A retrospective study of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in Brazilian pigs from 2008 to 2020.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a viral disease characterized by reproductive impairment or failure in breeding animals, and a respiratory disease in pigs of any age. Brazil is the fourth largest pork producer and exporter globally, and PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection has never been reported in the country. This study aimed to investigate the status of porcine biological samples from commercial swine herds, quarantined imported boars, wild boars and feral pigs to update PRRS information in Brazil. A total of 14,382 samples were collected from 2008 to 2020, including sera (n = 12,841), plasma (n = 1,000) and oral fluids (n = 541), comprehending 137 herds and free-living pigs in eight Brazilian states. One out of 1,000 (0.1%) plasma and 15 out of 12,841 (0.11%) serum samples tested positive for PRRSV antibodies through ELISA. Upon ELISA retesting, only the plasma sample, from one 8-day-old piglet remained positive. All sixteen previously PRRSV antibody-positive samples were tested through RT-PCR and found to be negative. The presence of false-positive or singleton reactors are quite expected. Thus, the use of different/alternative diagnostic tests is indicated for an efficient PRRSV detection. Taken together, our findings demonstrated no conclusive evidence of PRRSV infection in the tested pigs, highlighting the importance to reinforce the surveillance program to prevent the introduction and eventual dissemination of PRRSV in Brazil.

Analysis of ORF5 sequences of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) circulating within swine farms in Costa Rica.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is among the diseases that cause the highest economic impact in modern pig production. PRRS was first detected in Costa Rica in 1996 and has since then severely affected the local swine industry. Studies of the molecular characterization of circulating strains, correlation with clinical records, and associations with pathogens associated with Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) have not been done in Costa Rica. RESULTS: Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of ORF5 proved that PRRSV-2 was the only species detected in all locations analyzed. These sequences were grouped into three clusters. When comparing samples from San Jose, Alejuela, and Puntarenas to historical isolates of the previously described lineages (1 to 9), it has been shown that these were closely related to each other and belonged to Lineage 5, along with the samples from Heredia. Intriguingly, samples from Cartago clustered in a separate clade, phylogenetically related to Lineage 1. Epitope analysis conducted on the GP5 sequence of field isolates from Costa Rica revealed seven peptides with at least 80% amino acid sequence identity with previously described and experimentally validated immunogenic regions. Previously described epitopes A, B, and C, were detected in the Santa Barbara-Heredia isolate. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the virus has three distinct origins or introductions to the country. Future studies will elucidate how recently introduced vaccines will shape the evolutionary change of circulating field strains.

First-time detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in Uruguay.

Within the last two decades, several high-impact viruses have emerged in the global swine population, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). In Uruguay, the more recent serological survey for PRRSV and other notifiable diseases such as Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) dated from year 2000. The main purpose of this study was to update our information on the infection status of PRRSV, ADV and CSFV in Uruguayan pig herds, in order to keep informed about the epidemiological situation of these notifiable infections in the country. For serological testing, a total of 524 swine serum samples collected during the period 2014-2016 were assayed by commercial ELISAs. Our results revealed the (unexpected) presence of PRRSV antibodies in Uruguayan domestic swine herds and confirmed the absence of ADV and CSFV antibodies in all of the assessed samples. Following such initial finding, PRRSV antibodies were further investigated in 23 retrospective samples collected during 2010-2014. Thirteen of these 23 samples resulted seropositive. Subsequently, a molecular detection approach in frozen serum samples was implemented to confirm PRRSV infection, and viral RNA was identified by reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR). Fourteen of 86 evaluated 2014-2016 samples resulted positive for viral RNA, while molecular analysis of four retrospective samples also revealed the presence of PRRSV type 2. Viral isolation of selected samples was carried out in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) and MARC 145 simian kidney cells, and the virus identity was confirmed by cytopathic effect (CPE) and immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using specific monoclonal antibodies for PRRSV nucleocapsid. Data reported here evidence for the first time the circulation of PRRSV type 2 in Uruguay, and retrospective serology results suggest that the virus has been infecting pigs in this country at least since 2011.

Vacunas contra el virus del síndrome reproductivo y respiratorio porcino (PRRSV): escribiendo una historia / Vaccines against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV): writing a history

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) constitutes one of the most serious problems of the pig industry in the world. It affects pigs of all ages and causes reproductive and respiratory disorders that create great economic losses. These increase due to the rapid spread of the disease and the inefficiency of the commercial vaccines. Modified live and killed vaccines are the two types of commercial vaccines currently available on the market for American and European strains. Although these vaccines can reduce disease symptoms and viremia, they do not prevent infection in any way and cross-presentation is variable against heterologous virus. Furthermore, it has been reported that the vaccine's virus can spread to other susceptible animals. For these reason, many studies focused on the development of new vaccines that include different vectors for the development of DNA vaccines by evaluating various structural proteins. The use of PRRSV infectious clones, as well as the construction of viral chimeras between the vaccine virus and highly infectious virus have also been evaluated. All these strategies have failed to develop an effective vaccine against PRRSV; therefore it remains as a major challenge.

El virus del síndrome reproductivo y respiratorio porcino (PRRSV) constituye uno de los problemas más grandes de la industria porcina. Afecta a cerdos de todas las edades, causa problemas reproductivos y respiratorios que generan pérdidas económicas millonarias. Éstas van en aumento debido a la rápida diseminación del virus y a la poca eficiencia de las vacunas comerciales para su tratamiento. Actualmente existen dos tipos de vacunas contra el PRRSV: una utiliza el virus atenuado y otra el virus inactivado. Existen en el mercado ambos tipos, tanto para cepas americanas como europeas. Aun cuando dichas vacunas disminuyen los síntomas de la enfermedad y la viremia, no evitan la infección y la protección cruzada es variable frente a virus heterólogos. Además, se ha informado que el virus vacunal puede diseminarse a otros animales susceptibles. Por esta razón muchos estudios se han orientado al desarrollo de nuevas vacunas que incluyen diferentes vectores para el desarrollo de vacunas de ADN evaluando varias proteínas estructurales. También se ha evaluado el empleo de clones infecciosos de PRRSV, así como la construcción de quimeras virales entre el virus vacunal y un virus altamente infeccioso. Todas estas estrategias no han logrado desarrollar una vacuna eficaz contra el PRRSV, por lo que dicho propósito sigue siendo un reto muy importante.

Lack of evidence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in domestic swine in Brazil

This report describes the first prevalence of antibodies and experimental inoculation of suspected samples of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) from ELISA positive pigs from swine herds in Brazil. Based on the hypothesis that this agent is present in swine herds worldwide, the objective of this work was to establish a diagnostic methodology and to investigate the occurrence of PRRSV in Brazilian swine herds. Fifty-four swine herds, the total number which imported genetic material (live pigs or swine semen) from countries where PRRS was endemic from 1990 to December 2000, from eight Brazilian States all included in this study. The sampling used was such as to detect a prevalence of infection of 5%, with a confidence level of 95%. A total of 3785 serum samples were tested for PRRSV antibodies by ELISA. Following the ELISA test, which was performed with two different commercial kits, all serum positive pigs were retested, examined and additional materials were collected. Viral isolation in permissive tissue culture cells and swine bioassays were performed. Additionally, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nested RT-PCR were also performed. We could not demonstrate the presence of PRRSV or RNA of PRRSV by viral isolation or RT-PCR (or nested RT-PCR), respectively in all of the analyzed samples. Furthermore, the pigs inoculated with PRRSV suspicion samples did not seroconvert nor produce characteristic PRRS lesions in the swine bioassay. Thus, our results indicate no evidence of PRRSV in the samples analyzed from swine herds in this study.

Este artigo descreve a primeira prevalência de anticorpos e inoculação experimental de amostras suspeitas do vírus da síndrome reprodutiva e respiratória dos suínos (PRRSV) de suínos de rebanhos do Brasil positivos pelo teste de ELISA. Com base na hipótese de que este agente está presente em plantéis de suínos mundialmente, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer uma metodologia de diagnóstico e também investigar a ocorrência de PRRSV em rebanhos suínos brasileiros. Cinqüenta e quatro granjas, número total de granjas que importaram material genético (suínos vivos e sêmen suíno) de países onde a PRRS era endêmica no período de 1990 a dezembro de 2000, de oito estados brasileiros foram todas incluídas neste estudo. O tamanho da amostragem de soros coletados foi para que se detectasse uma prevalência de 5%, com um nível de confiança de 95%. Um total de 3785 amostras de soro foram testadas para detecção de anticorpos para PRRSV por ELISA. Após a realização dos testes de ELISA, os quais foram realizados utilizando dois kits comerciais, todos os suínos positivos foram retestados sorologicamente, examinados e depois, material adicional foi coletado para detecção viral. O material para isolamento viral foi inoculado em células de cultivo permissíveis e também em suínos (bio-ensaio suíno). Além disso, reação de transcriptase reversa e reação da polimerase em cadeia (RT-PCR) e nested RT-PCR também foram realizadas. Não foi demonstrada a presença de PRRSV ou de RNA de PRRSV por isolamento viral ou RT-PCR (ou nested RT-PCR), respectivamente, em todas as amostras testadas. Além disso, os suínos inoculados com amostras suspeitas de PRRSV não soro-converteram ou produziram lesões características de PRRS no bio-ensaio suíno. Portanto, nossos resultados não indicam evidências da presença de PRRSV nas amostras analisadas dos rebanhos suínos deste estudo.

Lack of evidence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in domestic swine in Brazil

This report describes the first prevalence of antibodies and experimental inoculation of suspected samples of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) from ELISA positive pigs from swine herds in Brazil. Based on the hypothesis that this agent is present in swine herds worldwide, the objective of this work was to establish a diagnostic methodology and to investigate the occurrence of PRRSV in Brazilian swine herds. Fifty-four swine herds, the total number which imported genetic material (live pigs or swine semen) from countries where PRRS was endemic from 1990 to December 2000, from eight Brazilian States all included in this study. The sampling used was such as to detect a prevalence of infection of 5%, with a confidence level of 95%. A total of 3785 serum samples were tested for PRRSV antibodies by ELISA. Following the ELISA test, which was performed with two different commercial kits, all serum positive pigs were retested, examined and additional materials were collected. Viral isolation in permissive tissue culture cells and swine bioassays were performed. Additionally, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nested RT-PCR were also performed. We could not demonstrate the presence of PRRSV or RNA of PRRSV by viral isolation or RT-PCR (or nested RT-PCR), respectively in all of the analyzed samples. Furthermore, the pigs inoculated with PRRSV suspicion samples did not seroconvert nor produce characteristic PRRS lesions in the swine bioassay. Thus, our results indicate no evidence of PRRSV in the samples analyzed from swine herds in this study.

Este artigo descreve a primeira prevalência de anticorpos e inoculação experimental de amostras suspeitas do vírus da síndrome reprodutiva e respiratória dos suínos (PRRSV) de suínos de rebanhos do Brasil positivos pelo teste de ELISA. Com base na hipótese de que este agente está presente em plantéis de suínos mundialmente, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer uma metodologia de diagnóstico e também investigar a ocorrência de PRRSV em rebanhos suínos brasileiros. Cinqüenta e quatro granjas, número total de granjas que importaram material genético (suínos vivos e sêmen suíno) de países onde a PRRS era endêmica no período de 1990 a dezembro de 2000, de oito estados brasileiros foram todas incluídas neste estudo. O tamanho da amostragem de soros coletados foi para que se detectasse uma prevalência de 5%, com um nível de confiança de 95%. Um total de 3785 amostras de soro foram testadas para detecção de anticorpos para PRRSV por ELISA. Após a realização dos testes de ELISA, os quais foram realizados utilizando dois kits comerciais, todos os suínos positivos foram retestados sorologicamente, examinados e depois, material adicional foi coletado para detecção viral. O material para isolamento viral foi inoculado em células de cultivo permissíveis e também em suínos (bio-ensaio suíno). Além disso, reação de transcriptase reversa e reação da polimerase em cadeia (RT-PCR) e nested RT-PCR também foram realizadas. Não foi demonstrada a presença de PRRSV ou de RNA de PRRSV por isolamento viral ou RT-PCR (ou nested RT-PCR), respectivamente, em todas as amostras testadas. Além disso, os suínos inoculados com amostras suspeitas de PRRSV não soro-converteram ou produziram lesões características de PRRS no bio-ensaio suíno. Portanto, nossos resultados não indicam evidências da presença de PRRSV nas amostras analisadas dos rebanhos suínos deste estudo.