Overall glycaemic index and dietary glycaemic load and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in women from the Mexican Teachers' Cohort.

Previous studies have found direct associations between glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) with chronic diseases. However, this evidence has not been consistent in relation to mortality, and most data regarding this association come from high-income and low-carbohydrate-intake populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the overall GI and dietary GL and all-cause mortality, CVD and breast cancer mortality in Mexico. Participants from the Mexican Teachers' Cohort (MTC) study in 2006-2008 were followed for a median of 10 years. Overall GI and dietary GL were calculated from a validated FFQ. Deaths were identified by the cross-linkage of MTC participants with two national mortality registries. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the impact of GI and GL on mortality. We identified 1198 deaths. Comparing the lowest and highest quintile, dietary GI and GL appeared to be marginally associated with all-cause mortality; GI, 1·12 (95 % CI: 0·93, 1·35); GL, 1·12 (95 % CI: 0·87, 1·44). Higher GI and GL were associated with increased risk of CVD mortality, GI, 1·30 (95 % CI: 0·82, 2·08); GL, 1·64 (95 % CI: 0·87, 3·07) and with greater risk of breast cancer mortality; GI, 2·13 (95 % CI: 1·12, 4·06); GL, 2·43 (95 % CI: 0·90, 6·59). It is necessary to continue the improvement of carbohydrate quality indicators to better guide consumer choices and to lead the Mexican population to limit excessive intake of low-quality carbohydrate foods.

Persistent headache and chronic daily headache after COVID-19: a prospective cohort study.

Background: Little is known about the frequency and impact of the persistent headache and about the incidence of chronic daily headache (CDH) after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of this prospective cohort study was to assess the incidence, risk factors, characteristics, and impact of CDH in patients with COVID-19. Methods: In the first stage, 288 patients were interviewed by telephone after the acute phase of COVID-19. Subsequently, 199 patients who presented headache were reinterviewed at least one year after COVID-19. Headaches that persisted beyond the acute phase of COVID-19 for three or more months and presented frequency ≥ 45 days over the first three months were considered to be CDH. Results: One hundred and twenty-three patients were included, 56% were females; median age: 50 years (25th and 75th percentile: 41;58). The headache persisted beyond the acute phase of COVID-19 in 52%, and 20.3% had CDH (95% confidence interval: 13.6-28.2). Individuals who previously had headaches and who had headaches of greater intensity during the acute phase were at higher risk of developing CDH. The group with CDH included more females, greater impact of headache, more persistence of headache beyond the 120th day of COVID-19 and less throbbing headache than did the other individuals whose headache persisted. Conclusions: Patients who had COVID-19 had a high incidence of CDH. Previous headache and greater intensity of headache were associated with higher risk of CDH.

Effect of adding fluoride to camellia sinensis against dentin erosion generated by non-bacterial acids / Efecto de la adición de flúor a la camellia sinensis frente a la erosión de dentina generada por ácidos no bacterianos

Introduction: Natural products are an option to be used in different conditions in the oral cavity, such as Camellia sinensis, which due to its different properties would be beneficial in the erosion of the dental surface. Objetive: Determinar el efecto del extracto de Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis) adicionado con flúor frente a la acción erosiva de ácidos no bacterianos en la superficie de la dentina humana. Materials and Methods: Quasi-experimental, prospective, longitudinal, and in vitro study, consisting of 50 samples of human dentin, which were classified into 5 study groups: distilled water, hydrochloric acid, 2% C. sinensis extract, sodium fluoride. 2% and 2% C. sinensis extract added with 2% sodium fluoride. The surface roughness of each sample was evaluated with the SRT6200 digital roughness meter, obtaining a total average roughness and the measurements were carried out in two moments. Results: It was observed that the 2% C. sinensis extract, the 2% sodium fluoride, and the C. sinensis extract added with 2% sodium fluoride, showed a variation in surface roughness between before and after, which was not significant (p<0.05) in all cases. It should be noted that the C. sinensis plus sodium fluoride group is the one that obtained the best variation in the mean surface roughness than the other groups studied. Conclusions: The 2% C. sinensis extract, 2% sodium fluoride, and the combination of both compounds demonstrated an inhibitory effect against the erosive action of hydrochloric acid (0.01 M) on the dentin surface, not presenting a statistically significant difference in the results.

Introducción: Los productos naturales son una opción para ser usados en diferentes afecciones en la cavidad bucal, como lo podría ser la Camellia sinensis, que por sus diferentes propiedades sería de beneficio en la erosión de la superficie dental. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto del extracto de Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis) adicionado con flúor frente a la acción erosiva de ácidos no bacterianos en la superficie de la dentina humana. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio cuasi experimental, prospectivo, longitudinal ein vitro, constituido por 50 muestras de dentina de dientes permanentes, que se clasificaron en 5 grupos de estudio: Agua destilada, ácido clorhídrico, extracto de C. sinensis a 2%, fluoruro de sodio al 2% y extracto de C. sinensisa 2% adicionado con fluoruro de sodio al 2%. Se evaluó la rugosidad superficial de cada muestra con el rugosímetro digital SRT6200, obteniéndose una rugosidad media total y se realizaron las mediciones en dos momentos. Resultado: Se observó que el extracto de C. sinensisal 2%, el fluoruro de sodio al 2% y el extracto de C. sinensis adicionado con fluoruro de sodio al 2%, presentaron una variación de la rugosidad superficial entre el antes y el después, no siendo esta significativa (p<0.05) en todos los casos. Cabe resaltar que el grupo C. sinensis más fluoruro de sodio, es el que obtuvo una mejor variación de la media de rugosidad superficial, que los otros grupos estudiados. Conclusión: El extracto de C. sinensisal 2%, el fluoruro de sodio al 2% y la combinación de ambos compuestos demostraron un efecto inhibitorio frente a la acción erosiva del ácido clorhídrico (0,01 M) en la superficie de dentina, no presentando una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en los resultados.

Investigating SARS-CoV-2 Incidence and Morbidity in Ponce, Puerto Rico: Protocol and Baseline Results From a Community Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: A better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection risk among Hispanic and Latino populations and in low-resource settings in the United States is needed to inform control efforts and strategies to improve health equity. Puerto Rico has a high poverty rate and other population characteristics associated with increased vulnerability to COVID-19, and there are limited data to date to determine community incidence. OBJECTIVE: This study describes the protocol and baseline seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in a prospective community-based cohort study (COPA COVID-19 [COCOVID] study) to investigate SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence and morbidity in Ponce, Puerto Rico. METHODS: In June 2020, we implemented the COCOVID study within the Communities Organized to Prevent Arboviruses project platform among residents of 15 communities in Ponce, Puerto Rico, aged 1 year or older. Weekly, participants answered questionnaires on acute symptoms and preventive behaviors and provided anterior nasal swab samples for SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction testing; additional anterior nasal swabs were collected for expedited polymerase chain reaction testing from participants that reported 1 or more COVID-19-like symptoms. At enrollment and every 6 months during follow-up, participants answered more comprehensive questionnaires and provided venous blood samples for multiantigen SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G antibody testing (an indicator of seroprevalence). Weekly follow-up activities concluded in April 2022 and 6-month follow-up visits concluded in August 2022. Primary study outcome measures include SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence and seroprevalence, relative risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection by participant characteristics, SARS-CoV-2 household attack rate, and COVID-19 illness characteristics and outcomes. In this study, we describe the characteristics of COCOVID participants overall and by SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence status at baseline. RESULTS: We enrolled a total of 1030 participants from 388 households. Relative to the general populations of Ponce and Puerto Rico, our cohort overrepresented middle-income households, employed and middle-aged adults, and older children (P<.001). Almost all participants (1021/1025, 99.61%) identified as Latino/a, 17.07% (175/1025) had annual household incomes less than US $10,000, and 45.66% (463/1014) reported 1 or more chronic medical conditions. Baseline SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was low (16/1030, 1.55%) overall and increased significantly with later study enrollment time (P=.003). CONCLUSIONS: The COCOVID study will provide a valuable opportunity to better estimate the burden of SARS-CoV-2 and associated risk factors in a primarily Hispanic or Latino population, assess the limitations of surveillance, and inform mitigation measures in Puerto Rico and other similar populations. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR1-10.2196/53837.

Causal Pathways Between the Acute Experience of Violence During Pregnancy and Fetal Intrauterine Growth Restriction: A Cohort Study.

Introduction: Violence during pregnancy (VDP) is a prevalent global issue with dire consequences for the mother and the developing fetus. These consequences include prematurity, low birthweight, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), but its pathways remain elusive. This study investigated the causal pathways between VDP and IUGR using mediation analysis. Methods: A prospective population-based birth cohort was followed from the beginning of the third gestational trimester to the second year of life. IUGR was defined by the Kramer index, and information on VDP was collected using the WHO-Violence Against Women (WHO VAW) questionnaire. Cases were considered positive only when no other life episodes were reported. Ten different mediators were analyzed as possible pathways based on previous research. Path analysis was conducted to evaluate these relationships. Results: The path analysis model included 755 dyads and presented an adequate fit. Violence during pregnancy showed a direct effect (ß = -0.195, p = 0.041) and a total effect (ß = -0.276, p = 0.003) on IUGR. Violence was associated with gestational depression or anxiety, tobacco and alcohol consumption, changes in blood pressure, and the need for emergency care, but these did not constitute mediators of its effect on IUGR. The sum of the indirect effects, however, showed a significant association with IUGR (ß = -0.081, p = 0.011). Conclusion: The acute experience of violence during pregnancy was associated with IUGR, primarily via a direct pathway. An indirect effect was also present but not mediated through the variables analyzed in this study. The robust strength of these associations underscores the negative health consequences of violence against women for the succeeding generation.

Estudo dos indivíduos e suas variáveis clínico-histopatológicas relacionadas ao aumento do risco de reação hansênica durante poliquimioterapia em área endêmica do nordeste do Brasil / Study of individuals and their clinical-histopathological variables related to the increased risk of leprosy reaction during multidrug therapy in endemic area of the northeast of Brazil / Estudio de individuos y sus variables clínico-histopatológicas relacionadas con el aumento del riesgo de reacción a la lepra durante el tratamiento multimedicamentoso en una zona endémica del noreste de Brasil

Introdução: a hanseníase apresenta potencial incapacitante secundário às reações hansênicas. Existe considerável número de indivíduos com episódios recorrentes de reação durante o tratamento. Objetivo: identificar características clínicas e histopatológicas que diferenciem pacientes com reação hansênica ou não. Método: estudo prospectivo de julho/2015 a dezembro/2016, com avaliação de indivíduos com diagnóstico novo de hanseníase atendidos no serviço de dermatologia do Complexo Hospitalar Clementino Fraga, na cidade de João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil. Os sujeitos foram classificados segundo os critérios de Ridley-Jopling/Madrid e por classificação operacional. Realizaram exame histopatológico no momento do diagnóstico e após 12 meses, e reavaliados após 6 e 12 meses do diagnóstico. Resultados: o grupo sem reação apresentou maior número de lesões com nítida delimitação. Observou-se predomínio das formas multibacilares entre indivíduos com reação. Quanto ao grau de incapacidade, o grupo com reação apresentou maior número de indivíduos com grau de incapacidade maior que zero. No grupo sem reação, encontrou-se menor frequência de fatores predisponentes. Notou-se correlação positiva do índice baciloscópico de biópsia cutânea com a ocorrência de reações. Discussão: a ausência de delimitação periférica das lesões pode se correlacionar com o surgimento de reação hansênica. O predomínio de reação entre os indivíduos que apresentavam grau de incapacidade maior que zero sugere associação de deficiência física e doença multibacilar. A ausência de fatores predisponentes aponta menor risco de reação hansênica. Observou-se correlação positiva do índice baciloscópico da biópsia com a ocorrência das reações. Conclusão: a significativa prevalência de reações graves enfatizam a importância do estudo contínuo da hanseníase e a necessidade de identificar precocemente as características clínicas sugestivas de reações hansênicas.(AU)

Introduction: leprosy reactions have the potential to cause disabilities. Many individuals experience recurrent episodes of reaction during treatment. Objective:to identify clinical and histopathological characteristics that differentiate patients with leprosy reactions from those without leprosy reactions. Method: this is a prospective study conducted from July 2015 to December 2016, evaluating individuals newly diagnosed with leprosy and treated at the dermatology service of the Clementino Fraga Hospital Complex in João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil. The subjects were classified according to the Ridley-Jopling/Madrid criteria and operational classification. They underwent a histopathological examination at the time of diagnosis and 12 months later, and were reassessed 6 and 12 months after the diagnosis. Results: the group without a reaction had a greater number of lesions with clear delimitation. Individuals with a reaction showed a predominance of multibacillary forms. The group with a reaction had a greater number of individuals with a degree of disability greater than zero. A positive correlation was observed between the bacilloscopic index and the occurrence of reactions. Discussion: the lack of clear boundaries around the lesions may be linked to the onset of a leprosy reaction. The higher incidence of reactions in individuals with some degree of physical disability indicates a correlation between disability and multibacillary disease. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between the bacilloscopic index of the biopsy and the occurrence of reactions. Conclusion: the high incidence of severe reactions underscores the need for ongoing studies on leprosy and the identification of early clinical characteristics that suggest leprosy reactions.(AU)

Timing of Surgery and Pre-operative Physiological Parameters as Clinical Predictors of Surgical Outcomes in Traumatic Subaxial Cervical Spine Fractures and Dislocations / Momento da cirurgia e parâmetros fisiológicos pré-operatórios como fatores preditivos clínicos de desfechos cirúrgicos em fraturas e luxações traumáticas subaxiais da coluna cervical

Abstract Objective To evaluate the risk factors and outcomes in patients surgically treated for subaxial cervical spine injuries with respect of the timing of surgery and preoperative physiological parameters of the patient. Methods 26 patients with sub-axial cervical spine fractures and dislocations were enrolled. Demographic data of patients, appropriate radiological investigation, and physiological parameters like respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate, PaO2 and ASIA impairment scale were documented. They were divided pre-operatively into 2 groups. Group U with patients having abnormal physiological parameters and Group S including patients having physiological parameters within normal range. They were further subdivided into early and late groups according to the timing of surgery as Uearly, Ulate, Searly and Slate. All the patients were called for follow-up at 1, 6 and 12 months. Results 56 percent of patients in Group S had neurological improvement by one ASIA grade and a good outcome irrespective of the timing of surgery. Patients in Group U having unstable physiological parameters and undergoing early surgical intervention had poor outcomes. Conclusion This study concludes that early surgical intervention in physiologically unstable patients had a strong association as a risk factor in the final outcome of the patients in terms of mortality and morbidity. Also, no positive association of improvement in physiologically stable patients with respect to the timing of surgery could be established.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os fatores de risco e os desfechos em indivíduos submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico de lesões subaxiais da coluna cervical em relação ao momento da cirurgia e aos parâmetros fisiológicos pré-operatórios dos pacientes. Métodos O estudo incluiu 26 pacientes com fraturas e luxações subaxiais da coluna cervical. Dados demográficos, investigação radiológica apropriada e parâmetros fisiológicos, como frequência respiratória, pressão arterial, frequência cardíaca, pressão parcial de oxigênio (PaO2) e escalas de disfunção da American Spine Injury Association (ASIA), foram documentados. No período pré-operatório, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos. O grupo instável (I) continha pacientes com parâmetros fisiológicos anormais e o grupo estável (E) era composto por pacientes com parâmetros fisiológicos dentro da faixa de normalidade. Os pacientes foram ainda subdivididos em grupos de tratamento precoce e tardio de acordo com o momento da cirurgia como Iprecoce, Itardio, Eprecoce e Etardio. Todos os pacientes foram chamados para consultas de acompanhamento em 1, 6 e 12 meses. Resultados Cinquenta e seis por cento dos pacientes do grupo E apresentaram melhora neurológica em um grau ASIA e desfecho bom independentemente do momento da cirurgia. Os desfechos em pacientes do grupo I com parâmetros fisiológicos instáveis e submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica precoce foram maus. Conclusão Este estudo conclui que a intervenção cirúrgica precoce em pacientes com instabilidade fisiológica teve forte associação como fator de risco no desfecho final em termos de mortalidade e morbidade. Além disso, não foi possível estabelecer nenhuma associação positiva de melhora em pacientes com estabilidade fisiológica em relação ao momento da cirurgia.

Identification of Exo-miRNAs: A Summary of the Efforts in Translational Studies Involving Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for about 10-15% of all breast cancers (BC) in the US and its diagnosis is associated with poor survival outcomes. A better understanding of the disease etiology is crucial to identify target treatment options to improve patient outcomes. The role of exo-miRNAs in TNBC has been studied for more than two decades. Although some studies have identified exo-miR candidates in TNBC using clinical samples, consensus regarding exo-miR candidates has not been achieved. The purpose of this review is to gather information regarding exo-miR candidates reported in TNBC translational studies along with the techniques used to isolate and validate the potential targets. The techniques suggested in this review are based on the use of commercially available materials for research and clinical laboratories. We expect that the information included in this review can add additional value to the recent efforts in the development of a liquid biopsy to identify TNBC cases and further improve their survival outcomes.

Age is the most important factor for change in body mass index and waist circumference in older people in southern Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to assess the changes in body mass index and waist circumference (WC) and their associations with sociodemographic, behavioral, and health characteristics in non-institutionalized older people in southern Brazil over a period of ≤6 y. METHODS: This is a prospective study, with interviews conducted in 2014 and in 2019 to 2020. Of the 1451 individuals from Pelotas, Brazil, aged >60 y and interviewed in 2014, 537 were reevaluated in 2019 to 2020. An increase or decrease was defined as a variation of ≥5% in body mass index and WC in the second visit compared with the first. The association with changes in outcomes was assessed according to sociodemographic, behavioral, and health characteristics using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: Approximately 29% of the older participants lost body mass. Regarding WC, there was an increase in 25.6% in the older participants. The older participants ages ≥80 y had greater odds of losing body mass (odds ratio [OR] = 4.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.29-9.76) and of reducing WC (OR = 2.84; 95% CI, 1.59-6.94). Former smokers had, on average, 41% and 64% lower odds of losing and gaining body mass (95% CI, 0.37-0.95 and 95% CI, 0.19-0.68, respectively), and those who were on ≥5 medications had greater odds of gaining body mass (OR = 1.92; 95% CI, 1.12-3.28) and WC (OR = 1.79; 95% CI, 1.18-2.74). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high proportion of older people who kept their body mass index and WC stable during this period, many of them lost body mass and gained WC. The findings also highlighted the importance of age in the nutritional changes observed in the population.

De novo appearance of cerebral microbleeds in community-dwelling older adults. Neuroimaging and clinical correlates.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Prospective studies on cerebral microbleeds (CMB) have departed from individuals who already have CMB at baseline. Therefore, main outcomes have usually been the composite of new lesions appearing on the follow-up among patients who already had CMB together with those who de novo developed CMB. Using the Atahualpa Project Cohort, we aimed to assess correlates of incident CMB in community-dwelling older adults free of CMB at baseline. METHODS: Atahualpa residents aged ≥ 60 years received baseline clinical interviews and a brain MRI. Those who were free of CMB at baseline and received follow-up brain MRI at the end of the study were included. Multivariate logistic and Poisson regression models were fitted to assess the association and the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of incident CMB according to clinical and neuroimaging variables. RESULTS: The mean age of 241 study participants was 65.6 ± 6.1 years (57% women). After 6.5 years of follow-up, 25 subjects (10.4%) developed incident CMB. A total of 37 CMB were noticed in these 25 patients. A parsimonious logistic regression model demonstrated an association between the Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS) and incident CMB (p = .043). Multivariate logistic regression models showed an association between WMH progression and incident CMB (p = .011). Using Poisson regression models, the IRR for WMH progression at follow-up was increased in subjects with incident CMB (p = .029). CONCLUSIONS: Study results show a significant relationship between the EFS, WMH progression, and incident CMB. This knowledge will allow the implementation of preventive policies to reduce incident CMB and its consequences.

Causal validation of the risk for corneal injury in critically ill adults.

BACKGROUND: The validity of a nursing diagnosis depends on a continuous investigation process in different populations to provide clinical evidence. The risk for corneal injury nursing diagnosis was approved in 2013 and only reviewed in 2017, demonstrating the need to perform a clinical validation to improve it. AIM: To perform a causal validation of the risk for corneal injury nursing diagnosis in critically ill adults. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective cohort study was performed in two intensive critical care units in Northern Brazil with adults aged over 18 years without corneal injury at admission. The patients were evaluated for 10 days, using a data collection tool composed of risk factors for the risk for corneal injury nursing diagnosis. The independent variables were described through absolute and relative frequency. The accuracy measures and risk factors were identified through Cox regression, considering a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The nurses assessed 209 critically ill adults and identified that 76.0% of them presented the risk for corneal injury nursing diagnosis, with 16.3% developing a corneal injury, all having previously presented the risk for corneal injury nursing diagnosis. The risk factors identified were eyeball exposure (hazard ratio: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.27-2.51), Glasgow score < 6 (hazard ratio: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.15-2.60) and periorbital oedema (hazard ratio: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.03-1.99), with these factors showing high specificity, and the mechanical ventilation variable, showing high sensitivity, with ROC curve of .86. CONCLUSION: Eyeball exposure, Glasgow score < 6 and periorbital oedema are the risk factors of the risk for corneal injury nursing diagnosis, in critically ill adults. These risk factors guide nursing interventions. This causal validation can improve the risk for corneal injury nursing diagnosis levels of evidence in the NANDA International Taxonomy. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: It is necessary to guide nursing interventions for critically ill adults with lowered level of consciousness and corneal exposure for the prevention of corneal injury.

Epidemiology of sports injuries in korean elite female fencing athletes: a prospective cohort study / Epidemiología de las lesiones deportivas en atletas coreanas de esgrima de élite: un estudio prospectivo de cohorte / Epidemiologia das lesões esportivas em atletas coreanas de esgrima de elite: um estudo prospectivo de coorte

ABSTRACT Objectives: We aimed to assess the risk of injury associated with training activities of Korean elite female fencing athletes by weapon category. Methods: We prospectively collected 2021 data on 80 elite female fencing athletes at the Korean Training Center. Injury incidence rates were expressed as Poisson rates with a 95% confidence interval. We used χ2 tests to compare injury locations and recovery times by weapon category. Results: A total of 233 injuries were recorded, averaging 3.27 (95% CI, 2.86-3.72) injuries per 1,000 training hours. The sabre had the highest injury incidence rate, followed by the epee and the foil. Injuries to fencing athletes were the most common in the lower extremities (46.35%), followed by the upper extremities (24.03%), trunk (20.17%), and head and neck area (9.44%). The weapon category did not affect the body regions (p=0.425). However, recovery time differed significantly by body region (p=0.021). Conclusions: The weapon category was found to affect the injury incidence rate. In addition, recovery time varied depending on body region. Further research is needed to clarify these results. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el riesgo de lesión asociado a las actividades de entrenamiento según la categoría de arma en atletas coreanas de esgrima de élite. Método: A partir de 2021, recopilamos prospectivamente datos de 80 atletas de esgrima de élite en el Centro de Entrenamiento de Corea. Las tasas de incidencia de lesiones se expresaron como tasas de Poisson con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Usamos la prueba de χ2 para comparar el local de las lesiones y los tiempos de recuperación según la categoría de arma. Resultados: Se registró un total de 233 lesiones, con un promedio de 3,27 (IC 95 %, 2,86-3,72) lesiones por cada 1000 horas de entrenamiento. El sable tuvo la tasa de incidencia de lesiones más alta, seguido por la espada y el florete. Las lesiones de los atletas de esgrima fueron más frecuentes en las extremidades inferiores (46,35%), seguidas de las extremidades superiores (24,03%), tronco (20,17%) y región de la cabeza y cuello (9,44%). La categoría de arma no afectó las regiones del cuerpo (p=0,425). Sin embargo, el tiempo de recuperación difirió significativamente según la región del cuerpo (p=0,021). Conclusión: Se constató que la categoría de arma afecta la tasa de incidencia de lesiones. Además, el tiempo de recuperación varía según la región del cuerpo. Se necesitan más investigaciones para aclarar estos resultados. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de resultados de tratamiento.

RESUMO Objetivos: Nosso objetivo foi avaliar o risco de lesão associado às atividades de treinamento de acordo com a categoria de arma de atletas coreanas de esgrima de elite. Métodos: A partir de 2021, coletamos prospectivamente dados de 80 atletas de elite de esgrima no Centro de Treinamento Coreano. As taxas de incidência de lesões foram expressas como taxas de Poisson com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Usamos o teste de χ2 para comparar os locais de lesão e os tempos de recuperação de acordo com a categoria da arma. Resultados: Um total de 233 lesões foi registrado, com média de 3,27 (IC 95%, 2,86-3,72) lesões por 1.000 horas de treinamento. O sabre teve a maior taxa de incidência de lesões, seguido pela espada e pelo florete. As lesões dos atletas de esgrima foram mais comuns nos membros inferiores (46,35%), seguidas pelos membros superiores (24,03%), tronco (20,17%) e região da cabeça e pescoço (9,44%). A categoria da arma não influenciou as regiões do corpo (p = 0,425). No entanto, o tempo de recuperação diferiu significativamente de acordo com a região do corpo (p = 0,021). Conclusão: Verificou-se que a categoria de arma afeta a taxa de incidência de lesões. Além disso, o tempo de recuperação variou de acordo com a região do corpo. São necessárias mais pesquisas para esclarecer esses resultados. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação de resultados de tratamento.

Responsabilidad personal con la salud en Cuba: análisis estructural e identificación de variables estratégicas

Fundamento: el incremento de la responsabilidad personal con la salud en la población cubana es un resultado esperado del Plan de Desarrollo Socialista hasta el año 2030. Para lograr esta meta se necesita un ejercicio de planificación estratégica cuya primera etapa es el análisis estructural del problema. Objetivo: identificar las variables relacionadas con los niveles de responsabilidad personal con la salud en la población cubana, describir las relaciones entre ellas y determinar las que resultan estratégicas para fomentar el cambio. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de prospectiva estratégica para el análisis estructural de los niveles de responsabilidad personal con la salud en Cuba. Mediante muestreo no probabilístico de casos críticos se contactó con 24 expertos que elaboraron una lista de variables relacionadas con el problema de estudio y las relaciones entre ellas. Se utilizó el programa Matriz de impactos cruzados- multiplicación aplicada a una clasificación, para el análisis de los datos. Resultados: se identificaron 19 variables, de las cuales cinco son variables determinantes, seis variables estratégicas (acción intersectorial, normas sociales y marco jurídico, enfoque paternalista en salud, rendición de cuentas individual y del Estado-Gobierno, alfabetización en salud y apoyo al cuidado y bienestar), dos variables objetivo y tres variables resultados y autónomas respectivamente. Conclusiones: el incremento de los niveles de responsabilidad personal con la salud dependerá de la acción intersectorial, la actualización del marco jurídico y formas innovadoras para la rendición de cuenta de todos los actores sociales. Será necesario, además, alcanzar mejoras en la alfabetización en salud, mayor acompañamiento a los esfuerzos de los individuos para el autocuidado y el abandono de prácticas paternalistas que expropien a los ciudadanos de sus responsabilidades.

Background: the increase in personal responsibility for health in the Cuban population is an expected result of the Socialist Development Plan until the year 2030. To achieve this goal, a strategic planning exercise is needed. The structural analysis of the problem is the first stage of this exercise. Objective: to identify the variables related to the current and future levels of personal responsibility for health in the Cuban population, to describe the relationships between them and to determine those that, due to their levels of dependency and influence in the system, are strategic for promoting change. Methods: a strategic prospective study was carried out for the structural analysis of the levels of personal responsibility for health in Cuba. Through non-probabilistic sampling of critical cases, 24 experts were contacted who drew up a list of related variables to the study problem, assigned them and described the relationships between them. The cross-impact matrix-multiplication program applied to a classification was used for data analysis. Results: 19 variables were identified, of which five are determining variables, six challenge variables, two target variables and three result and autonomous variables, respectively. Intersectoral action, social norms and legal framework, paternalistic approach to health, individual and State-Government accountability, health literacy and support for care and well-being were considered strategic. Conclusions: the increase in the levels of personal responsibility for health will depend on intersectoral action, the updating of the legal framework and innovative forms for the accountability of all social actors. It will also be necessary to achieve improvements in health literacy, greater accompaniment to the efforts of individuals for self-care and the abandonment of paternalistic practices that expropriate citizens from their responsibilities.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF OPEN FRACTURES AND DEGREE OF SATISFACTION OF INITIAL CARE.

Introduction: Open fractures, although uncommon, with trauma have costs that exceed all other reasons for hospitalizations. Its epidemiology has fundamental importance to plan treatment and define priorities. Objective: To assess prospectively the epidemiological profile of open fractures and the degree of satisfaction with initial care. Methods: Epidemiological, prospective, descriptive, observational study was carried out in a convenience sample of open fractures. Quantitative, qualitative, and epidemiological aspects regarding open fractures were evaluated, as well as the degree of satisfaction with the initial care. Results: 124 patients treated with 155 open fractures. 88% were male; mean age 43 years (± 42.99); non-white (56.72%); married (52.41%); low level of education (51.60%); farmer, self-employed, bricklayer, industrialist (51.60%); with monthly earnings of up to 2 minimum wages (87%); healthy (76.13%); victims of labor accidents (39.51%) in bones of the hands (58.02%); 55% on the left side; attended between Thursday to Saturday (50%); work shift 6 a.m.-6 p.m. (77%). There was high level of satisfaction with the initial care provided (98%). Conclusion: Open fractures were related to healthy men, 43 years old, low education and low income, predominant in upper limbs, at 6 a.m. to 6 p.m., from Thursday to Saturday. Most were satisfied with the service provided. Level of Evidence II, Epidemiological, prospective, descriptive, observational study.

Introdução: As fraturas expostas, apesar de pouco comuns, têm custos que superam todos os outros motivos das internações. Sua epidemiologia é de fundamental importância para planejar o tratamento e definir prioridades. Objetivos: Avaliar prospectivamente o perfil epidemiológico das fraturas expostas e o grau de satisfação do atendimento inicial. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico, prospectivo, descritivo, observacional, em amostra de conveniência das fraturas expostas. Avaliaram-se aspectos epidemiológicos quantitativos e qualitativos das fraturas expostas e o grau de satisfação com o atendimento inicial. Resultados: Foram atendidos 124 pacientes com 155 fraturas expostas. Desses, 88% eram do sexo masculino com média de idade 43 anos (± 42,99); não branco (56,72%); casado (52,41%); com baixo nível de instrução (51,60%); agricultor, autônomo, pedreiro ou industriário (51,60%); com ganho mensal de até dois salários-mínimos (87%); hígidos (76,13%); vítimas de acidentes trabalhistas (39,51%) nos ossos das mãos (58,02%); especialmente do lado esquerdo (55%); atendidos entre quinta-feira e sábado (50%); no período diurno (77%). Esses pacientes mostraram elevado nível de satisfação com o atendimento inicial realizado (98%). Conclusões: As fraturas expostas se relacionaram com homens hígidos, em torno de 43 anos, baixo grau de instrução e baixa renda, nos membros superiores, no período diurno de quinta a sábado. A maioria ficou satisfeita com o atendimento prestado. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo Epidemiológico, Prospectivo, Descritivo e Observacional.

A Prospective, Randomized Trial Comparing the Outcomes of Open vs Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy.

PURPOSE: Partial nephrectomy is the standard treatment for renal tumors <7 cm, and the trend toward minimally invasive surgery has increased. However, data that could support its use and benefits are still lacking. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective, randomized controlled trial comparing surgical, functional and oncologic outcomes in patients undergoing open partial nephrectomy (OPN) or laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN). Randomization was 1:1 to OPN or LPN for the treatment of renal tumors <7 cm. The primary endpoint was surgical complications up to 90 days after surgery. Secondary outcomes were comparison of surgical, oncologic and functional results. RESULTS: We randomized 208 patients between 2012 and 2020 (110 with OPN vs 98 with LPN). Operative data showed no differences in operative time, warm ischemia time, estimated blood loss, transfusions or length of hospital stay. Zero ischemia was more frequent in the OPN (35.4% vs 15.5%, p=0.02). OPN was associated with more abdominal wall complications (31.2% vs 13.1%, p=0.004). Regarding oncologic outcomes, no differences were noted. The LPN group had less kidney function reduction at 3 (-5.2% vs -10%, p=0.04; CI 0.09 to 9.46) and 12 months after surgery (-0.8% vs -6.3%, p=0.02; CI 1.18 to 12.95), and a lower rate of downstaging on the chronic kidney disease classification at 12 months (14.1% vs 32.6%, p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical and oncologic outcomes of LPN were similar to OPN. Minimally invasive surgery may provide better preservation of kidney function. More studies, especially those involving robotic surgery, are necessary to confirm our findings.

Knowledge, attitudes, and psychosocial impacts among Brazilian Pediatric Dentists during COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract: In this study, we evaluated the knowledge, attitudes, and psychosocial impacts among Brazilian pediatric dentists during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study with primary data collection was carried out using an online structured questionnaire. Data were submitted to descriptive analysis by using absolute and relative frequencies. A chi-square test was used for association analysis and log-linear regression models to estimate the prevalence ratio (5%). The population comprised mostly women and knowledge regarding COVID-19 was satisfactory (above 80% in most items). N95 masks and faceshields were used, albeit 64.22% reported difficulty in providing dental care to children due to the need for extra Personal Protective Equipment. Thirty eight percent provided urgency/emergency dental care, 59.78% performed invasive procedures, 59.56% used high speed handpieces, 8.44% started using cariostatics, and 6.22% introduced the use of chemomechanical caries removal agents. Fear for the future (PR = 1.21) and use of medications (for anxiety, depression, or insomnia) increased (PR = 1.16) among the ones who had wage losses. Brazilian pediatric dentists have knowledge about COVID-19, and attitudes in their clinical routines changed due the pandemic. Financial life was harmed and a negative impact of the pandemic in psychosocial aspects of workers was found.

Epidemiology of open fractures and degree of satisfaction of initial care / Epidemiologia das fraturas expostas e grau de satisfação do atendimento inicial

ABSTRACT Introduction: Open fractures, although uncommon, with trauma have costs that exceed all other reasons for hospitalizations. Its epidemiology has fundamental importance to plan treatment and define priorities. Objective: To assess prospectively the epidemiological profile of open fractures and the degree of satisfaction with initial care. Methods: Epidemiological, prospective, descriptive, observational study was carried out in a convenience sample of open fractures. Quantitative, qualitative, and epidemiological aspects regarding open fractures were evaluated, as well as the degree of satisfaction with the initial care. Results: 124 patients treated with 155 open fractures. 88% were male; mean age 43 years (± 42.99); non-white (56.72%); married (52.41%); low level of education (51.60%); farmer, self-employed, bricklayer, industrialist (51.60%); with monthly earnings of up to 2 minimum wages (87%); healthy (76.13%); victims of labor accidents (39.51%) in bones of the hands (58.02%); 55% on the left side; attended between Thursday to Saturday (50%); work shift 6 a.m.-6 p.m. (77%). There was high level of satisfaction with the initial care provided (98%). Conclusion: Open fractures were related to healthy men, 43 years old, low education and low income, predominant in upper limbs, at 6 a.m. to 6 p.m., from Thursday to Saturday. Most were satisfied with the service provided. Level of Evidence II, Epidemiological, prospective, descriptive, observational study.

RESUMO Introdução: As fraturas expostas, apesar de pouco comuns, têm custos que superam todos os outros motivos das internações. Sua epidemiologia é de fundamental importância para planejar o tratamento e definir prioridades. Objetivos: Avaliar prospectivamente o perfil epidemiológico das fraturas expostas e o grau de satisfação do atendimento inicial. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico, prospectivo, descritivo, observacional, em amostra de conveniência das fraturas expostas. Avaliaram-se aspectos epidemiológicos quantitativos e qualitativos das fraturas expostas e o grau de satisfação com o atendimento inicial. Resultados: Foram atendidos 124 pacientes com 155 fraturas expostas. Desses, 88% eram do sexo masculino com média de idade 43 anos (± 42,99); não branco (56,72%); casado (52,41%); com baixo nível de instrução (51,60%); agricultor, autônomo, pedreiro ou industriário (51,60%); com ganho mensal de até dois salários-mínimos (87%); hígidos (76,13%); vítimas de acidentes trabalhistas (39,51%) nos ossos das mãos (58,02%); especialmente do lado esquerdo (55%); atendidos entre quinta-feira e sábado (50%); no período diurno (77%). Esses pacientes mostraram elevado nível de satisfação com o atendimento inicial realizado (98%). Conclusões: As fraturas expostas se relacionaram com homens hígidos, em torno de 43 anos, baixo grau de instrução e baixa renda, nos membros superiores, no período diurno de quinta a sábado. A maioria ficou satisfeita com o atendimento prestado. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo Epidemiológico, Prospectivo, Descritivo e Observacional.

Aggregation and combination of cardiovascular risk factors and their association with 10-year all-cause mortality: the PERU MIGRANT Study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the association between the aggregation and pair-wise combination of selected cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and 10-year all-cause mortality. METHODS: Secondary data analysis of the PERU MIGRANT study, a prospective population-based cohort. Ten-year all-cause mortality was determined for participants originally enrolled in the PERU MIGRANT Study (baseline in 2007) through the National Registry of Identification and Civil Status. The CVRF included hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and overweight/obesity. Exposures were composed of both the aggregation of the selected CVRF (one, two, and three or more CVRF) and pair-wise combinations of CVRF. Cox regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). FINDINGS: Of the 989 participants evaluated at baseline, 976 (98.8%) had information about vital status at 10 years of follow-up (9992.63 person-years), and 63 deaths were recorded. In the multivariable model, adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle variables, participants with two CVRF (HR: 2.48, 95% CI: 1.03-5.99), and those with three or more CVRF (HR: 3.93, 95% CI: 1.21-12.74) had higher all-cause mortality risk, compared to those without any CVRF. The pair-wise combinations associated with the highest risk of all-cause mortality, compared to those without such comorbidities, were hypertension with type 2 diabetes (HR: 11.67, 95% CI: 3.67-37.10), and hypertension with overweight/obesity (HR: 2.76, 95% CI: 1.18-6.71). CONCLUSIONS: The aggregation of two or more CVRF and the combination of hypertension with type 2 diabetes or overweight/obesity were associated with an increased risk of 10-year all-cause mortality. These risk profiles will inform primary and secondary prevention strategies to delay mortality from cardiovascular risk factors.

High risk for psychiatric disorders in bipolar offspring. A four years prospective study / Riesgo elevado de trastornos psiquiátricos en hijos de padres con trastorno bipolar. Estudio prospectivo de cuatro años de duración

ABSTRACT Bipolar disorder (BD) has a large hereditary component. It is a disorder that begins in early adulthood, but about which it has been described a premorbid period preceding the onset of BD. During this herald expression psychiatric disorders and symptoms, such as depressive, manic, psychotic, anxious and others, may appear. Objective: To determine the psychopathological profile of a Bipolar Offspring (BO) group compared with the Community Control Offspring (CCO) group, and its evolution over time, including subthreshold symptoms and mental disorders. Methods: We conducted an observational mixed cohort study, with a prospective design. We included subjects from six to 30 years of age, from the region of Antioquia, Colombia. A total of 131 subjects from the risk group BO and 150 subjects from the CCO group were evaluated through validated psychiatric diagnostic interviews (K-SADS-PL and DIGS) at baseline and at 4 years follow up. All interviews were carried out by a staff blind to parent diagnoses. Follow-up assessment were complete in 72% of the offspring. Forty-two subjects were excluded as they surpassed the age of 30 years, and only 46 subjects were not followed (change of address or did not consent to participate). Results: Compared with the CCO group, the BO group had a higher frequency of affective disorder, psychotic disorder, externalizing disorders and use of the psychoactive substances during both assessments at time 1 and 2. The magnitude of the differences between the groups increased when they reach time 2. The BO group had a greater risk for presenting subthreshold symptoms and definitive psychiatric disorders, such as affective disorders, psychotic disorders and externalizing disorders. In addition, the BO group had a younger age of onset for psychoactive substances consumption. Conclusion: During the follow-up period, the BO group had a higher risk of presenting mental disorders compared with the CCO group. The most relevant symptoms and disorders that could precede the onset of BD were depressive, bipolar not otherwise specified, psychotic and substance use.

RESUMEN El trastorno bipolar (TB) tiene un gran componente hereditario. Es un trastorno que comienza en la edad adulta temprana, pero acerca del cual se ha descrito un período premórbido que precede al inicio de TB. Durante esta expresión heraldo, pueden aparecer trastornos y síntomas psiquiátricos, como depresivos, maníacos, psicóticos, ansiosos y otros. Objetivo: Determinar el perfil psicopatológico de un grupo de hijos de padres con TB (BO) en comparación con el grupo de hijos de padres control de la misma comunidad (CCO), y su evolución en el tiempo. Los síntomas subumbrales y los trastornos mentales serán incluidos. Métodos: Nosotros llevamos a cabo un estudio observacional mixto de cohorte, con diseño prospectivo. Incluimos sujetos de seis a 30 anos de edad, de la región de Antioquia, Colombia. Un total de 131 sujetos del grupo de riesgo BO y 150 sujetos del grupo CCO fueron evaluados a través de entrevistas de diagnóstico psiquiátricas validadas (K-SADS-PL y DIGS), al inicio yalos4anos de seguimiento. Todas las entrevistas se llevaron a cabo por personal ciego a los diagnósticos de los padres. La evaluación de seguimiento se completó en el 72% de la descendencia. Cuarenta y dos sujetos fueron excluidos ya que superaron la edad de 30 anos, y solo 46 sujetos no fueron seguidos (cambio de dirección o no dieron su consentimiento para participar). Resultados: En comparación con el grupo CCO, el grupo BO tuvo una mayor frecuencia de trastorno afectivo, el trastorno psicótico, los trastornos de externalización y el uso de las sustancias psicoactivas durante ambas evaluaciones en los tiempos 1 y 2. La magnitud de las diferencias entre los grupos aumentó cuando alcanzaron el tiempo 2. El grupo BO tuvo un mayor riesgo de presentar síntomas subumbrales y trastornos psiquiátricos definitivos, tales como trastornos afectivos, trastornos psicóticos y trastornos de externalización. Además, el grupo BO tuvo una edad de comienzo más baja para el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Conclusión: Durante el período de seguimiento, el grupo BO tuvo un mayor riesgo de presentar trastornos mentales en comparación con el grupo CCO. Los síntomas y trastornos más importantes que preceden al inicio del TB fueron: depresivo, bipolar no especificado de otra manera, psicóticos y el uso de sustancias.

Oral and maxillofacial lesions in covid 19 infection from Mosul hospital in Iraq: epidemiological study and approach to classification and treatment / Lesiones orales y maxilofaciales en COVID 19 del hospital de Mosul en Irak: estudio epidemiológico y enfoque de clasificación y tratamiento

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many manifestations of the disease appear in the oral, perioral and maxillofacial regions, either related to the virus itself or to the drugs used in the treatment. Aim: This study aims to identify the most common oral and perioral lesions in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in the city of Mosul and their management; and also to evaluate the incidence and prevalence of these lesions. Material and Methods: Prospective study included 338 patients (138 females, 200 males) who had positive PCR results for SARS-CoV-2, with oral manifestations. All data were analyzed taking the means, frequencies, and percentage. Results: The most common lesions were colored lesions (31%) and stomatalgia (27%). The most common oral disorder and prior comorbidity combination was stomatalgia in patients with a history of hypertension. The most common associated systemic diseases were diabetes mellitus (19%) followed by hypertension (17%). Macular lesions had a higher response to drugs (40%) followed by stomatalgia (28%), in comparison with necrotic lesions (0%). Treatment of oral lesions included surgical interventions (26%) as well as conventional medical treatment (74 %). Conclusion: Oral and perioral disorders during COVID-19 are transitory and more evidence is warranted to efficiently address these comorbidities in the short term.

Durante la pandemia de COVID-19, muchas manifestaciones de la enfermedad aparecen en las regiones oral, perioral y maxilofacial, ya sea relacionadas con el propio virus o con los fármacos utilizados en el tratamiento. Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar las lesiones orales y periorales más comunes en pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 en la ciudad de Mosul y su manejo; y también evaluar la incidencia y prevalencia de estas lesiones. Material y Métodos: Estudio prospectivo que incluyó a 338 pacientes (138 mujeres, 200 hombres) que tenían resultados positivos de PCR para SARS-CoV-2, con manifestaciones orales. Todos los datos se analizaron tomando las medias, frecuencias y porcentaje. Resultados: Las lesiones más frecuentes fueron las coloreadas (31%) y la estomatalgia (27%). La combinación de trastorno oral más común y comorbilidad previa fue la estomatalgia en pacientes con antecedentes de hipertensión. Las enfermedades sistémicas asociadas más comunes fueron la diabetes mellitus (19%) seguida de la hipertensión (17%). Las lesiones maculares tuvieron una mayor respuesta a los fármacos (40%) seguidas de la estomatalgia (28%), en comparación con las lesiones necróticas (0%). El tratamiento de las lesiones orales incluyó intervenciones quirúrgicas (26%) y tratamiento médico convencional (74%). Conclusión: Los trastornos bucales y periorales durante el COVID-19 son tran-sitorios; se necesita más evidencia para abordar de manera eficiente estas comorbilidades a corto plazo.