Air quality and characterization of synoptic circulation weather patterns in a South American city from Argentina.

The potential cause-effect relationship between synoptic meteorological conditions and levels of criteria air pollutants, including CO, NO2, O3, PM10, PM2.5 and SO2, in Bahia Blanca, Argentina, was assessed for the period of 2018-2019. Daily back-trajectories and global meteorological data fields were employed to characterize the primary transport paths of air masses reaching the study site, and to identify the synoptic meteorological patterns responsible for these atmospheric circulations. Time series of surface-level meteorological parameters and midday mixing layer height were collected to examine the impact of the synoptic meteorological patterns on local meteorology. Furthermore, the NAAPS global aerosol model was utilized to identify days when contributions from long-range transport processes, such as dust and/or biomass burning smoke, impacted air quality. By applying this methodology, it was determined that the air masses coming from the N, NW and W regions significantly contributed to increased mean concentrations of coarse particles in this area through long-range transport events involving dust and smoke. Indeed, the high average levels of PM10 recorded in 2018-2019 (annual mean values of 47 and 52 µg/m3, respectively) represent the main air quality concern in Bahía Blanca. Moreover, PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 emissions should be reduced in order to meet recommended air quality guidelines. On the other hand, the results from this study suggest that the sources and meteorological processes leading to the increase in the concentrations of CO and SO2 have a local-regional origin, although these air pollutants did not reach high values probably as a consequence of the strong wind speed registered in this region during any synoptic meteorological pattern.

Spatial and temporal dynamics of the hydrology at Salinas Bay, Costa Rica, Eastern Tropical Pacific / Dinámica espacial y temporal de la hidrología en Bahía Salinas, Costa Rica, Pacífico Tropical Oriental

Introduction: Salinas Bay is located in the warm pool of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), characterized by warm, shallow surface waters, a strong and shallow thermocline, and an important biological diversity. The primary productivity of the region is influenced by the coastal upwelling, which occurs during the boreal winter as a result of the strengthening of trade winds. Objective: To study the spatial and temporal dynamics of physical and chemical parameters at seven hydrographic stations in Salinas Bay, Costa Rica, through the analysis of CTD data, and relate the warm and cold events to the regional atmospheric conditions present when measuring the data. Methods: Seven hydrographic stations, sampled at Salinas Bay between August 2008 and December 2014, were selected. The variables processed for analysis are temperature, density, salinity, oxygen, chl-a and turbidity. Once the data was processed, 42 Hovmöller kind diagrams were plotted. Results: All variables, except turbidity, presented a seasonal periodicity associated with the upwelling. In general, colder and denser waters, higher salinity and chl-a concentrations and lower dissolved oxygen values were observed during the dry season, when the upwelling was active. Whereas, during the rainy season water masses were warmer and less dense, salinity and chl-a concentrations decreased and dissolved oxygen values tended to increase. Conclusions: The spatial and temporal dynamics of the hydrology in Salinas Bay was influenced by the coastal upwelling events. The region also presented an interannual variability associated with ENSO. Seasonal and interannual variability can counteract their effects on the oceanographic parameters when they coincide temporally.

Introducción: Bahía Salinas se encuentra embebida en la piscina de agua cálida del Pacífico Tropical Oriental (PTO) o del Este (PTE), caracterizada por aguas superficiales cálidas, poco salinas, una termoclina fuerte y poco profunda y una importante diversidad biológica. La productividad primaria de la región está influenciada por el afloramiento oceánico, el cual se presenta durante el invierno boreal como resultado del fortalecimiento de los vientos alisios. Objetivo: Estudiar la dinámica espacial y temporal de parámetros físico-químicos en siete estaciones hidrográficas en Bahía Salinas, Costa Rica, a través del análisis de datos de CTD; y relacionar los eventos cálidos y fríos con las condiciones atmosféricas presentes al medir los datos. Métodos: Se muestrearon y seleccionaron siete estaciones hidrográficas en Bahía Salinas entre agosto de 2008 y diciembre de 2014. Las variables procesadas para su análisis son temperatura, densidad, salinidad, oxígeno, clorofila-a y turbidez. Una vez procesados los datos se graficaron 42 diagramas tipo Hovmöller. Resultados: Todas las variables, excepto la turbidez, presentaron una periodicidad estacional asociada al afloramiento. En general, se observaron aguas más frías y densas, mayores concentraciones de salinidad y clorofila-a y valores menores de oxígeno disuelto durante la estación seca, cuando el afloramiento estaba activo. Por el contrario, durante la estación lluviosa las masas de agua eran más cálidas y menos densas, las concentraciones de salinidad y clorofila-a disminuyeron y los valores de oxígeno disuelto tendieron a aumentar. Conclusiones: La dinámica espacial y temporal de la hidrología en Bahía Salinas fue influenciada por los eventos de afloramiento costero. La región también presentó una variabilidad interanual, como la asociada con el ENOS. La variabilidad estacional y la interanual pueden contrarrestar sus efectos sobre los parámetros oceanográficos cuando coinciden temporalmente.

Subtropical cyclones over the oceanic basins: a review.

Subtropical cyclones are hybrid systems presenting a warm core at low levels, as tropical cyclones, and a cold core at upper levels, as extratropical cyclones. Their genesis can be as proper subtropical system or from the transitions (extratropical to subtropical or tropical to subtropical). Subtropical cyclones occur mostly over the sea and generate intense near surface winds with great impacts on human activities and ecosystems. We present a review of the main features, as obtained from observations and numerical simulations, for subtropical cyclone development over the major oceanic basins.

Proposta de Subespecialidades da Invexologia / A Proposal of Existential Invertology Subdisciplines / Propuesta de Subespecialidades de la Invexolog

A especialidade representa a subdivisão, com fins metodológicos, do objetode estudo de determinada ciência. Com o desenvolvimento, a especialidade deuma disciplina científica pode ganhar status de investigação próprio ou autonomiadisciplinar e ela mesma, então, ter suas subespecialidades – é o caso, aqui, daInvexologia. O presente artigo propõe 40 subespecialidades que compõema Invexologia, sendo esta especialidade da Conscienciologia. A proposição dassubespecialidades ocorreu de dois modos: intradisciplinar e interdisciplinar, deacordo com a origem do tema, respectivamente, na Invexologia em si ou emoutra especialidade. As subespecialidades propostas foram organizadas emquadro sinóptico com 5 ordens lógicas. A finalidade deste trabalho, por meio dadefinição das subespecialidades, é estimular o desenvolvimento das pesquisasem Invexologia e das atividades práticas a ela atreladas, ao modo das do Campusde Invexologia, auxiliando os invexólogos a identificarem com maior precisãoa especialidade invexológica de cada um(AU)

A subdiscipline is a subdivision, with methodological reasons, of an objectof study for a particular science. With its development, a scientific subdisciplinecan acquire status as a single field of investigation or with disciplinary autonomyand develop its own subspecialties, that is the case of Existential Invertology.The present article proposes 40 subdisciplines that make up ExistentialInvertology, a subdiscipline of Conscientiology. The proposition was expressedin two ways: intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary regarding the origin of thetheme, respectively, from Existential Invertology itself or another subdiscipline.The subdisciplines proposed were organized into a summary table with5 logical orders. The purpose of this work, by means of subdiscipline definitions,is to stimulate the development of researches on Existential Invertology as wellas practical activities related to it like those from the Existential InvertologyCampus, which help existential inverters to more precisely identify thesubdiscipline of each one(AU)

La especialidad representa una subdivisión, con fines metodológicos, delobjeto de estudio de determinada ciencia. Con el desarrollo, la especialidad deuna disciplina científica puede ganar status de investigación propia o autonomíadisciplinar y ella misma, entonces, tener sus subespecialidades – es el caso aquide la Invexología. El presente artículo propone 40 subespecialidades quecomponen la Invexología, siendo esta especialidad de la Concienciología. Laproposición de las subespecialidades ocurrió de dos modos: intradisciplinare interdisciplinar, de acuerdo con el origen del tema, respectivamente, en la Invexología en si o en otra especialidad. Las subespecialidadespropuestas fueron organizadas en un cuadro sinóptico con5 ordenes lógicas. La finalidad de este trabajo, por medio de ladefinición de las subespecialidades, es estimular el desarrollo delas investigaciones en Invexología y de las actividades prácticasvinculadas a ella, al modo de las del Campus de Invexología,auxiliando a los invexólogos a identificar con mayor precisión laespecialidad invexológica de cada uno(AU)