anticancer drug in medicinal fields, and as pesticides and herbicides in agricultural fields. CONCLUSION: This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in POH and highlights its therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms as well as the clinical settings, which is helpful to develop POH into functional food and new candidate drug for prevention and management of diseases. Future studies are needed to conduct more biological activity studies of POH and its derivatives, and check their clinical efficacy and potential side effects.

Phytochemistry, pharmacological applications, and therapeutic effects of green synthesized nanomaterials using Cichorium species-a comprehensive review.

Cichorium is a genus of potential medicinal herbs that finds widespread cultivation in regions spanning Asia and Europe. Belonging to the Asteraceae family, these plants are typically biennial or perennial in nature. Among the various explored varieties of chicory plants, the most commonly studied ones include Cichorium intybus, Cichorium endivia, and Cichorium pumilum. In Ayurveda, chicory has long been used as a remedy for many health problems. This versatile plant is renowned for its efficacy in managing conditions such as gallstones, gastroenteritis, sinus ailments, and the treatment of skin abrasions and wounds. Numerous bioactives, including polysaccharides, caffeic acid, flavonoids, coumarins, steroids, alkaloids, organic acids, triterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and essential oils, are present, according to a thorough phytochemical examination. The phytochemicals isolated from chicory have displayed significant therapeutic activities, including antidiabetic effects, hepatoprotective benefits, anti-obesity properties, and anti-cancer potential, as extensively documented by numerous researchers. The incorporation of these bioactive compounds into one's diet as part of a healthy lifestyle has demonstrated considerable advantages for human well-being. Green synthesis is a recent technology in which plant extracts or phytochemicals are used for synthesizing nanoparticles since plant extracts are generally less toxic and contain capping and reducing agents. This review summarizes current developments in green synthesis employing phytoconstituents from Cichorium species and extracts from various plant parts and their application to scientific problems. In order to preserve lifestyles and cure human diseases, the investigation emphasizes the therapeutic effects of the chemical components and nanoparticles obtained from the extract of Cichorium species.

The recent discovery of a promising pharmacological scaffold derived from carvacrol: A review.

Carvacrol, called CA, is a dynamic phytoconstituent characterized by a phenol ring abundantly sourced from various natural reservoirs. This versatile scaffold serves as a pivotal template for the design and synthesis of novel drug molecules, harboring promising biological activities. The active sites positioned at C-4, C-6, and the hydroxyl group (-OH) of CA offer fertile ground for creating potent drug candidates from a pharmacological standpoint. In this comprehensive review, we delve into diverse synthesis pathways and explore the biological activity of CA derivatives. We aim to illuminate the potential of these derivatives in discovering and developing efficacious treatments against a myriad of life-threatening diseases. By scrutinizing the structural modifications and pharmacophore placements that enhance the activity of CA derivatives, we aspire to inspire the innovation of novel therapeutics with heightened potency and effectiveness.