Effects of different anesthesia methods on labor process and postpartum serum estrogen and progesterone levels in primiparas with painless labor.

OBJECTIVE: To look into the effects of different anesthesia methods on the labor process and the expression of serum estrogen and progesterone in primiparas with painless labor. METHODS: 60 primiparas receiving painless labor were selected as the research objects, and they were divided into either a Spinal & Continuous epidural anesthesia group (n = 30) or a continuous epidural anesthesia group (n = 30), anesthesia is administered using the corresponding anesthesia method. The authors compared serum estrogen and progesterone, inflammatory index expression, pain degree and neonatal health status in different periods. RESULTS: At T2 and T3, serum P, LH, FSH and E2 levels in the Spinal & Continuous epidural anesthesia group were signally lower than those in the Spinal & Continuous epidural anesthesia group (p < 0.05). Spinal & Continuous epidural anesthesia group harbored faster onset and longer duration of sensory block and motor block than the Continuous epidural anesthesia group (p < 0.05). SAS and SDS scores of the Spinal & Continuous epidural anesthesia group were clearly lower than those of the Continuous epidural anesthesia group (p < 0.05). VAS score and serum TNF-α, IL-6 levels of pregnant women in the Spinal & Continuous epidural anesthesia group were memorably lower than those in the Continuous epidural anesthesia group at T2 and T3 (p < 0.05). The total incidence of postoperative complications in the Spinal & Continuous epidural anesthesia group was distinctively lower than that in the Continuous epidural anesthesia group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Spinal anesthesia combined with continuous epidural anesthesia has a better anesthesia effect in the painless labor of primiparas, which can effectually ameliorate the labor process and the expression of serum estrogen and progesterone.

Effects of different anesthesia methods on labor process and postpartum serum estrogen and progesterone levels in primiparas with painless labor

ABSTRACT Objective: To look into the effects of different anesthesia methods on the labor process and the expression of serum estrogen and progesterone in primiparas with painless labor. Methods: 60 primiparas receiving painless labor were selected as the research objects, and they were divided into either a Spinal & Continuous epidural anesthesia group (n = 30) or a continuous epidural anesthesia group (n = 30), anesthesia is administered using the corresponding anesthesia method. The authors compared serum estrogen and progesterone, inflammatory index expression, pain degree and neonatal health status in different periods. Results: At T2 and T3, serum P, LH, FSH and E2 levels in the Spinal & Continuous epidural anesthesia group were signally lower than those in the Spinal & Continuous epidural anesthesia group (p < 0.05). Spinal & Continuous epidural anesthesia group harbored faster onset and longer duration of sensory block and motor block than the Continuous epidural anesthesia group (p < 0.05). SAS and SDS scores of the Spinal & Continuous epidural anesthesia group were clearly lower than those of the Continuous epidural anesthesia group (p < 0.05). VAS score and serum TNF-α, IL-6 levels of pregnant women in the Spinal & Continuous epidural anesthesia group were memorably lower than those in the Continuous epidural anesthesia group at T2 and T3 (p < 0.05). The total incidence of postoperative complications in the Spinal & Continuous epidural anesthesia group was distinctively lower than that in the Continuous epidural anesthesia group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Spinal anesthesia combined with continuous epidural anesthesia has a better anesthesia effect in the painless labor of primiparas, which can effectually ameliorate the labor process and the expression of serum estrogen and progesterone.

Genetic traceability of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from primiparous dairy cows mastitis, humans and environment in the Northeast region of Brazil / Rastreabilidade genética de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus isoladas de mastite de vacas primíparas, ordenhadores e ambiente de ordenha na região Nordeste do Brasil

ABSTRACT: This research aimed to investigate the genotypic relatedness of 18 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from intramammary infections in primiparous cows and extramammary sites on five dairy herds by rep-PCR using RW3A primers, and by PFGE using the endonuclease SmaI. The isolates were also evaluated in vitro for the susceptibility against beta-lactam antimicrobials drugs (penicillin and oxacillin), considering that beta-lactams are frequently used for treating staphylococcal intrammamary infections. The rep-PCR typing was highly discriminatory (D value= 0.9804) and a total of 15 patterns were detected. The PFGE method was also highly discriminatory (D value= 0.9667) and a total of 13 patterns were observed. A total of 15 out of 18 (83%) isolates were resistant to penicillin and one out of 18 (6%) to oxacillin. In conclusion, these findings confirmed the occurrence of a high genetic diversity of S. aureus strains at the herds and the presence of clonally-related strains only at the same herd, emphasizing a variety of genotypic profiles among the isolates.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se com este estudo investigar a correlação genética de 18 cepas de Staphylococcus aureus isoladas de infecções intramamárias em vacas primíparas e de locais extramamários em cinco propriedades leiteiras através das técnicas de PCR por sequências palindrômicas extragênicas repetitivas (rep-PCR), usando iniciadores RW3A, e de eletroforese em gel de campo pulsado (PFGE), usando a endonuclease SmaI. Os isolados também foram avaliados in vitro quanto à suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos beta-lactâmicos (penicilina e oxacilina). A tipagem por rep-PCR foi altamente discriminatória (valor D = 0,9804) e um total de 15 padrões foram detectados. Os isolados de S. aureus foram agrupados em três grupos diferentes (A a C), com 80% de similaridade. A técnica de PFGE também foi altamente discriminatória (valor D = 0,9667) e um total de 13 padrões foi observado. A análise do dendrograma com um coeficiente de similaridade de 80% gerou dois grupos diferentes (A e B). Além disso, cepas clonais isoladas do leite foram identificadas na mesma propriedade pelos dois métodos de tipificação e, apesar da presença de cepas dominantes, nossos resultados sugerem uma alta diversidade genética dentre as cepas de S. aureus analisadas. Um total de 15, dos 18 (83%) isolados, eram resistentes à penicilina e um dos 18 (6%) à oxacilina. Assim, esses achados confirmam a ocorrência de uma alta diversidade genética de cepas de S. aureus nas propriedades e a presença de cepas clonalmente relacionadas apenas na mesma propriedade, enfatizando uma variedade de perfis genotípicos entre os isolados.

Genetic traceability of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from primiparous dairy cows mastitis, humans and environment in the Northeast region of Brazil / Rastreabilidade genética de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus isoladas de mastite de vacas primíparas, ordenhadores e ambiente de ordenha na região Nordeste do Brasil

This research aimed to investigate the genotypic relatedness of 18 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from intramammary infections in primiparous cows and extramammary sites on five dairy herds by rep-PCR using RW3A primers, and by PFGE using the endonuclease SmaI. The isolates were also evaluated in vitro for the susceptibility against beta-lactam antimicrobials drugs (penicillin and oxacillin), considering that beta-lactams are frequently used for treating staphylococcal intrammamary infections. The rep-PCR typing was highly discriminatory (D value= 0.9804) and a total of 15 patterns were detected. The PFGE method was also highly discriminatory (D value= 0.9667) and a total of 13 patterns were observed. A total of 15 out of 18 (83%) isolates were resistant to penicillin and one out of 18 (6%) to oxacillin. In conclusion, these findings confirmed the occurrence of a high genetic diversity of S. aureus strains at the herds and the presence of clonally-related strains only at the same herd, emphasizing a variety of genotypic profiles among the isolates.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este estudo investigar a correlação genética de 18 cepas de Staphylococcus aureus isoladas de infecções intramamárias em vacas primíparas e de locais extramamários em cinco propriedades leiteiras através das técnicas de PCR por sequências palindrômicas extragênicas repetitivas (rep-PCR), usando iniciadores RW3A, e de eletroforese em gel de campo pulsado (PFGE), usando a endonuclease SmaI. Os isolados também foram avaliados in vitro quanto à suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos beta-lactâmicos (penicilina e oxacilina). A tipagem por rep-PCR foi altamente discriminatória (valor D = 0,9804) e um total de 15 padrões foram detectados. Os isolados de S. aureus foram agrupados em três grupos diferentes (A a C), com 80% de similaridade. A técnica de PFGE também foi altamente discriminatória (valor D = 0,9667) e um total de 13 padrões foi observado. A análise do dendrograma com um coeficiente de similaridade de 80% gerou dois grupos diferentes (A e B). Além disso, cepas clonais isoladas do leite foram identificadas na mesma propriedade pelos dois métodos de tipificação e, apesar da presença de cepas dominantes, nossos resultados sugerem uma alta diversidade genética dentre as cepas de S. aureus analisadas. Um total de 15, dos 18 (83%) isolados, eram resistentes à penicilina e um dos 18 (6%) à oxacilina. Assim, esses achados confirmam a ocorrência de uma alta diversidade genética de cepas de S. aureus nas propriedades e a presença de cepas clonalmente relacionadas apenas na mesma propriedade, enfatizando uma variedade de perfis genotípicos entre os isolados.(AU)

Impact of birth weight and daily weight gain during suckling on the weight gain of weaning piglets / Impacto do peso ao nascimento e ganho de peso na maternidade sobre o ganho de peso dos leitões na creche

This study evaluated the effect of birth weight and weight gain during the suckling phase on the piglet daily weight gain during the nursery phase (21-61 days of age). Piglets (n= 534) derived from 55 first-parity sows were weighed at birth, weaning, and end of the nursery phase. The data were analyzed according to a completely randomized experimental design, with three classes of birth weight (BW) and two classes of weight gain during the suckling phase (SDWG). High BW and low SDWG piglets were 0.2kg lighter at weaning than low BW and high SDWG animals (P< 0.05). However, at the end of the nursery phase, this situation was inverted, with high BW and low SDWG piglets 2.20kg heavier (P< 0.05). Low BW and high SDWG piglets were heavier at weaning and at the end of the nursery phase than low BW and low SDWG piglets (P< 0.05). At the same time, intermediate and high BW and low and high SDWG piglets presented body weight differences at weaning (P< 0.05), but not at the end of the nursery phase (P< 0.05). Piglets with 1.25 to 2.30kg BW and low weight gain during suckling presented a partial compensatory growth during the nursery phase.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do peso dos leitões ao nascimento e do seu ganho de peso na maternidade sobre seu desempenho na fase de creche (21-61 dias de idade). Quinhentos e trinta e quatro leitões, provenientes de 55 primíparas, foram pesados ao nascimento, no desmame e na saída da creche. Os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em três classes de peso ao nascimento (PN) e duas classes de ganho de peso diário (GPD) na maternidade. Os animais com alto PN e baixo GPD na maternidade desmamaram 0,2kg mais leves que os animais com baixo PN e alto GPD na maternidade (P<0,05). Porém, os animais com alto PN e baixo GPD na maternidade saíram da creche 2,10kg mais pesados (P<0,05). A diferença aos 21 dias entre os dois tratamentos (alto e baixo GPD) com animais de baixo PN foi de 1,18kg e passou para 2,20kg ao final da creche (P<0,05). No caso dos animais com médio e alto PN, a diferença ao desmame era de 1,14 e 1,26kg e passou para 0,90 e 0,70kg na saída da creche (P<0,05), respectivamente. Leitões com peso ao nascimento entre 1,25 e 2,30kg, com baixo ganho de peso diário na maternidade, apresentaram efeito compensatório parcial no ganho de peso diário durante a creche.(AU)

Impact of birth weight and daily weight gain during suckling on the weight gain of weaning piglets / Impacto do peso ao nascimento e ganho de peso na maternidade sobre o ganho de peso dos leitões na creche

This study evaluated the effect of birth weight and weight gain during the suckling phase on the piglet daily weight gain during the nursery phase (21-61 days of age). Piglets (n= 534) derived from 55 first-parity sows were weighed at birth, weaning, and end of the nursery phase. The data were analyzed according to a completely randomized experimental design, with three classes of birth weight (BW) and two classes of weight gain during the suckling phase (SDWG). High BW and low SDWG piglets were 0.2kg lighter at weaning than low BW and high SDWG animals (P< 0.05). However, at the end of the nursery phase, this situation was inverted, with high BW and low SDWG piglets 2.20kg heavier (P< 0.05). Low BW and high SDWG piglets were heavier at weaning and at the end of the nursery phase than low BW and low SDWG piglets (P< 0.05). At the same time, intermediate and high BW and low and high SDWG piglets presented body weight differences at weaning (P< 0.05), but not at the end of the nursery phase (P< 0.05). Piglets with 1.25 to 2.30kg BW and low weight gain during suckling presented a partial compensatory growth during the nursery phase.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do peso dos leitões ao nascimento e do seu ganho de peso na maternidade sobre seu desempenho na fase de creche (21-61 dias de idade). Quinhentos e trinta e quatro leitões, provenientes de 55 primíparas, foram pesados ao nascimento, no desmame e na saída da creche. Os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em três classes de peso ao nascimento (PN) e duas classes de ganho de peso diário (GPD) na maternidade. Os animais com alto PN e baixo GPD na maternidade desmamaram 0,2kg mais leves que os animais com baixo PN e alto GPD na maternidade (P<0,05). Porém, os animais com alto PN e baixo GPD na maternidade saíram da creche 2,10kg mais pesados (P<0,05). A diferença aos 21 dias entre os dois tratamentos (alto e baixo GPD) com animais de baixo PN foi de 1,18kg e passou para 2,20kg ao final da creche (P<0,05). No caso dos animais com médio e alto PN, a diferença ao desmame era de 1,14 e 1,26kg e passou para 0,90 e 0,70kg na saída da creche (P<0,05), respectivamente. Leitões com peso ao nascimento entre 1,25 e 2,30kg, com baixo ganho de peso diário na maternidade, apresentaram efeito compensatório parcial no ganho de peso diário durante a creche.(AU)

Embarazo espontáneo en una paciente con agenesia de cuello uterino / Spontaneous pregnancy in patient with cervical agenesis

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: La incidencia de agenesia cervical con endometrio funcional se desconoce, aunque se calcula menor a 0.1% en la población general. El pronóstico reproductivo de pacientes con malformaciones müllerianas es limitado y requiere múltiples intervenciones quirúrgicas. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente primigesta de 21 años, con antecedente de agenesia de cuello uterino y dos tercios superiores de la vagina. Acudió a consulta a las 38.1 semanas de embarazo establecido conforme a la fecha de la última menstruación. Refirió haber concebido de forma espontánea y negó complicaciones durante el embarazo. Se programó para finalizar el embarazo mediante cesárea. El periodo trans y posquirúrgico transcurrió sin complicaciones maternas ni fetales. CONCLUSIÓN: El embarazo espontáneo en pacientes con malformaciones müllerianas debe tratarse a tiempo para asegurar que no surjan complicaciones que pongan en riesgo la vida de la madre y su hijo.

Abstract BACKGROUND: The incidence of cervical agenesis with functional endometrium is unknown, but it's estimated to be less than 0.1% in the general population. The reproductive prognosis in Müllerian malformations is limited and, in most cases, requires multiple surgical interventions to be improved. CASE REPORT: A 21-year-old primiparous patient with a history of agenesis of the cervix and two upper thirds of the vagina. Attended a first-time obstetric appointment at 38.1 weeks of gestation. She refers that the pregnancy was conceived spontaneously and denied complications during pregnancy. A cesarean section was scheduled to end the pregnancy, which had no trans or post-operative maternal-fetal morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Spontaneous pregnancy in patients with congenital agenesis of the cervix should be addressed in time to ensure a favorable obstetric outcome.

Conocimiento de las primíparas sobre lactancia materna exclusiva en el Servicio de Alojamiento Conjunto Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión, 2015 / Knowledge of the primiparous women about exclusive breastfeeding in the Service of Joint Lodging at the National Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrion, 2015

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los conocimientos de las primíparas sobre lactancia materna exclusiva en el servicio de alojamiento conjunto Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión 2015. Material y Método: El estudio es de tipo cuantitativo, nivel aplicativo, método descriptivo, corte transversal; la muestra fue obtenida mediante el muestreo probabilístico de proporción, para población/muestra conformada por 45. La técnica fue la encuesta y el instrumento un cuestionario, aplicado previo consentimiento informado. Resultados: Del 100 por ciento (45) 51 por ciento (23) conocen, 49 por ciento (22) no conocen, sobre concepto de la lactancia materna exclusiva, 58 por ciento (26) conocen, y 42 por ciento (19) no conocen; acerca de la importancia el 53 por ciento (24) conocen, y 47 por ciento (21) no conocen; en cuanto a la técnica 60 por ciento (27) conocen y 40 por ciento (18) no conocen. Conclusión: El mayor porcentaje de las madres conocen, en cuanto al concepto, importancia y técnica de la lactancia materna exclusiva, seguido por un porcentaje, considerable que no conocen, el concepto, importancia y la técnica de la lactancia materna exclusiva. La lactancia materna es la forma más adecuada y natural, de proporcionar aporte nutricional, inmunológico, emocional al bebe ya que aporta todos los nutrientes y anticuerpos, que él bebe necesita y estar sano, permite crear lazo afectivo con la madre, es más fácil de digerir que la formula, es un fluido vivo que cambia para cubrir las necesidades del bebe conforme crece, ayuda el crecimiento optimo y desarrollo del cerebro del sistema inmunológico y fisiológico, previene enfermedades comunes, infecciones respiratorios, urinarias y del oído, beneficios es que esta siempre lista para tomar, libre de contaminación, su costo es cero, tiene composición ideal para él bebe rica en hierro.

The aim of the study was to determine the knowledge of gilts on exclusive breastfeeding in the service rooming National Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrion 2015. Material and Methods. The study is quantitative, application level, descriptive method, cross-section; the sample was obtained by probability sampling ratio to population / sample consisted of 45. The technique was the survey instrument and a questionnaire applied prior informed consent. Results: Of 100 per cent (45), 51 per cent (23) known, 49 per cent (22) do not know, on the concept of exclusive breastfeeding, 58 per cent (26) known, and 42 per cent (19) do not know; about the importance 53 per cent (24) known, and 47 per cent (21) do not know; in terms of technical 60 per cent (27) 40 per cent know and (18) do not know. Conclusion: The highest percentage of mothers know, in concept, importance and technique of exclusive breastfeeding, followed by a percentage considerable they do not know the concept, importance and technique of exclusive breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is the best and most natural way to provide nutritional, immunological, emotional the baby contribution as it provides all the nutrients and antibodies, the baby needs and be healthy, can create emotional tie with the mother, it is easier to digest than formula, is a living fluid that changes to meet the needs of the baby gets older, support optimal growth and development of brain immune and physiological system, prevent common diseases, respiratory infections, urinary and hearing benefits is that this always ready to take, pollution- free, the cost is zero, is perfect for baby iron-rich composition.

Evaluación de la glándula mamaria y composición química de la leche en vacas primíparas mestizas lecheras en el preparto, hasta el quinto mes de la lactación / Mammary gland evaluation and milk chemical composition in crossbreed milking primaparas cpws before calving, up to the fifth month of lactation

La glándula mamaria y la composición química de los componentes de la leche en animales mestizos lecheros y su inter-relación con la aparición de problemas clínicos y productivos fueron evaluados en 10 vacas primíparas mestizas (Girolando), pertenecientes a una hacienda, situada en el municipio de Sabinópolis, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Un examen clínico, la prueba de Califórnia Mastitis (CMT), el contaje celular somático (CCS) y la determinación de las concentraciones de los componentes de la leche a los días 17; 37; 54; 78; 110; 130 y 153 después del parto fueron realizados. En el examen clínico se detectaron lesiones de baja severidad en los pezones y al CMT, un 77,86% de los cuartos fueron negativos. El promédio y desviación estandar para el CCS fue de 167.857,1 (± 585.859,5) y para grasa, proteínas, lactosa y sólidos totales de 3,17 (± 0,74); 3,05 (± 0,29); 4,65 (± 0,22) y 10,38 (± 0,80) por ciento, respectivamente, valores estos semejantes a los reportados en la literatura. Se concluye que los resultados obtenidos fueron un buen indicador de la calidad de la leche producida y que la composición química de los componentes de la misma en vacas primíparas mestizas lecheras fue diferente del día 17 al 153 de la lactación.

To evaluate the mammary gland and the milk chemical composition in crossbreed milking primiparus cows and their interrelationship with clinical problems, 10 crossbreed primiparus cows (Girolando) from one farm, located in Sabinópolis Municipality, Minas Gerais State, Brasil were used to perform clinic evaluation of the mammary gland, California Mastitis Test (CMT), Somatic Cell Count (SCC) and determination of the concentration of the milk components, on days 17; 37; 54; 78; 110; 130 and 153 after calving. The clinical evaluation showed low percentage of injury in the teats, and the CMT was negative in 77.86% of the quarters. The mean values (±SD) for SCC were 167,857.1 (± 585,859.5) and for the milk components fat, protein, lactose and total solid 3.17 (± 0.74); 3.05 (± 0.29); 4.65 (±0.22) and 10.38 (± 0.80)%, respectively, alike values to reported in the literature. In conclusion, the results showed to be a good indicator of the milk quality and satisfactory to follow the milk chemical composition in crossbreed milking primiparus cows, which were different from day 17 to day 153 of lactation.

Mês de parição, condição corporal e resposta ao protocolo de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo em vacas de corte primíparas / Calving date, body condition score, and response to a timed artificial insemination protocol in first-calving beef cows

No experimento I, foi avaliada a alteração da condição corporal (CC) pré e pós-parto em 155 novilhas inseminadas para parir de setembro a dezembro. A CC foi avaliada mensalmente no pré e pós-parto, de junho a fevereiro. No experimento II, 538 vacas primíparas foram sincronizadas com o protocolo de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) que usou estradiol junto ao dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona (CIDR®). As taxas de ciclicidade, sincronização e concepção foram avaliadas por ultra-som. No experimento I, os animais que pariram primeiro tiveram maior (P<0,001) redução na CC pós-parto. No experimento II, foi observado maior CC (P<0,0001) nos animais com menor número de dias pós-parto, maior (P<0,05) taxa de sincronização nas vacas de melhor CC e aumento (P<0,0001) na taxa de concepção proporcional ao aumento na CC (incremento médio na concepção de seis pontos percentuais para cada 0,25 ponto na CC). Não se deve antecipar a parição de novilhas de corte quando se pretende realizar IATF no início da estação de monta subseqüente.

In experiment I, it was evaluated the body condition score (BCS) change during pre and post-partum in 155 heifers, inseminated to calve from September to December. The BCS was monthly evaluated from June to February, during the pre and post-partum periods. In experiment II, 538 primiparous cows were synchronized with a timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocol which used estradiol associated with an intravaginal progesterone device (CIDR®). The cyclicity, synchronization, and conception rates were evaluated by ultrasound. In experiment I, the animals that calved earlier had higher (P<0.001) reduction on BCS. In experiment II, it was observed higher BCS (P<0.0001) in cows with lower days in post-partum, higher (P<0.05) synchronization rate in cows with a better BCS, and also an increase (P<0.0001) in conception rate as BCS got better (increase in six percentual points in conception for each increase of 0.25 in BCS). Beef heifers should not calve earlier when is planned to submitt these animals to TAI at the beginning of the next breeding season.

Mês de parição, condição corporal e resposta ao protocolo de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo em vacas de corte primíparas / Calving date, body condition score, and response to a timed artificial insemination protocol in first-calving beef cows

No experimento I, foi avaliada a alteração da condição corporal (CC) pré e pós-parto em 155 novilhas inseminadas para parir de setembro a dezembro. A CC foi avaliada mensalmente no pré e pós-parto, de junho a fevereiro. No experimento II, 538 vacas primíparas foram sincronizadas com o protocolo de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) que usou estradiol junto ao dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona (CIDR®). As taxas de ciclicidade, sincronização e concepção foram avaliadas por ultra-som. No experimento I, os animais que pariram primeiro tiveram maior (P<0,001) redução na CC pós-parto. No experimento II, foi observado maior CC (P<0,0001) nos animais com menor número de dias pós-parto, maior (P<0,05) taxa de sincronização nas vacas de melhor CC e aumento (P<0,0001) na taxa de concepção proporcional ao aumento na CC (incremento médio na concepção de seis pontos percentuais para cada 0,25 ponto na CC). Não se deve antecipar a parição de novilhas de corte quando se pretende realizar IATF no início da estação de monta subseqüente.(AU)

In experiment I, it was evaluated the body condition score (BCS) change during pre and post-partum in 155 heifers, inseminated to calve from September to December. The BCS was monthly evaluated from June to February, during the pre and post-partum periods. In experiment II, 538 primiparous cows were synchronized with a timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocol which used estradiol associated with an intravaginal progesterone device (CIDR®). The cyclicity, synchronization, and conception rates were evaluated by ultrasound. In experiment I, the animals that calved earlier had higher (P<0.001) reduction on BCS. In experiment II, it was observed higher BCS (P<0.0001) in cows with lower days in post-partum, higher (P<0.05) synchronization rate in cows with a better BCS, and also an increase (P<0.0001) in conception rate as BCS got better (increase in six percentual points in conception for each increase of 0.25 in BCS). Beef heifers should not calve earlier when is planned to submitt these animals to TAI at the beginning of the next breeding season.(AU)

Incontinencia fecal por lesiones ocultas del mecanismo de esfínter anal y factores asociados en pacientes primíparas sin episiotomía media de rutina / Fecal incontinence, occult lesions to the anal sphincter and related factors in primiparous patients without median routine episiotomy

Introducción: la incontinencia fecal es más frecuente en mujeres, principalmente por la relación con el trauma obstétrico. Los factores que favorecen estas lesiones obstétricas han sido estudiados ampliamente; la Norma Oficial Mexicana ha cancelado el uso rutinario de la episiotomía media en los partos. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron determinar la frecuencia de lesiones al esfínter anal e incontinencia fecal en mujeres primíparas sin episiotomía media, así como los factores maternos, obstétricos y del recién nacido que pudieran predisponer a estas lesiones. Material y métodos: se estudiaron primíparas atendidas en el periodo de mayo de 2002 a mayo de 2004, de cualquier edad, sanas, con embarazos a término no complicados. Se realizó interrogatorio de incontinencia, examen clínico y ultrasonido endoanal previos al parto, y se repitió el procedimiento seis semanas después del parto. Se utilizó χ2 para análisis estadístico. Resultados: de 122 pacientes, se eliminaron 62 (22 por cesárea y 40 por no acudir al seguimiento). Se observó incontinencia posparto en 14 pacientes (23 %), menor en 13 (22 %) y mayor en una (1.6 %), lesión a esfínteres en siete (12 %), lesiones ocultas en tres (5 %), incontinencia sin lesión a esfínteres en 10 (71 %) y lesión advertida al canal de parto en 45 (75 %). Conclusiones: hallamos alto índice de lesiones del esfínter anal en primíparas sin episiotomía de rutina, con menor índice de lesiones graves e incontinencia fecal mayor. Hubo probable relación de las lesiones con el tamaño y peso del producto, duración del segundo periodo del parto, lesión advertida y experiencia de quien atiende (no demostrado estadísticamente en este estudio).

BACKGROUND: Fecal incontinence is more frequent among women, mainly because of obstetrical trauma. The factors that induce these lesions have been widely studied. The Mexican Official Medical Regulations cancelled the routine use of episiotomy during vaginal delivery, taking into account many of these studies. We undertook this study to determine the frequency of anal sphincter lesions and fecal incontinence in primiparous women without episiotomy and related these lesions to maternal, obstetrical and newborn factors that could predispose to the origin of these lesions. METHODS: Primiparous women attended between May 2002 and May 2004, of any age, healthy, with uncomplicated term pregnancies were included. Before labor, a clinical examination, incontinence questionnaire and anal ultrasound were performed and the procedure was repeated 6 weeks after labor. Maternal, delivery and newborn factors were evaluated and compared in cases with fecal incontinence or anal sphincter lesions. Chi square test was utilized for categorical variables. RESULTS: We studied a total 122 patients, 62 were excluded (22 required Cesarean section and 40 failed to attend follow-up). Of these, postpartum incontinence was reported in 14 (23%) (minor in 13, 22%) and major in 1, 1.6%), sphincter lesion in 7 (12%), occult lesion in 3 (5%); incontinence without sphincter lesion in 10 (71%), and adverted partum canal lesion in 45 (75%). CONCLUSIONS: We found a high incidence of anal sphincter lesions in primiparous women without routine episiotomy but a reduced incidence of severe lesions and major fecal incontinence. There is a probable relation of lesions with newborn birthweight and height, duration of 2nd partum period, adverted lesion and attending physician (not statistically demonstrated).