Identification of metabolic pathways and key genes associated with atypical parkinsonism using a systems biology approach.

Atypical parkinsonism (AP) is a group of complex neurodegenerative disorders with marked clinical and pathophysiological heterogeneity. The use of systems biology tools may contribute to the characterization of hub-bottleneck genes, and the identification of its biological pathways to broaden the understanding of the bases of these disorders. A systematic search was performed on the DisGeNET database, which integrates data from expert curated repositories, GWAS catalogues, animal models and the scientific literature. The tools STRING 11.0 and Cytoscape 3.8.2 were used for analysis of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The PPI network topography analyses were performed using the CytoHubba 0.1 plugin for Cytoscape. The hub and bottleneck genes were inserted into 4 different sets on the InteractiveVenn. Additional functional enrichment analyses were performed to identify Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways and gene ontology for a described set of genes. The systematic search in the DisGeNET database identified 485 genes involved with Atypical Parkinsonism. Superimposing these genes, we detected a total of 31 hub-bottleneck genes. Moreover, our functional enrichment analyses demonstrated the involvement of these hub-bottleneck genes in 3 major KEGG pathways. We identified 31 highly interconnected hub-bottleneck genes through a systems biology approach, which may play a key role in the pathogenesis of atypical parkinsonism. The functional enrichment analyses showed that these genes are involved in several biological processes and pathways, such as the glial cell development, glial cell activation and cognition, pathways were related to Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease. As a hypothesis, we highlight as possible key genes for AP the MAPT (microtubule associated protein tau), APOE (apolipoprotein E), SNCA (synuclein alpha) and APP (amyloid beta precursor protein) genes.

Probable 4-Repeat Tauopathy Criteria Predict Brain Amyloid Negativity, Distinct Clinical Features, and FDG-PET/MRI Neurodegeneneration Patterns in Corticobasal Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is associated with diverse underlying pathologies, including the four-repeat (4R)-tauopathies. The Movement Disorders Society (MDS) criteria for progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) proposed the novel category "probable 4R-tauopathy" to address the phenotypic overlap between PSP and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical ability of the MDS-PSP criteria for probable 4R-tauopathy in predicting a negative amyloid-PET in CBS. Additionally, this study aims to explore CBS patients classified as 4R-tauopathy concerning their clinical features and neuroimaging degeneration patterns. METHODS: Thirty-two patients with probable CBS were prospectively evaluated and split into those who fulfilled or did not fulfill the 4R-tauopathy criteria (CBS-4RT+ vs. CBS-4RT-). All patients underwent positron emission tomographies (PET) with [18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose and [11 C]Pittsburgh Compound-B (PIB) on a hybrid PET-MRI scanner to perform multimodal quantitative comparisons with a control group. RESULTS: Eleven patients were clinically classified as CBS-4RT+, and only one had a positive PIB-PET. The CBS-4RT+ classification had 92% specificity, 52% sensitivity, and 69% accuracy in predicting a negative PIB-PET. The CBS-4RT+ group presented with dysarthria and perseveration more often than the CBS-4RT- group. Moreover, the CBS-4RT+ group showed a prominent frontal hypometabolism extending to the supplementary motor area and striatum, and brain atrophy at the anterior cingulate and bilateral striata. CONCLUSIONS: The 4R-tauopathy criteria were highly specific in predicting a negative amyloid-PET in CBS. Patients classified as 4R-tauopathy presented distinct clinical aspects, as well as brain metabolism and atrophy patterns previously associated with tauopathies.

The clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease / O diagnóstico clínico da doença de Parkinson

Abstract After more than 200 years since its initial description, the clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains an often-challenging endeavor, with broad implications that are fundamental for clinical management. Despite major developments in understanding it's pathogenesis, pathological landmarks, non-motor features and potential paraclinical clues, the most accepted diagnostic criteria remain solidly based on a combination of clinical signs. Here, we review this process, discussing its history, clinical criteria, differential diagnoses, ancillary diagnostic testing, and the role of non-motor and pre-motor signs and symptoms.

Resumo Passados mais de 200 anos desde a sua descrição inicial, o diagnóstico clínico da doença de Parkinson (DP) continua a ser um processo muitas vezes desafiante, com amplas implicações que são fundamentais para o manejo clínico. Apesar dos grandes desenvolvimentos na compreensão da sua patogénese, marcadores patológicos, características não motoras e potenciais pistas paraclínicas, os critérios diagnósticos mais aceitos permanecem solidamente baseados numa combinação de sinais clínicos motores. Aqui, revisamos esse processo, discutindo sua história, critérios clínicos, diagnósticos diferenciais, testes diagnósticos complementares e o papel dos sinais e sintomas não motores e pré-motores.

Hearts and Minds: Emotion Recognition and Mentalizing in Parkinson's Disease and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.

OBJECTIVE: There are scarce data comparing Parkinson's disease (PD) and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) in social cognition (SC). We aimed to compare patients with PSP and PD in SC. METHODS: We included three groups: PD (n = 18), PSP (n = 20) and controls (n = 23). Participants underwent neuropsychological exams, including the mini-version of the Social and Emotional Assessment, which is composed of the facial emotion recognition test (FERT) and the modified faux-pas (mFP) test, which assesses Theory of Mind (ToM). RESULTS: Patients with PD scored lower than controls in the FERT, but not in the mFP test. Patients with PSP performed worse than controls in both the mFP and FERT. PD and PSP groups did not differ in the FERT, but PSP performed worse than PD in the mFP test. The mFP test distinguished PSP from PD with 89% accuracy. CONCLUSION: The assessment of ToM may contribute to the differentiation between PD and PSP.

TANK-Binding Kinase 1 Mutation as a Rare Cause of Frontotemporal Dementia in a Mexican Patient: The First Case Report in a Tertiary Referral Hospital in Mexico.

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a heterogeneous condition characterized by changes in behavior, personality, and language resulting from degeneration of the frontal and/or temporal lobes. A wide spectrum of clinical syndromes and an overlap with different motor disorders make this entity challenging for clinicians, both in achieving a correct diagnosis and providing proper treatment. Despite the majority of cases being sporadic, FTD has a hereditary component, and more than 10 disease-causing genes have been identified. We present the case of a Mexican patient with a positive family history of neurocognitive disorders who developed early-onset behavioral symptoms, cognitive alterations, and motor disturbances. After a comprehensive study and multiple assessments by various medical services, a molecular diagnosis was achieved by documenting a loss-of-function mutation in the TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) gene, an extremely rare cause of FTD. Genetic diagnosis is crucial in these situations, as this mutation has been associated with rapid disease progression and the potential development of motor syndromes during its course. Our case underscores the challenges involved in reaching an accurate diagnosis, highlighting the importance of molecular testing. A thorough family history, past medical records, and a detailed description of symptom onset and progression are imperative, as they can significantly influence both treatment approaches and prognosis. Diagnostic errors, combined with their subsequent inappropriate treatment, can further deteriorate patients' quality of life.

Clinical correlates of fear of falling in progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Clinical correlates of fear of falling (FoF) are scarcely studied in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). This study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical correlates of FoF in PSP and MSA. METHODS: This cross-sectional study features motor, cognitive, and psychiatric assessment and longitudinal evaluation of falls and FoF at 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients with PSP-parkinsonism, 22 patients with MSA (13 parkinsonian type and nine cerebellar type), and 22 healthy controls were evaluated; 76.2% of patients with PSP and 86.4% of patients with MSA had FoF regardless of falls. Berg Balance Scale (p < 0.001), Tinetti Mobility Test (p < 0.01), Beck Anxiety Inventory (p = 0.001), and Beck Depression Inventory-II (p = 0.01) correlated with FoF in patients with PSP and MSA, whereas Timed Up and Go test (p = 0.01) and Starkstein Apathy Scale correlated only in MSA (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Mobility, balance, and gait performance as well as anxiety and depression in PSP and MSA, and apathy in MSA, were determinants of FoF. These findings underline the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to FoF in neurodegenerative atypical parkinsonism.

Episodic memory in progressive supranuclear palsy: a neuropsychological and neuroimaging study.

BACKGROUND: Episodic memory impairment may occur in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). However, it remains uncertain whether this is due to executive dysfunction or to the involvement of brain areas responsible for memory. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the specific brain regions underlying episodic memory impairment in PSP. METHODS: Twenty-one patients with PSP and 20 healthy controls underwent the Figure Memory Test (FMT) from the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery and brain MRI. We explored correlations between gray matter volumes and memory scores in PSP patients, adjusting for age and performance on the Frontal Assessment Battery. RESULTS: PSP patients performed worse than controls (p < 0.001) on delayed recall in the FMT. Delayed recall scores correlated to bilateral hippocampal and parahippocampal volumes in PSP patients. CONCLUSIONS: Medial temporal structures may play a role in episodic memory impairment in PSP, suggesting that amnesia in PSP is not solely due to executive dysfunction.

Progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration: novel clinical concepts and advances in biomarkers / Paralisia supranuclear progressiva e degeneração corticobasal: novos conceitos clínicos e avanços em biomarcadores

ABSTRACT Background: Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) are sporadic adult-onset primary tauopathies clinically classified among the atypical parkinsonian syndromes. They are intrinsically related with regard to their clinical features, pathology, biochemistry, and genetic risk factors. Objectives: This review highlights the current knowledge on PSP and CBD, focusing on evolving clinical concepts, new diagnostic criteria, and advances in biomarkers. Methods: We performed a non-systematic literature review through the PubMed database. The search was restricted to articles written in English, published from 1964 to date. Results: Clinicopathologic and in vivo biomarkers studies have broadened PSP and CBD clinical phenotypes. They are now recognized as a range of motor and behavioral syndromes associated with underlying 4R-tauopathy neuropathology. The Movement Disorders Society PSP diagnostic criteria included clinical variants apart from the classical description, increasing diagnostic sensitivity. Meanwhile, imaging biomarkers have explored the complexity of symptoms and pathological processes related to corticobasal syndrome and CBD. Conclusions: In recent years, several prospective or clinicopathologic studies have assessed clinical, radiological, and fluid biomarkers that have helped us gain a better understanding of the complexity of the 4R-tauopathies, mainly PSP and CBD.

RESUMO Antecedentes: A paralisia supranuclear progressiva (PSP) e a degeneração corticobasal (DCB) são taupatias esporádicas primárias clinicamente classificadas no grupo das síndromes parkinsonianas atípicas. Ambas estão intrinsecamente relacionadas no que concerne aos aspectos clínicos, patológicos, bioquímicos e genéticos. Objetivos: Abordar os avanços recentes no conhecimento da PSP e DCB, focando na evolução dos conceitos clínicos, critérios diagnósticos, e avanços em biomarcadores. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão não-sistemática através da base de dados PubMed. Foram revisados artigos escritos em língua inglesa, publicados desde 1964 até a presente data. Resultados: Estudos com biomarcadores e análises postmortem ampliaram os fenótipos conhecidos da PSP e DCB. Tais doenças englobam um espectro amplo de síndromes motoras e cognitivas, associadas a neuropatologia tau com isoforma predominante 4R. O atual critério para PSP estabeleceu novas variantes clínicas para além da descrição clássica, aumentando a sensibilidade diagnóstica. Concomitantemente, biomarcadores in vivo exploraram a complexidade dos sintomas e processos patológicos relacionados à síndrome e degeneração corticobasal. Conclusões: Recentemente, alguns estudos prospectivos e clinicopatológicos investigaram aspectos clínicos, radiológicos e de biofluidos, que ajudaram a melhor compreender a heterogeneidade e complexidade clínica das taupatias 4R, sobretudo PSP e DCB.

Moaning Phenomenon and Rapidly Progressive Dementia in Anti LGI-1 Associated Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Syndrome.

Background: Immunological causes of atypical parkinsonisms linked to neuronal specific antibodies have been recently reported. As these are potentially treatable disorders, it is desirable to identify which clinical features may suggest an autoimmune etiology. Case Report: A 60-year-old-man with progressive supranuclear palsy associated with anti-LGI-1 antibodies presented with rapidly progressive dementia and moaning. Treatment with steroids and immunoglobulin resulted in temporary clinical improvement and disease stabilization. Discussion: Anti-LGI-1 antibodies interfere with normal synaptic activity and maturation in the central nervous system. We suggest that an immune-mediated mechanism might be considered in atypical parkinsonisms with unusual features such as rapidly progressive dementia. Highlights: We present a case of rapidly evolving progressive supranuclear palsy-like parkinsonism associated with anti-LGI-1 antibodies, suggesting that immune-mediated mechanisms might be involved in rapid progression of some atypical parkinsonisms. This case also contributes to the expanding spectrum of moaning-associated disorders.

Association of autonomic symptoms with disease progression and survival in progressive supranuclear palsy.

BACKGROUND: Development of autonomic failure is associated with more rapid disease course and shorter survival in patients with Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. However, autonomic symptoms have not been specifically assessed as a prognostic factor in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). We evaluated whether development of autonomic symptoms is associated with disease progression and survival in PSP. METHODS: A retrospective review of clinical data from consecutive patients with autopsy-confirmed PSP from the Queen Square Brain Bank between January 2012 and November 2016 was performed. Time from disease onset to four autonomic symptoms (constipation, urinary symptoms, erectile dysfunction and orthostatic hypotension) were noted. Time from diagnosis to five disease milestones and survival were calculated to assess disease progression, and their risk was estimated through a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: A total of 103 PSP patients were included. Urinary symptoms and constipation were present in 81% and 71% of cases, respectively. Early development of constipation and urinary symptoms were associated with higher risk of reaching the first disease milestone (respectively, HR: 0.88; 95% CI 0.83 to 0.92; p<0.001; and HR: 0.80; 95% CI 0.75 to 0.86; p<0.001) and with a shorter survival in these patients (respectively, HR: 0.73; 95% CI 0.64 to 0.84; p<0.001; and HR: 0.88; 95% CI 0.80 to 0.96; p=0.004). On multivariate analysis, Richardson syndrome phenotype was the other variable independently associated with shorter survival. CONCLUSIONS: Earlier urinary symptoms and constipation are associated with a more rapid disease progression and reduced survival in patients with PSP.

The role of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging in Parkinson's disease and in the differential diagnosis with atypical parkinsonism.

Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Clinically, it is characterized by motor symptoms. Parkinson's disease should be differentiated from atypical parkinsonism conditions. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging is the primary imaging method employed in order to facilitate the differential diagnosis, and its role has grown after the development of advanced techniques such as diffusion-weighted imaging. The purpose of this article was to review the role of magnetic resonance imaging in Parkinson's disease and in the differential diagnosis with atypical parkinsonism, emphasizing the diffusion technique.

A doença de Parkinson é uma das doenças neurodegenerativas mais comuns. Clinicamente, é caracterizada por sintomas motores, devendo ser diferenciada com outras doenças que cursam com parkinsonismo, definidas como parkinsonismo atípico. A ressonância magnética convencional é o principal método de imagem para auxiliar este diagnóstico diferencial e, atualmente, seu papel tem crescido com as técnicas avançadas, como a difusão. O objetivo deste artigo é revisar o papel da ressonância magnética na doença de Parkinson e no diagnóstico diferencial com parkinsonismo atípico, com ênfase na técnica de difusão.

The role of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging in Parkinson's disease and in the differential diagnosis with atypical parkinsonism / O papel da difusão por ressonância magnética na doença de Parkinson e no diagnóstico diferencial com parkinsonismo atípico

Abstract Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Clinically, it is characterized by motor symptoms. Parkinson's disease should be differentiated from atypical parkinsonism conditions. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging is the primary imaging method employed in order to facilitate the differential diagnosis, and its role has grown after the development of advanced techniques such as diffusion-weighted imaging. The purpose of this article was to review the role of magnetic resonance imaging in Parkinson's disease and in the differential diagnosis with atypical parkinsonism, emphasizing the diffusion technique.

Resumo A doença de Parkinson é uma das doenças neurodegenerativas mais comuns. Clinicamente, é caracterizada por sintomas motores, devendo ser diferenciada com outras doenças que cursam com parkinsonismo, definidas como parkinsonismo atípico. A ressonância magnética convencional é o principal método de imagem para auxiliar este diagnóstico diferencial e, atualmente, seu papel tem crescido com as técnicas avançadas, como a difusão. O objetivo deste artigo é revisar o papel da ressonância magnética na doença de Parkinson e no diagnóstico diferencial com parkinsonismo atípico, com ênfase na técnica de difusão.

Síndrome da Paralisia Supranuclear Progressiva: As dificuldades de diagnóstico e a atuação da Equipe multidisciplinar quanto aos cuidados à pessoa afetada por esta doença / Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Syndrome: The difficulties of diagnosis and the performance of the Multidisciplinary Team regarding the care of the person affected by this disease / Síndrome de parálisis supranuclear progresiva: Las dificultades de diagnóstico y el trabajo del equipo multidisciplinario sobre el cuidado de la persona afectada por esta enfermedad

A Síndrome da Paralisia Supranuclear Progressiva (PSP) é doença neurodegenerativa do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC), rara, e de difícil diagnóstico, afetando principalmente o tronco cerebral e os núcleos da base. O quadro clínico se caracteriza por oftalmoparesia supranuclear, instabilidade postural e demência. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a fisiopatologia, diagnóstico, tratamento e assistência da equipe multidisciplinar às pessoas com PSP. Revisão integrativa de 15 artigos publicados na base de dados da Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde, BVS, envolvendo estudos de casos e pesquisa de campo. O estudo revelou pouca publicação acerca da doença e, por ser rara, não existe fármaco eficiente e eficaz; o diagnóstico é limitado nas primeiras manifestações, e somente possível por meio de exames mecanicistas. Em razão de existir parco material sobre a assistência a estes casos, sugere-se que os Conselhos, Associações de Neurologia e demais especialidades envolvidas no tratamento desenvolvam, divulguem mais detalhes sobre a doença, a fim de se criar um protocolo de atendimento integral aos afetados pela síndrome, bem como o necessário apoio aos familiares e cuidadores, que auxilie nas práticas da assistência ambulatorial e familiar.

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Syndrome (PSP) is a rare and difficult diagnosis of the central nervous system (CNS) neurodegenerative disease that mainly affects the brainstem and nuclei of the base. The clinical picture is characterized by supranuclear ophthalmoparesis, postural instability and dementia. Objective: to investigate the pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and assistance of the multidisciplinary team to PSP users. Integrative review of 15 articles published in the database of the Virtual Health Library, VHL, involving case studies and field research. Results: the study revealed little publication about the disease and, because it is rare, there is no efficient and effective drug; The diagnosis is limited in the first manifestations, and it is only possible by means of mechanistic examinations. Because there is little material on the assistance to these cases, it is suggested that the Neurology Councils and Associations and other specificities involved in the treatment develop and disseminate more details about the disease, in order to create a protocol for comprehensive care Affected by this syndrome, as well as the necessary support for family members and caregivers, to assist in outpatient and family care practices.

Parálisis Supranuclear Progresiva Syndrome (PSP) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa del sistema nervioso central (SNC), una rara y difícil de diagnosticar, que afecta principalmente el tronco cerebral y los ganglios basales. El cuadro clínico se caracteriza por oftalmoparesia supranuclear, inestabilidad postural y demencia. Investigar la fisiopatología, diagnóstico, tratamiento y atención del equipo multidisciplinario para llevar a la PSP. Revisión integradora de 15 artículos publicados en la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud Base de datos, BVS, que incluye casos de estudio y la investigación de campo. El estudio mostro poca publicación de la enfermedad y, debido a que es raro, no hay ningún fármaco eficaz y eficiente; el diagnóstico es limitada en las primeras manifestaciones, y sólo es posible a través de pruebas mecanicistas. Dado que el material que hay escasa la ayuda a estos casos, se sugiere que las juntas y asociaciones de neurología y otras especilidades implicados en el tratamiento desarrollan y dan a conocer más detalles acerca de la enfermedad, de manera que se crea un protocolo de tratamiento integral para afectadas por este síndrome, así como el apoyo necesario a las familias y cuidadores para ayudar en las prácticas de atención ambulatoria y la familia.

Retrospective Diagnosis of Parkinsonian Syndromes Using Whole-Brain Atrophy Rates.

Objective: The absence of markers for ante-mortem diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) results in these disorders being commonly mistaken for each other, particularly in the initial stages. We aimed to investigate annualized whole-brain atrophy rates (a-WBAR) in these disorders to aid in the diagnosis between IPD vs. PSP and MSA. Methods: Ten healthy controls, 20 IPD, 39 PSP, and 41 MSA patients were studied using Structural Imaging Evaluation with Normalization of Atrophy (SIENA). SIENA is an MRI-based algorithm that quantifies brain tissue volume and does not require radiotracers. SIENA has been shown to have a low estimation error for atrophy rate over the whole brain (0.5%). Results: In controls, the a-WBAR was 0.37% ± 0.28 (CI 95% 0.17-0.57), while in IPD a-WBAR was 0.54% ± 0.38 (CI 95% 0.32-0.68). The IPD patients did not differ from the controls. In PSP, the a-WBAR was 1.93% ± 1.1 (CI 95% 1.5-2.2). In MSA a-WBAR was 1.65% ± 0.9 (CI 95%1.37-1.93). MSA did not differ from PSP. The a-WBAR in PSP and MSA were significantly higher than in IPD (p < 0.001). a-WBAR 0.6% differentiated patients with IPD from those with PSA and MSA with 91% sensitivity and 80% specificity. Conclusions: a-WBAR within the normal range is unlikely to be observed in PSP or MSA. a-WBAR may add a potential retrospective application to improve the diagnostic accuracy of MSA and PSP vs. IPD during the first year of clinical assessment.

Whole-Brain Atrophy Differences between Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: The absence of markers for ante-mortem diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), results in this disorder being commonly mistaken for other conditions, such as idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). Such mistakes occur particularly in the initial stages, when "plus syndrome" has not yet clinically emerged. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the global brain volume and tissue loss in patients with PSP relative to patients with IPD and healthy controls and correlations between clinical parameters and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived brain volume estimates. METHODS: T1-weighted images were obtained from three groups of Chilean Latin American adults: 21 patients with IPD, 18 patients with PSP and 14 healthy controls. We used Structural Imaging Evaluation with Normalization of Atrophy (SIENAX) to assess white matter, gray matter and whole-brain volumes (normalized to cranial volume). Imaging data were used to analyze putative correlations with the clinical status of PSP and IPD patients using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (UPDRS III), Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y), the Clinical Global Impression for Disease Severity Scale (CGI-S) and the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB). RESULTS: PSP patients had significantly lower whole brain volume than both IPD patients and controls. Whole brain volume reduction in PSP patients was primarily attributable to gray matter volume reduction. We found a significant correlation between brain volume reduction and clinical status in the PSP group. CONCLUSIONS: At the group level, the whole brain and gray matter volumes differentiated patients with PSP from patients with IPD. There was also significant clinical-imaging correlations with motor disturbances in PSP.

Caídas frecuentes y neuroimágenes en paciente con parálisis supranuclearprogresiva. Presentación de caso y revisión de la literatura / Frequent falls neuroimaging in a patient with progressive supranuclear palsy

Las caídas en los adultos mayores son comunes, peligrosas y frecuentemente incapacitantes. Con frecuenciason multifactoriales y requieren un amplio abordaje diagnóstico. Las demencias, la enfermedad de Parkinsonidiopática (EP), la enfermedad cerebrovascular y las neuropatías se encuentran entre las condiciones neurológicasque con mayor frecuencia se asocian a caídas. Sin embargo, cuando estas se presentan con recurrenciaen el contexto de un síndrome parkinsoniano, particularmente al inicio de la enfermedad, deben sugerir eldiagnóstico de una parálisis supranuclear progresiva (PSP). Esta entidad es de diagnóstico esencialmente clínico;sin embargo, dado su pronóstico sombrío, se realizan imágenes por resonancia magnética (IRM) de cerebro atodos los pacientes para excluir otros diagnósticos alternativos y buscar hallazgos característicos de PSP. Estosson, principalmente, atrofia del mesencéfalo, borramiento de la sustancia nigra, atrofia del putamen y atrofiacon aumento de la señal del globo pálido.Se presenta a continuación el caso de un paciente adulto mayor que presentaba demencia y parkinsonismorefractario a levodopa, con caídas frecuentes, en quien la realización de una resonancia magnética sirvió paraaclarar el diagnóstico al evidenciar los hallazgos típicos de PSP. Además, se hace una breve revisión de losprincipales hallazgos con imágenes, de demencias parkinsonianas, y la prevención de caídas en estos pacientes.

Falls in the elderly are common, dangerous and often disabling. They are often multifactorial and require extensive diagnostic approach. Dementia, Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease, cerebrovascular disease and neuropathies are among the most frequent neurological condictions associated with falls. However, if a patient has had early instability and recurrent falls associated with a Parkinsonian syndrome, particularly at the beginning of the disease, it should suggest the diagnosis of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP). PSP is essentially a clinical diagnosis, however, given the bleak prognosis, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain is performed in all patients to exclude alternative diagnoses and to look for supporting features of PSP. These include signal increase and atrophy of the midbrain, thinning or smudging of the substantia nigra, atrophy of the putamen, atrophy and signal increase of globus pallidus.We present the case of an adult patient who had dementia and parkinsonism refractory to levodopa with frequent falls in whom typical findings of PSP were documented in MRI. In addition, a brief review of the main findings in Parkinsonian Dementias images and fall prevention in these patients.

Espectro das anormalidades óculo-palpebrais na paralisa supranuclear progressiva (PSP) ao exame à beira-do-leito / The ocular-eyelid spectrum abnormalities in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) in the bedside examination

As alterações da motilidade ocular compõem um dos pilares do complexo sintomático da Paralisia Supranuclear Progressiva. Alguns sinais, tanto oculares quanto palpebrais, podem ser facilmente evidenciados ao exame neuro-oftalmológico à beira-do-leito. Neste artigo os autores ressaltam alguns aspectos óculo-palpebrais que auxiliam no diagnóstico desta curiosa e incomum síndrome parkinsoniana tau-positiva.

The alterations of ocular motility make up one of the pillars of the Progressive Supranuclear Palsy symptom complex. Some signs, both ocular and of the eyelids, can easily be shown during a neuro-ophthalmologic bedside examination. In this article the authors highlight some aspects of motor ocular and eyelid alterations to help diagnose this curious and unusual tau-positive parkinsonian syndrome.

Progressive supranuclear palsy: new concepts / Paralisia supranuclear progressiva: conceitos atuais

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a distinctive form of neurodegenerative disease which affects the brainstem and basal ganglia. Patients present supranuclear ophthalmoplegia, postural instability and mild dementia. PSP is defined neuropathologically by the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles in the subthalamic nucleus, pallidum, red nucleus, substantia nigra, striatum, pontine tegmentum, oculomotor nucleus, medulla and dentate nucleus. Over the last decade many lines of investigations have helped refine PSP in many aspects and it is the purpose of this review to help neurologists identify PSP, to better understand its pathophysiology and to provide a more focused, symptom-based treatment approach.

A paralisia supranuclear progressiva (PSP) é uma doença neurodegenerativa, que afeta principalmente o tronco cerebral e os núcleos da base. O quadro clínico se caracteriza por oftalmoparesia supranuclear, instabilidade postural e demência . Do ponto de vista anátomo-patológico, a PSP se caracteriza por acúmulo de emaranhados neurofibrilares no núcleo subtalâmico, globo pálido, núcleo rubro, substância negra, estriado, tegumento da ponte, núcleos oculomotores, bulbo e núcleo denteado. Nas últimas décadas, muitas linhas de pesquisa têm colaborado para redefinir a PSP em muitos aspectos. Os objetivos dessa revisão são auxiliar o neurologista geral na identificação da doença, compreensão da sua fisiopatologia, além de apresentar alternativas para seu tratamento sintomático.