Bioactivity effect of Elephantopus scaber Linn. extracts against Spodoptera litura and the soil microbial community / Efeito da bioatividade de extratos de Elephantopus Scaber Linn. Em Spodoptera litura e na comunidade microbiana do solo

This study investigates the biopesticidal effects of Elephantopus scaber Linn. extract on mortality of Spodoptera litura, Plutella xylostella, and non-target organisms and investigate the impact on S. litura protein levels and soil microbial community structure. The experiment was performed using a completely randomized design. Methanol extracts from E. scaber leaves, at concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, and 12%, were tested for bioactivity against the 2nd-instar larva of S. litura, P. xylostella, and earthworms. Mortality rates of the larvae and worms were observed. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by probit and descriptive analysis. The results showed that methanol extracts of E. scaber (12%) influenced the highest mortality rates for both S. litura (93.35%) and P. xylostella (96.65%) with LC50 and LC80 of S. litura was 1.867 and 4.763; for P. xylostella were 4.488 and 7.92, respectively. However, the application of E. scaber biopesticide also influences earthworms' mortality rate. The 6% E. scaber extract resulted in 60% death of earthworms during a 20-daysperiod. In addition, higher concentrations of E. scaber extracts resulted in lower molecular weights and levels of S. litura proteins. The diversity and density of the soil microbial community also decreased by 6% concentration.

Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar os efeitos biopesticidas de Elephantopus scaber Linn. extrair na mortalidade de Spodoptera litura, Plutella xylostella e organismos não-alvo e investigar o impacto nos níveis de proteína de S. litura e na estrutura da comunidade microbiana do solo. Experimento realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Extratos de metanol de folhas de E. scaber, nas concentrações de 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% e 12%, foram testados para bioatividade contra a larva de 2º ínstar de S. litura, P. xylostella e minhocas. Taxas de mortalidade de larvas e vermes foram observadas. Os dados coletados foram analisados por meio de análise de variância (ANOVA), seguida de probit e análise descritiva. Os resultados mostraram que os extratos metanólicos de E. scabe r(12%) influenciaram as maiores taxas de mortalidade para S. litura (93,35%) e P. xylostella (96,65%) com CL50 e CL80 de S. litura foi de 1,867 e 4,763; para P. xylostella foram 4,488 e 7,92, respectivamente. No entanto, a aplicação de biopesticida de E. scaber também influencia a taxa de mortalidade de minhocas. O extrato de 6% de E. scaber resultou em 60% da morte de minhocas durante o período de 20 dias. Para além disso, maiores concentrações de extratos de E. scaber resultaram em menores pesos moleculares e níveis de proteínas de S. litura. A diversidade e a densidade da comunidade microbiana do solo também diminuíram na concentração de 6%.

Effect of dietary protein level and corn processing on behavior activity of high producing dairy cows

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of corn processing and protein level on the feeding, lying, and post milking standing (PMS) behavior in high producing cows. Eight Holstein cows were randomly assigned to diets containing either finely ground (FGC) or steam flaked (SFC) corn based on either low (LP) or high (HP) protein content. Cows receivingLP had lower milk yield than cows receiving HP with similar DMI. Moreover, FGC-fed cows had higher DMI than SFC-fed cows with similar milk yields. Eating and rumination time tended to be lower and chewing time was lower in HP-fed cows than LP-fed cows. Cows fed SFC tended to have higher laying rumination interval and lower lying rumination bouts than cows fed FGC. Total and average PMS were lower in cows fed HP than LP. Cows fed LP had higher chewing activity in the daytime than cows fed HP. Our results suggested that the protein level and corn processing affect the standing and lying behavior of high producing dairy cows, although, this effect is marginal. Results also indicated that probably any change in the diet that increases the rumination and eating times couldalso improve the PMS.(AU)

Performance of brown layers fed reduced dietary protein levels in two rearing systems

An experiment was conducted aiming to evaluate the effect of different levels of crude protein, based on the ideal protein concept and two rearing systems, on productive performance of brown laying hens. A total of 400 Hisex Brown laying hens between 30 and 45 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design and a 2×4 factorial arrangement, with main effects including two rearing systems (cage and floor) and levels of crude protein (140, 150, 160, and 180 g kg−1), totalizing eight treatments. Five replicates with 10 birds each were used per experimental unit. The following parameters were evaluated: egg production, feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and quality traits such as dirty, cracked, or broken eggs. No interaction effect was observed between dietary protein levels and rearing systems for body weight gain, feed intake, egg production, egg weight, and feed conversion ratio. Feed intake and egg production were higher in the floor rearing system. Feed conversion ratio (kg/dz) was improved in birds reared in the cage system. The rate of cracked and broken eggs was higher in the cage system. The layers reared in the floor system produced a higher percentage of dirty eggs. The dietary protein level did not affect the evaluated parameters. Thus, we conclude that a floor rearing system is an option for layers, and the dietary protein level can be reduced up to 140 g kg−1 for Hisex Brown hens from 30 to 45 weeks of age.(AU)

Effect of different levels of crude protein and electrolyte balance on performance, blood parameters and bone characteristics for broiler chickens in phase of 36 to 42 days old / Efeito de diferentes níveis de proteína bruta e balanço eletrolítico sobre o desempenho, parâmetros sanguíneos e características ósseas de frangos de corte na fase de 36 a 42 dias de idade

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of crude protein (CP) and electrolyte balance (EB) of the feed of broilers. 480 male broiler of Cobb 500 strain were fed in the period 36 to 42 days of age with two basal diets, one with EB 200 and another with 240 mEq. kg-1, combined with CP levels of 18.00, 17.28, 16.56 and 15.84%. The reduction in CP levels had growing linear effect (P <0.01) on feed conversion of birds (BE 200 and 240) even with the supplementation of industrial amino acids. For weight gain, reduced levels of CP had decreasing linear effect (P <0.01) to birds consuming diets with EB of 240 mEq. kg-1 and quadratic effect (P <0.05) for those who consumed ration with EB than 200 mEq. kg-1 being the level of 17.54%, which resulted in better weight gain of birds. There was linear effect (P <0.05) of reduction in CP levels on the plasmatic values of sodium (EB200) and chlorine (EB240) and quadratic effect (P <0.05) on plasmatic concentration of potassium (EB200) of birds, being the level of 17.05%, which provided the lower potassium values. For the plasma levels of uric acid, total protein and calcium, and bone development, reduction in the levels of CP had no effect on neither one of EB levels studied. Supplementation with bicarbonate salts of sodium and potassium chloride was not effective in improving the performance characteristics the birds, in the values of electrolyte balance studied, since there were no performance improvements with increase the electrolytic balance of the diets of 200 to 240 mEq.kg-1.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de proteína bruta (PB) e balanço eletrolítico (BE) da ração de frangos de corte. Neste estudo foram utilizados 480 frangos de corte machos, da linhagem comercial Cobb 500, alimentados no período de 36 a 42 dias de idade com duas rações basais, uma com BE de 200 e outra com 240 mEq.kg-1, combinadas com níveis de PB de 18,00, 17,28, 16,56 e 15,84%. A redução nos níveis de PB teve efeito linear (P<0,01) crescente sobre a conversão alimentar das aves (BE 200 e 240), mesmo com a suplementação de aminoácidos industriais. Para o ganho de peso, a redução nos níveis de PB teve efeito linear (P<0,01) decrescente para as aves consumindo ração com BE de 240 mEq. kg-1 e efeito quadrático (P<0,05) para aquelas que consumiram ração com BE de 200 mEq. kg-1 sendo o nível de 17,54% o que proporcionou o melhor ganho de peso das aves. Houve efeito linear (P<0,05) da redução nos níveis de PB sobre os valores plasmáticos de sódio (BE200) e cloro (BE240) e efeito quadrático (P<0,05) sobre a concentração plasmática de potássio (BE200) das aves, sendo o nível de 17,05% o que proporcionou os menores valores de potássio. Para os níveis plasmáticos de acido úrico, proteína total e cálcio e para o desenvolvimento ósseo das aves, a redução nos níveis de PB não teve efeito em nem um dos níveis de BE estudados. A suplementação com os sais bicarbonato de sódio e cloreto de potássio não se mostrou eficiente em melhorar as características de desempenho das aves, nos valores de BE estudados, visto que não foram observadas melhoras de desempenho com aumento do BE das dietas de 200 para 240 mEq. kg-1.(AU)

Effect of different levels of crude protein and electrolyte balance on performance, blood parameters and bone characteristics for broiler chickens in phase of 36 to 42 days old / Efeito de diferentes níveis de proteína bruta e balanço eletrolítico sobre o desempenho, parâmetros sanguíneos e características ósseas de frangos de corte na fase de 36 a 42 dias de idade

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of crude protein (CP) and electrolyte balance (EB) of the feed of broilers. 480 male broiler of Cobb 500 strain were fed in the period 36 to 42 days of age with two basal diets, one with EB 200 and another with 240 mEq. kg-1, combined with CP levels of 18.00, 17.28, 16.56 and 15.84%. The reduction in CP levels had growing linear effect (P <0.01) on feed conversion of birds (BE 200 and 240) even with the supplementation of industrial amino acids. For weight gain, reduced levels of CP had decreasing linear effect (P <0.01) to birds consuming diets with EB of 240 mEq. kg-1 and quadratic effect (P <0.05) for those who consumed ration with EB than 200 mEq. kg-1 being the level of 17.54%, which resulted in better weight gain of birds. There was linear effect (P <0.05) of reduction in CP levels on the plasmatic values of sodium (EB200) and chlorine (EB240) and quadratic effect (P <0.05) on plasmatic concentration of potassium (EB200) of birds, being the level of 17.05%, which provided the lower potassium values. For the plasma levels of uric acid, total protein and calcium, and bone development, reduction in the levels of CP had no effect on neither one of EB levels studied. Supplementation with bicarbonate salts of sodium and potassium chloride was not effective in improving the performance characteristics the birds, in the values of electrolyte balance studied, since there were no performance improvements with increase the electrolytic balance of the diets of 200 to 240 mEq.kg-1.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de proteína bruta (PB) e balanço eletrolítico (BE) da ração de frangos de corte. Neste estudo foram utilizados 480 frangos de corte machos, da linhagem comercial Cobb 500, alimentados no período de 36 a 42 dias de idade com duas rações basais, uma com BE de 200 e outra com 240 mEq.kg-1, combinadas com níveis de PB de 18,00, 17,28, 16,56 e 15,84%. A redução nos níveis de PB teve efeito linear (P<0,01) crescente sobre a conversão alimentar das aves (BE 200 e 240), mesmo com a suplementação de aminoácidos industriais. Para o ganho de peso, a redução nos níveis de PB teve efeito linear (P<0,01) decrescente para as aves consumindo ração com BE de 240 mEq. kg-1 e efeito quadrático (P<0,05) para aquelas que consumiram ração com BE de 200 mEq. kg-1 sendo o nível de 17,54% o que proporcionou o melhor ganho de peso das aves. Houve efeito linear (P<0,05) da redução nos níveis de PB sobre os valores plasmáticos de sódio (BE200) e cloro (BE240) e efeito quadrático (P<0,05) sobre a concentração plasmática de potássio (BE200) das aves, sendo o nível de 17,05% o que proporcionou os menores valores de potássio. Para os níveis plasmáticos de acido úrico, proteína total e cálcio e para o desenvolvimento ósseo das aves, a redução nos níveis de PB não teve efeito em nem um dos níveis de BE estudados. A suplementação com os sais bicarbonato de sódio e cloreto de potássio não se mostrou eficiente em melhorar as características de desempenho das aves, nos valores de BE estudados, visto que não foram observadas melhoras de desempenho com aumento do BE das dietas de 200 para 240 mEq. kg-1.

Algunos factores fisiológicos y nutricionales que afectan la incidencia de diarreas posdestete en lechones / Some physiological and nutritional factors affecting the incidence of post-weaning diarrhea in piglets

Weaning causes disturbances in the digestive function and intestinal health of piglets and is almost always associated with a severe growth depression and diarrhea. For this reason antibiotics in sub-therapeutic doses are often added to feed to prevent diarrhea and as growth promoters. However, due to the ban of antibiotics in feedstuffs in different parts of the world, an increase in post-weaning diarrhea in piglets has been observed. Several nutritional strategies have been used as control measures. This work reviews some aspects of nutrition, digestive physiology, intestinal microflora in weaned piglets and their relationship with post-weaning diarrhea. It is concluded that the use of probiotics and prebiotics in pig starter diets may be an alternative to replace antibiotics in post-weaning diarrhea control. Fed piglets after weaning with a low crude protein diet (17%) instead to high crude protein diets (23% or more), may also be an efficient strategy to diarrhea control through the reduction in the urea nitrogen level in plasma and the production of microbial toxic metabolites such as ammonia, which indicates a reduction in the fermentation of proteins and contributes to maintain intestinal health.

El destete produce perturbaciones en el funcionamiento digestivo y en la salud intestinal de los lechones y casi siempre se asocia con una severa depresión del crecimiento y diarrea. Por ello, con frecuencia se agregan dosis subterapéuticas de antibióticos al alimento como medida preventiva contra las diarreas y como promotores de crecimiento. Sin embargo, debido a la prohibición del uso de antibióticos en la alimentación animal, en diferentes partes del mundo se ha observado un incremento de las diarreas posdestete en lechones. Para contrarrestar este problema se ha promovido el uso de estrategias nutricionales como medidas de control. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo revisar algunos aspectos relacionados con la nutrición, la fisiología digestiva, la microbiota intestinal de lechones recién destetados y su relación con las diarreas posdestete. Se concluyó que el uso de probióticos y prebióticos en las raciones iniciadoras puede ser una alternativa para reemplazar los antibióticos en control de las diarreas posdestete. Alimentar a los lechones después del destete con dietas con niveles bajos de proteína cruda (17% de PC, en lugar de 23% o más) también puede ser una estrategia eficiente para controlar diarreas. Esto a través de la reducción del nivel de nitrógeno ureico plasmático y de la producción de metabolitos microbianos tóxicos, como el amoniaco, lo que indica una reducción en la fermentación de proteínas y contribuye a mantener la salud intestinal.

Agronomic evaluation of eight accessions of hemartria under cutting and grazing / Avaliação agronômica de oito acessos de hemartria sob corte e pastejo

The present experiment was carried out at Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, SP, with the aim of studying the agronomic behaviour of eight accessions of Hermathria altissima in red-yellow podzolic soil. From October, 1986 to October, 1988, the plots were cut at an height of 7cm from the ground level, and the content of crude protein(CP) and dry matter (DM) production were evaluated, during the wet and dry seasons. It was evaluated the frost tolerance and dryness resistance of the accessions when these weather conditions occured. From January, 1989 to September, 1990, plant persistence and animal acceptability were evaluated during five grazing periods. Three accessions (NO 2320, NO 158 and NO 1161) can be used in the region because of their high production. Hematria was well accepted by animals and showed good persistancy under grazing.

O experimento foi realizado no Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova odessa, SP, com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento agronômico de oito acessos de Hemarthria altissima, em um solo Podzólico Vermelho-amarelo, variação Laras. No período de 07/10/86 a 04/10/86 as plantas foram cortadas mecanicamente a altura de aproximadamente 7 cm do solo, sendo avaliados o teor de proteina bruta (PB) e a produção de matéria seca( MS),considerando-se os períodos das águas, secas e anual. Observações de tolerância à geada e à seca foram realizadas, nas suas ocorrências. De 03/01/89 a 24/09/90) foram realizados cinco pastejos, por dois bovinos, para avaliação da persistência das hemartrias sob pisoteio e sua aceitabilidade animal. Três acessos (NO 2320, NO 158 e NO 1161), com produções de MS superiores a 8000kg/ha, se destacaram para a região de Nova Odessa. De um modo geral, a hemartria foi bem aceita pelos animais, apresentando boa persistência sob pisoteio.

Agronomic evaluation of eight accessions of hemartria under cutting and grazing / Avaliação agronômica de oito acessos de hemartria sob corte e pastejo

The present experiment was carried out at Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, SP, with the aim of studying the agronomic behaviour of eight accessions of Hermathria altissima in red-yellow podzolic soil. From October, 1986 to October, 1988, the plots were cut at an height of 7cm from the ground level, and the content of crude protein(CP) and dry matter (DM) production were evaluated, during the wet and dry seasons. It was evaluated the frost tolerance and dryness resistance of the accessions when these weather conditions occured. From January, 1989 to September, 1990, plant persistence and animal acceptability were evaluated during five grazing periods. Three accessions (NO 2320, NO 158 and NO 1161) can be used in the region because of their high production. Hematria was well accepted by animals and showed good persistancy under grazing.

O experimento foi realizado no Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova odessa, SP, com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento agronômico de oito acessos de Hemarthria altissima, em um solo Podzólico Vermelho-amarelo, variação Laras. No período de 07/10/86 a 04/10/86 as plantas foram cortadas mecanicamente a altura de aproximadamente 7 cm do solo, sendo avaliados o teor de proteina bruta (PB) e a produção de matéria seca( MS),considerando-se os períodos das águas, secas e anual. Observações de tolerância à geada e à seca foram realizadas, nas suas ocorrências. De 03/01/89 a 24/09/90) foram realizados cinco pastejos, por dois bovinos, para avaliação da persistência das hemartrias sob pisoteio e sua aceitabilidade animal. Três acessos (NO 2320, NO 158 e NO 1161), com produções de MS superiores a 8000kg/ha, se destacaram para a região de Nova Odessa. De um modo geral, a hemartria foi bem aceita pelos animais, apresentando boa persistência sob pisoteio.