Peribacillus castrilensis sp. nov.: A Plant-Growth-Promoting and Biocontrol Species Isolated From a River Otter in Castril, Granada, Southern Spain.

A strictly aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, endospore-forming, Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterial strain N3T was isolated from the feces of a river otter in Castril (Granada, southern Spain). It is halotolerant, motile, and catalase-, oxidase-, ACC deaminase-, and C4- and C8-lipase-positive. It promotes tomato plant growth and can reduce virulence in Erwinia amylovora CECT 222T and Dickeya solani LMG 25993T through interference in their quorum-sensing systems, although other antagonistic mechanisms could also occur. A phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as the phenotypic and phylogenomic analyses indicated that the strain N3T is a novel species of the genus Peribacillus, with the highest 16S rRNA sequence similar to that of Bacillus frigoritolerans DSM 8801T (99.93%) and Peribacillus simplex DSM 1321T (99.80%). Genomic digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) between the strain N3T and Bacillus frigoritolerans DSM 8801T and Peribacillus simplex was 12.8 and 69.1%, respectively, and the average nucleotide identity (ANIb) of strain N3T and Bacillus frigoritolerans DSM 8801T and Peribacillus simplex was 67.84 and 93.21%, respectively. The genomic G + C content was 40.3 mol%. Its main cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C15:0. Using 16S rRNA phylogenetic and in silico phylogenomic analyses, together with the chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, we demonstrated that the type strain N3T (=CECT 30509T = LMG 32505T) is a novel species of the genus Peribacillus and the name Peribacillus castrilensis sp. nov. is proposed.

Paenibacillus lutrae sp. nov., A Chitinolytic Species Isolated from A River Otter in Castril Natural Park, Granada, Spain.

A highly chitinolytic facultative anaerobic, chemoheterotrophic, endospore-forming, Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped bacterial strain N10T was isolated from the feces of a river otter in the Castril Natural Park (Granada, Spain). It is a slightly halophilic, motile, catalase-, oxidase-, ACC deaminase- and C4 and C8 lipase-positive strain. It is aerobic, respiratory and has a fermentative metabolism using oxygen as an electron acceptor, produces acids from glucose and can fix nitrogen. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence, multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of 16S rRNA, gyrB, recA and rpoB, as well as phylogenomic analyses indicate that strain N10T is a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, with the highest 16S rRNA sequence similarity (95.4%) to P. chitinolyticus LMG 18047T and <95% similarity to other species of the genus Paenibacillus. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANIb) were 21.1% and <75%, respectively. Its major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0, C16:0, and iso-C15:0. G + C content ranged between 45%-50%. Using 16S rRNA phylogenetic and in silico phylogenomic analyses, together with chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, we demonstrate that type strain N10T (= CECT 9541T =LMG 30535T) is a novel species of genus Paenibacillus and the name Paenibacillus lutrae sp. nov. is proposed.

Procedimentos de exodontia em uma lontra (Lontra longicaudis Olfers, 1818) / Exodontic procedures in a south-American river otter (Lontra longicaudis Olfers, 1818)

Há grande escassez de informações sobre a odontoestomatologia aplicada aos mustelídeos, especialmente neotropicais. Este artigo relata procedimentos odontológicos realizados em um exemplar adulto do sexo masculino de lontra (Lontra longicaudis), culminando com a exodontia do quarto pré-molar superior, em função de severo comprometimento periodontal e fraturas coronais. O paciente foi anestesiado pela associação de tiletamina, zolazepam, xilazina e atropina, e medicado com enrofloxacina e flunixina-meglumina, e após o procedimento o paciente se recuperou plenamente, de maneira rápida e completa

There is an important lack of information about dentistry applied to neotropical mustelids. This paper reports dental procedures in an adult male South-American river otter (Lontra longicaudis), culminating in the extraction of the fourth upper premolar tooth, because of severe periodontal disease and coronal fractures. The patient was anesthetized with tiletamine, zolazepam, xylazine, and atropine, and medicated with enrofloxacin and flunixin-meglumine and after the procedures recovered in a fastand complete way

Procedimentos de exodontia em uma lontra (Lontra longicaudis Olfers, 1818) / Exodontic procedures in a south-American river otter (Lontra longicaudis Olfers, 1818)

Há grande escassez de informações sobre a odontoestomatologia aplicada aos mustelídeos, especialmente neotropicais. Este artigo relata procedimentos odontológicos realizados em um exemplar adulto do sexo masculino de lontra (Lontra longicaudis), culminando com a exodontia do quarto pré-molar superior, em função de severo comprometimento periodontal e fraturas coronais. O paciente foi anestesiado pela associação de tiletamina, zolazepam, xilazina e atropina, e medicado com enrofloxacina e flunixina-meglumina, e após o procedimento o paciente se recuperou plenamente, de maneira rápida e completa(AU)

There is an important lack of information about dentistry applied to neotropical mustelids. This paper reports dental procedures in an adult male South-American river otter (Lontra longicaudis), culminating in the extraction of the fourth upper premolar tooth, because of severe periodontal disease and coronal fractures. The patient was anesthetized with tiletamine, zolazepam, xylazine, and atropine, and medicated with enrofloxacin and flunixin-meglumine and after the procedures recovered in a fastand complete way(AU)

Importancia de los peces en la nutrición de la nutria gigante de río (pteronuraa Brasiliensis) (carnivora: mustelidae) en Colombia / Importance of hee fish diet fo giant river otters (pteronura Brasiliensis) (ccarnivora: mustelidae) in Colombia

Con base en la ejecución de proyectos de investigación básica y aplicada sobre de la nutria gigante de río (Pteronura brasiliensis) en Colombia, específicamente en los departamentos del Amazonas, Caquetá, Meta y Vichada, se tuvo la oportunidad única de conocer la dieta piscívora de una de las especies más representativa de la fauna acuática colombiana.

Based on the execution of basic and applied research projects on the giant river otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Colombia, specifically in the Amazonas, Caquetá, Meta y Vichada Departments, the fish diet of one of the most representative aquatic species in Colombian was studied.

Microsatellite genotyping from faeces of Lontra longicaudis from southern Brazil

A genetic study of the neotropical river otter Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818), which has an unknown conservation status, was carried out at the Taim Ecological Station and the margins of the Vargas stream, Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Faecal samples were collected, and DNA was extracted using a silica-guanidine method. Five microsatellite loci were amplified using PCR with heterologous primers previously described for Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758). Sixteen faecal samples out of 29 from Taim and 11 out of 14 from Vargas stream margins contained enough DNA for genetic analysis. A total of 49 different alleles were found at both localities, from which 18 were exclusively found in individuals from Taim and 17 were exclusives from Vargas individuals. The most common allele was the same at both locations for three loci (Lut715, Lut733, and Lut818). A high level of genetic diversity was found at both sites (NeTaim=4.1, HoTaim=0.299, HeTaim=0.681; NeVargas=4.9, HoVargas=0.355, HeVargas=0.724), being higher at the Vargas stream site. A high and significant level of heterozygote deficiency was observed at most loci according to the 2 test. The homogeneity 2 test (P 0.001) showed that there were significant differences in the allele frequencies between the two locations. Genotyping for more than one locus was possible in 81.5% of samples, from which only 37% were possible to genotype for more than three loci. A low degree of relatedness was found among individuals from Taim (R=0.055±0.310), but an even lower value of relatedness was found at the Vargas site (R= -0.285±0.440). The significant degree of differentiation (I=0.890; F ST=0.059) found between Taim and Vargas individuals suggests that there is more than one population of otters in the southern extreme of Brazil, which probably are associated with the water body systems found in this region, the Mirim and the Caiuvá/Flores/Mangueira Lagoons. The high genetic diversity and low relatedness found at the Vargas stream, lead us to believe that the Vargas stream may be acting as a corridor between these water bodies for otter dispersion.

A lontra neotropical de rio Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818), cujo estado de conservação é ainda desconhecido, foi estudada geneticamente na Estação Ecológica do Taim e nas margens do arroio Vargas, RS, sul do Brasil. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas e o DNA foi extraído por um método de sílica-guanidina. Cinco locos de microsatélites foram amplificados por PCR utilizando primers heterólogos previamente descritos para Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758). Dezesseis amostras de fezes de um total de 29 coletadas no Taim e onze das 14 obtidas no arroio Vargas contiveram DNA suficiente para prosseguir com a analise genética. Um total de 49 alelos foram obtidos, dos quais 18 foram exclusivos de indivíduos do Taim e 17 exclusivos dos indivíduos do arroio Vargas. Em três locos (Lut715, Lut733 e Lut818) os indivíduos das duas localidades compartilharam o alelo mais comum. Foi encontrada uma alta diversidade genética (NeTaim=4,1; HoTaim=0,299; HeTaim=0,681; NeVargas=4,9; HoVargas=0,355; HeVargas=0,724), sendo esta maior no arroio Vargas. Uma alta e significativa deficiência de heterozigotos foi observada em quase todos os locos de acordo com o teste do 2. O teste do 2 de homogeneidade genética (P 0,001) mostrou diferenças significativas entre as freqüências alélicas das duas localidades. A genotipagem para mais de um loco foi possível em 81,5% das amostras, sendo que somente em 37% destes foi possível a genotipagem para mais de três locos. Foi encontrado um baixo grau de parentesco entre os indivíduos do Taim (R=0,055±0,310), sendo este ainda menor nos indivíduos do arroio Vargas (R=-0,285±0,440). O grau significativo de diferenciação genética (I=0,890; F ST=0,059) entre os indivíduos do Taim e do arroio Vargas sugere a existência de mais de uma população de lontras no extremo sul do Brasil, que provavelmente estejam associadas aos diferentes corpos de água existentes nesta região: a Lagoa Mirim e o sistema de lagoas Cauivá/Flores/Mangueira. A alta diversidade genética e o baixo grau de parentesco dos indivíduos do arroio Vargas nos leva a considerar a possibilidade que o arroio Vargas possa estar atuando como um corredor entre estes corpos de água para a dispesão das lontras.

Microsatellite genotyping from faeces of Lontra longicaudis from southern Brazil

A genetic study of the neotropical river otter Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818), which has an unknown conservation status, was carried out at the Taim Ecological Station and the margins of the Vargas stream, Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Faecal samples were collected, and DNA was extracted using a silica-guanidine method. Five microsatellite loci were amplified using PCR with heterologous primers previously described for Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758). Sixteen faecal samples out of 29 from Taim and 11 out of 14 from Vargas stream margins contained enough DNA for genetic analysis. A total of 49 different alleles were found at both localities, from which 18 were exclusively found in individuals from Taim and 17 were exclusives from Vargas individuals. The most common allele was the same at both locations for three loci (Lut715, Lut733, and Lut818). A high level of genetic diversity was found at both sites (NeTaim=4.1, HoTaim=0.299, HeTaim=0.681; NeVargas=4.9, HoVargas=0.355, HeVargas=0.724), being higher at the Vargas stream site. A high and significant level of heterozygote deficiency was observed at most loci according to the 2 test. The homogeneity 2 test (P 0.001) showed that there were significant differences in the allele frequencies between the two locations. Genotyping for more than one locus was possible in 81.5% of samples, from which only 37% were possible to genotype for more than three loci. A low degree of relatedness was found among individuals from Taim (R=0.055±0.310), but an even lower value of relatedness was found at the Vargas site (R= -0.285±0.440). The significant degree of differentiation (I=0.890; F ST=0.059) found between Taim and Vargas individuals suggests that there is more than one population of otters in the southern extreme of Brazil, which probably are associated with the water body systems found in this region, the Mirim and the Caiuvá/Flores/Mangueira Lagoons. The high genetic diversity and low relatedness found at the Vargas stream, lead us to believe that the Vargas stream may be acting as a corridor between these water bodies for otter dispersion.

A lontra neotropical de rio Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818), cujo estado de conservação é ainda desconhecido, foi estudada geneticamente na Estação Ecológica do Taim e nas margens do arroio Vargas, RS, sul do Brasil. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas e o DNA foi extraído por um método de sílica-guanidina. Cinco locos de microsatélites foram amplificados por PCR utilizando primers heterólogos previamente descritos para Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758). Dezesseis amostras de fezes de um total de 29 coletadas no Taim e onze das 14 obtidas no arroio Vargas contiveram DNA suficiente para prosseguir com a analise genética. Um total de 49 alelos foram obtidos, dos quais 18 foram exclusivos de indivíduos do Taim e 17 exclusivos dos indivíduos do arroio Vargas. Em três locos (Lut715, Lut733 e Lut818) os indivíduos das duas localidades compartilharam o alelo mais comum. Foi encontrada uma alta diversidade genética (NeTaim=4,1; HoTaim=0,299; HeTaim=0,681; NeVargas=4,9; HoVargas=0,355; HeVargas=0,724), sendo esta maior no arroio Vargas. Uma alta e significativa deficiência de heterozigotos foi observada em quase todos os locos de acordo com o teste do 2. O teste do 2 de homogeneidade genética (P 0,001) mostrou diferenças significativas entre as freqüências alélicas das duas localidades. A genotipagem para mais de um loco foi possível em 81,5% das amostras, sendo que somente em 37% destes foi possível a genotipagem para mais de três locos. Foi encontrado um baixo grau de parentesco entre os indivíduos do Taim (R=0,055±0,310), sendo este ainda menor nos indivíduos do arroio Vargas (R=-0,285±0,440). O grau significativo de diferenciação genética (I=0,890; F ST=0,059) entre os indivíduos do Taim e do arroio Vargas sugere a existência de mais de uma população de lontras no extremo sul do Brasil, que provavelmente estejam associadas aos diferentes corpos de água existentes nesta região: a Lagoa Mirim e o sistema de lagoas Cauivá/Flores/Mangueira. A alta diversidade genética e o baixo grau de parentesco dos indivíduos do arroio Vargas nos leva a considerar a possibilidade que o arroio Vargas possa estar atuando como um corredor entre estes corpos de água para a dispesão das lontras.