Evaluation of cardiac contractility of fetuses from pregestational diabetes mellitus pregnancies by three-dimensional ultrasound

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate cardiac contractility in fetuses from pregestational diabetes mellitus pregnancies by three-dimensional ultrasound using spatiotemporal image correlation in rendering mode. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed on 40 fetuses from nondiabetic pregnancies and 28 pregestational diabetic pregnancies between 20 and 33 weeks and 6 days. Cardiac contractility was assessed by measuring the ventricular myocardial area in diastole subtracted from the ventricular myocardial area in systole. RESULTS: Pregestational diabetic pregnancies had a lower maternal age than nondiabetic pregnancies (26.7 vs. 39.9 years, p=0.019). Cardiac contractility in fetuses from diabetic and nondiabetic pregnancies was similar (p=0.293). A moderately positive and significant correlation was observed between gestational age and cardiac contractility (r=0.46, p=0.0004). A 1-week increase in gestational age was responsible for a 0.1386 cm2 increase in cardiac contractility. CONCLUSION: Cardiac contractility as evaluated by three-dimensional ultrasound using spatiotemporal image correlation in rendering mode showed no significant differences across fetuses with and without pregestational diabetes.

Evaluating the precision and accuracy of digital dental models with a low-cost structured light device

ABSTRACT Objective: This study evaluated the accuracy and precision of digital models acquisition using a home-built, low-cost scanning system based on the structured light method. Methods: a plaster model (PM) was scanned using the experimental device (SL) and a dental desktop scanner (DS). The teeth dimensions of PM and SL models were measured in triplicate, with a caliper and digitally, respectively. The agreement of the measurements of each model was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient, and the validity between the different measurement techniques was assessed using the Bland-Altman analysis. The accuracy and precision of the models were qualitatively investigated using the mesh superposition of the SL and DS models. Results: A high intraclass correlation coefficient was observed in all models (PM=0.964; SL1=0.998; SL2=0.995; SL3=0.998), and there was no statistical difference between the measurements of the SL models (p>0.05). PM and SL model measurements were found to be in good agreement, with only 3.57% of the observed differences between the same measurement being located outside 95% limits of agreement according to Bland and Altman (0.43 and -0.40 mm). In the superimpositions of SL-SL and SL-DS models, areas of discrepancy greater than 0.5 mm were observed mainly in interproximal, occlusal, and cervical sites. Conclusion: These results indicate that the home-built SL scanning system did not possess sufficient accuracy and precision for many clinical applications. However, the consistency in preserving the dental proportions suggests that the equipment can be used for planning, storage, and simple clinical purposes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou a acurácia e a precisão da aquisição de modelos digitais utilizando um sistema de digitalização caseiro e de baixo custo baseado no método de luz estruturada. Material e Métodos: Para isso, um modelo de gesso (MG) foi digitalizado utilizando o dispositivo experimental (LE) e um scanner dental de mesa (SD). As dimensões dos dentes dos modelos MG e LE foram medidas em triplicata com um paquímetro e digitalmente, respectivamente. A concordância das medidas de cada modelo foi avaliada usando o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, e a validade entre as diferentes técnicas de medição foi avaliada usando a análise de Bland-Altman. A acurácia e a precisão dos modelos foram investigadas qualitativamente usando a sobreposição de malhas dos modelos LE e SD. Resultados: Um alto coeficiente de correlação intraclasse foi observado em todos os modelos (MG=0,964; LE1=0,998; LE2=0,995; LE3=0,998) e não houve diferença estatística entre as medições dos modelos LE (p>0,05). As medições dos modelos MG e LE mostraram boa concordância, com apenas 3,57% das diferenças observadas entre as mesmas medições localizadas fora dos limites de concordância de 95% de acordo com a análise de Bland-Altman (0,43 e -0,40 mm). Nas sobreposições dos modelos LE-LE e LE-SD, foram observadas áreas de discrepância maiores que 0,5 mm principalmente nos sítios interproximais, oclusais e cervicais. Conclusões: Esses resultados indicam que o sistema de digitalização por luz estruturada caseiro não possui precisão e acurácia suficientes para muitas aplicações clínicas. No entanto, a consistência na preservação das proporções dentárias sugere que o equipamento pode ser usado para planejamento, armazenamento e propósitos clínicos simples.

Colagem Indireta Virtual 3D: uma nova perspectiva para os protocolos de colagens indiretas / 3D Virtual Indirect Bonding: a new perspective for indirect bonding protocols

O propósito do tratamento ortodôntico é alcançar os objetivos estéticos e funcionais com eficiência. O posicionamento correto dos acessórios ortodônticos, como braquetes e tubos, constitui uma etapa crítica para se atingir esses objetivos, principalmente com os braquetes straight-wire, que devem ser colados o mais corretamente possível, minimizando recolagens e dobras de refinamento. Para suprir a dificuldade da colagem direta, que apresenta obstáculos como a presença de saliva, dificuldade dos pacientes na abertura bucal e diferenças anatômicas entre os dentes, um método de colagem indireta de braquetes foi proposto em 1972. Mais recentemente, com os avanços do escaneamento intraoral, planejamento virtual e impressão 3D, o método de colagem indireta de braquetes foi facilitado, apoiado pela tecnologia no posicionamento desses acessórios, minimizando a etapa laboratorial. Com a incorporação da tecnologia CAD/CAM ao método de colagem indireta, surgiu a colagem indireta virtual 3D, facilitando as etapas de todo o processo, unindo eficácia e eficiência a um protocolo clínico simples, trazendo novas perspectivas ao método de colagem indireta (AU)

The aim of orthodontic treatment is to achieve aesthetic and functional goals efficiently. The correct positioning of orthodontic accessories, such as brackets and tubes, is a critical step in achieving these objectives, especially with straight-wire brackets, which must be bonded as correctly as possible, minimizing re-bonding and refinement bends. To overcome the difficulty of direct bonding, which presents obstacles such as the presence of saliva, patients' difficulty opening their mouths and anatomical differences between teeth, a method of indirect bracket bonding was proposed in 1972. More recently, with advances in intraoral scanning, virtual planning and 3D printing, the indirect bracket bonding method was improved, supported by technology in the positioning of these accessories, minimizing the laboratory stage. With the incorporation of CAD/CAM technology into the indirect bonding method, 3D virtual indirect bonding emerged, facilitating the steps of the entire process, combining effectiveness and efficiency with a simple clinical protocol, bringing new perspectives to the indirect bonding method. (AU)

Protocol for capturing 3D facial meshes for rhinoseptoplasty planning

Abstract Objectives: To present and execute a protocol for the capture of 3D facial images using photogrammetry through the open access software Blender and its add-on OrtogOnBlender (OOB) and to evaluate the compatibility of the 3D meshes generated with Computed tomography (CT) of the sinuses. Methods: Individuals > 18 years old, candidates for Rhinoseptoplasty in a tertiary hospital, were submitted to a photographic session to perform the standardized protocol. In the session, divided into 3 phases, sequential photos were taken for processing the photogrammetry in the OOB and producing 3D meshes of the face. The photogrammetry reconstructions were compared with the reference mesh of the soft tissue surface of the Sinus CT scan to assess compatibility between them. Results: 21 patients were included, 67% female. 3 photogrammetry meshes and 1 CT reference mesh were generated, which demonstrated matching compatibility, as most of the mean distances between cloud points were <1.48mm. Phase 3 of the session with the highest number of photos (54.36 ± 15.05) generated the most satisfactory mesh with the best resolution. Conclusions: The proposed protocol is reproducible and feasible in clinical practice, generated satisfactory 3D meshes of the face, being a potential tool for surgical planning and comparison of results. For the implementation of photogrammetry for use in 3D anthropometry, it is necessary to validate this method. Level of evidence: 3. OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group.1 The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence. Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=5653

Concordance and reproducibility in the location of reference points for a volumetric craniofacial analysis: Cross-sectional study.

Background: Considering the limitations of visualization that occur even with the use of radiographs, the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) becomes more attractive to diagnose and propose an assertive treatment plan. This study aimed to evaluate intra and interobserver reproducibility, and concordance of 31 reference points we described considering visualization tools and the three planes of space in a bimaxillary CBCT. Methods: Three observers located in triplicate the 31 reference points in the CBCT of six healthy patients. Friedman test was used to compare intraobserver paired samples, and interobserver concordance was determined by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with ranges>0.75 (excellent), between 0.60 and 0.74 (good), between 0.40 and 0.59 (sufficient) and<0.40 (poor). The P value was set at<0.05. Results: A high ICC (>0.75%) was obtained by comparing the x, y, and z values at the location of landmark points. Excellent ICC>0.75 was for 81.7% and poor<0.40 was 7.5% in the interobserver evaluation. Data showed that 25 points had excellent concordance on the x-plane, 25 on the y-plane, and 26 on the z-plane (0.75%). Conclusion: Intraobserver concordance analysis indicated that location of anatomical reference points on bimaxillary CBCT is performed with great reproducibility by interpreting their location with a clear description in the three planes of space. Complexity of achieving a good precision degree in the manual marking of reference points caused by convexities of the anatomical structures involved, might explain the variability found. The systematized location of the reference points would contribute to reduce such variability.

Protocol for capturing 3D facial meshes for rhinoseptoplasty planning.

OBJECTIVES: To present and execute a protocol for the capture of 3D facial images using photogrammetry through the open access software Blender and its add-on OrtogOnBlender (OOB) and to evaluate the compatibility of the 3D meshes generated with Computed tomography (CT) of the sinuses. METHODS: Individuals >18 years old, candidates for Rhinoseptoplasty in a tertiary hospital, were submitted to a photographic session to perform the standardized protocol. In the session, divided into 3 phases, sequential photos were taken for processing the photogrammetry in the OOB and producing 3D meshes of the face. The photogrammetry reconstructions were compared with the reference mesh of the soft tissue surface of the Sinus CT scan to assess compatibility between them. RESULTS: 21 patients were included, 67% female. 3 photogrammetry meshes and 1 CT reference mesh were generated, which demonstrated matching compatibility, as most of the mean distances between cloud points were <1.48 mm. Phase 3 of the session with the highest number of photos (54.36 ±â€¯15.05) generated the most satisfactory mesh with the best resolution. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed protocol is reproducible and feasible in clinical practice, generated satisfactory 3D meshes of the face, being a potential tool for surgical planning and comparison of results. For the implementation of photogrammetry for use in 3D anthropometry, it is necessary to validate this method. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3: OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group.1 "The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence". Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=5653.

Three-dimensional maxillary virtual patient creation by convolutional neural network-based segmentation on cone-beam computed tomography images.

OBJECTIVE: To qualitatively and quantitatively assess integrated segmentation of three convolutional neural network (CNN) models for the creation of a maxillary virtual patient (MVP) from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A dataset of 40 CBCT scans acquired with different scanning parameters was selected. Three previously validated individual CNN models were integrated to achieve a combined segmentation of maxillary complex, maxillary sinuses, and upper dentition. Two experts performed a qualitative assessment, scoring-integrated segmentations from 0 to 10 based on the number of required refinements. Furthermore, experts executed refinements, allowing performance comparison between integrated automated segmentation (AS) and refined segmentation (RS) models. Inter-observer consistency of the refinements and the time needed to create a full-resolution automatic segmentation were calculated. RESULTS: From the dataset, 85% scored 7-10, and 15% were within 3-6. The average time required for automated segmentation was 1.7 min. Performance metrics indicated an excellent overlap between automatic and refined segmentation with a dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 99.3%. High inter-observer consistency of refinements was observed, with a 95% Hausdorff distance (HD) of 0.045 mm. CONCLUSION: The integrated CNN models proved to be fast, accurate, and consistent along with a strong interobserver consistency in creating the MVP. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The automated segmentation of these structures simultaneously could act as a valuable tool in clinical orthodontics, implant rehabilitation, and any oral or maxillofacial surgical procedures, where visualization of MVP and its relationship with surrounding structures is a necessity for reaching an accurate diagnosis and patient-specific treatment planning.

Fetal Interventricular Septum Volume Evaluated by Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Using Spatiotemporal Image Correlation and Virtual Organ Computer-Aided Analysis in Fetuses From Pre-Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Pregnant Women.

BACKGROUND: To assess the interventricular septum (IVS) volume of fetuses from pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (DM) pregnant women by 3-dimensional ultrasound using spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) and virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCAL) methods. METHODS: This was a prospective cross-sectional study of 45 fetuses from pre-gestational DM and 45 fetuses from healthy pregnant women (controls). Only singleton pregnancies between 20 and 34 + 6 weeks of gestation were included. The fetal IVS volumes were obtained off-line using STIC and VOCAL methods. To analyze differences among variables, the Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used. The correlation among continuous variables was determine using Spearman's correlation test (r). RESULTS: The median of fetal IVS volume was significantly higher in pre-gestational DM than in healthy pregnant women (0.3 cm3 vs. 0.2 cm3, p = 0.032). A strong positive correlation was observed between fetal IVS volume and gestational age at the time of ultrasound examination (r = 0.75, R² = 0.48, p < 0.0001) and between fetal IVS volume and estimated fetal weight (r = 0.63, R² = 0.37, p < 0.0001). No significant correlation was noted between fetal IVS volume and glycated hemoglobin levels (r = -0.16, R² = 0.01, p = 0.540) in the pre-gestational DM pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were observed in fetal IVS volumes between pre-gestational and healthy mothers, with higher values in the fetuses of pre-gestational DM pregnant women.

Vectra 3D Simulation in Lower Eyelid Blepharoplasty: How Accurate is it?

BACKGROUND: Estimating the volume of fat to be resected during lower lid blepharoplasty can be challenging. While the excess fat is clearly visible in the upright position, it retracts into the orbital cavity when the patient is in decubitus. Several tools have been developed to predict the volume required for adequate outcomes and to reduce the risk of complications. Among these, 3D photography, in addition to being noninvasive, radiation-free, portable and relatively inexpensive, can be used to make simulations. OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of agreement between Vectra H1 camera simulations and the outcome of lower eyelid blepharoplasties with volume removal based on these simulations. METHODS: Preoperatively, a 3D camera and simulation software (Vectra H1, Canfield Imaging Systems) was used to estimate the fat pad volume to be resected from the lower eyelids in a sample of 35 patients (female n = 34) aged 55 years on average. Following the procedure, the patients were photographed at 1, 3 and 6 months and the outcome was compared to the simulation. RESULTS: The agreement between the simulated volume and the intraoperative volume was high. While the difference between the postoperative volume and the simulated volume decreased over time, at 6 months the actual volume was still 0.30 mL (right eye) and 0.24 mL (left eye) larger than the simulated volume. CONCLUSIONS: A systematic and significant difference was found between the simulation volume and the postoperative volume. The low level of agreement observed suggests that the accuracy of the tested software is insufficient for reliable simulations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Reliability and accuracy of automatic segmentation of mandibular 3D models on linear measurements.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate if automatic segmentation of mandibular three-dimensional (3D) models is reliable and accurate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight dry mandibles with eight silica markers were scanned in the i-CAT Classic device (Imaging Sciences International). Automatic segmentation was performed using nine standard preset thresholds in the Dolphin software (Dolphin Imaging & Management Solutions). Three observers individually made twice eight linear measurements on the mandibular 3D models. Another observer made physical measurements, twice as well, on the dry mandibles. Reliability and accuracy were evaluated with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Dahlberg's formula, Bland-Altman analyses, and changing bias with regression analyses. RESULTS: Inter-observer and intra-observer ICCs and Dahlberg's error were ≥ 0.75 and ≤ 1.0 mm, respectively, for all measurements. Inter-observer agreement between mandibular 3D models and physical measurements ranged from -0.37 to 0.91 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Linear measurements made on mandibular 3D models obtained using standard preset thresholds are reliable and accurate. However, additional studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis for clinical applications. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Since the 3D models are useful for diagnostics and surgical planning, it is necessary to determinate whether the linear measurements made on 3D models obtained by automatic segmentation are sufficiently reliable and accurate.

Planejamento virtual utilizando software de livre acesso / Use of open source software for virtual treatment planning

Resumo O setup ortodôntico é um método de diagnóstico utilizado para simular tridimensionalmente um plano de tratamento. E a partir de sua análise, planeja-se a mecânica a ser utilizada durante o tratamento ortodôntico. Para sua realização é necessário duplicar o modelo de estudo em gesso, recortar seus dentes e montar os mesmos sobre as bases remanescentes. Entretanto esse processo demanda tempo laboratorial para sua confecção e espaço físico para o armazenamento dos modelos. Nos últimos anos, os setups em modelos de gesso têm sido substituídos pela versão virtual tridimensional, uma vez que não demandam espaço físico para armazenamento. Apesar da curva de aprendizado, o seu tempo de realização é bem reduzido, quando comparado com o setup em modelos de gesso. A desvantagem está no elevado custo dos softwares utilizados para sua realização. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho é descrever um passo-a-passo de como realizar um setup ortodôntico virtual 3D, utilizando para isso um software de livre acesso. (AU)

Abstract The orthodontic setup is a tool used for tridimensional simulation for visual treatment planning. Its analysis allows to plan the mechanics to be used during the orthodontic treatment. For this purpose, it is necessary to duplicate the cast model, to cut the teeth and replace them in their respective cast bases. However, this process demands laboratory time and physical space for cast models storage. The traditional setup with cast models has been substituted by the 3D virtual version once it does not demand physical space for storage. Despite the learning curve, the 3D virtual computerized process has a reduced time when compared to the setup with cast models. But the software high cost is still the main point of disadvantage for its use. Thus, the aim of this study is to describe a step-by-step of 3D virtual orthodontic setup process, by using an open-source software.(AU)

Uso da estereofotogrametria para mensuração do volume da anatomia externa da face: revisão sistemática / Use of stereophotogrammetry for measuring the volume of external facial anatomy: a systematic review

Introdução: O registro fotográfico tem sido importante para diversas especialidades médicas como a Cirurgia Plástica. A fotografia em duas dimensões apresenta limitações para capturar profundidade e volume de estruturas outros instrumentos para avaliar essa alteração. Diversas tecnologias foram desenvolvidas para analisar objeto em três dimensões, sendo a estereofotogrametria uma tecnologia que utiliza a análise computadorizada de duas ou mais fotografias simultâneas do objeto para produzir um modelo geométrico em três dimensões. As vantagens da estereofotogrametria incluem menor custo, portabilidade, ausência de radiação e rapidez da captura das imagens. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica avaliando o uso e a acurácia da estereofotogrametria para mensuração de volume de estruturas na face. Métodos: Foi realizada pesquisa nos bancos de dados Cochrane Library e Medline até maio de 2018 utilizando uma combinação de descritores Mesh e termos livres. Resultados: Foram obtidos inicialmente 2213 estudos observando a estratégia de busca. Seguindo os critérios de elegibilidade, foram selecionados 27 artigos, sendo 21 relatos de casos não randomizados e 6 ensaios clínicos randomizados. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos variou de 50 a 67%, segundo uma pontuação que vai de 0 a 100%. Conclusões: A estereofotogrametria é uma tecnologia promissora e tem sido cada vez mais utilizada para verificar variações de volume na face com alta acurácia e reprodutibilidade. Faltam estudos com melhor qualidade metodológica avaliando a acurácia e o uso da estereofotogrametria na avaliação de volume facial.

Introduction: Photographic documentation is important in several medical specialties, such as plastic surgery. Two-dimensional photography has limitations in capturing structure depth and volume, requiring other instruments to evaluate these changes. Several technologies have been developed for three-dimensional analysis of objects, of which stereophotogrammetry uses computerized analysis of two or more simultaneous photographs of the object to produce a three-dimensional geometric model. The advantages of stereophotogrammetry include lower cost, portability, absence of radiation, and speed of image capture. The aim of the present study was to perform a bibliographic review evaluating the use and accuracy of stereophotogrammetry for measuring the volume of facial structures. Methods: Using a combination of MeSH keywords and free terms, a search was performed in the Cochrane Library and MEDLINE databases. The search included all articles published on or before May 2018. Results: 2,213 studies were initially retrieved using this search strategy. Of these, 27 studies were selected based on the eligibility criteria, of which 21 were non-randomized case studies and 6 were randomized clinical trials. The methodological quality of the studies varied between 50 and 67%, on a grading scale from 0 to 100%. Conclusions: Stereophotogrammetry is a promising technology that is increasingly being used to check for facial volume variations with high accuracy and reproducibility. More studies with higher methodological quality are needed for evaluating the accuracy and use of stereophotogrammetry for facial volume evaluations.

Surgery-first approach with 3D customized passive self-ligating brackets and 3D surgical planning: Case report

ABSTRACT It is possible to unify three-dimensional customized orthodontic techniques and three-dimensional surgical technology. In this case report, it is introduced a treatment scheme consisting of passive self-ligation customized brackets and virtual surgical planning combined with the orthognathic surgery-first approach in a Class III malocclusion patient. Excellent facial and occlusal outcomes were obtained in a reduced treatment time of five months.

RESUMO É possível unificar técnicas ortodônticas personalizadas e tecnologia de planejamento cirúrgico 3D. No presente relato de caso, apresenta-se um plano de tratamento envolvendo o uso de braquetes autoligáveis passivos personalizados e planejamento cirúrgico virtual, combinado com cirurgia ortognática de benefício antecipado, em um paciente com má oclusão de Classe III. Foram obtidos excelentes resultados faciais e oclusais em um tempo reduzido de tratamento, de 5 meses.

Three-dimensional virtual reconstruction as a tool for preoperative planning in the management of complex anorectal fistulas / Reconstrução virtual tridimensional como ferramenta de planejamento pré-operatório de fístulas anais complexas

ABSTRACT The making of three-dimensional virtual models is a promising technology in preoperative planning, but that is not used in the treatment of anorectal fistulas. The objective of this work is to describe the development and initial experience of the construction of a virtual three-dimensional model of the pelvic anatomy of a patient, allowing the exact identification of the relationships between the fistulous tracts of complex anorectal fistulas and the other pelvic structures. An MRI was performed on this patient, and the images were exported to the Vitrea fX Workstation® software. A radiologist did the analysis and segmentation of the images that were then sent to a three-dimensional image processor (Meshlab v. 1.3.3 - ISTI - CNR Research Center, Pisa University, Italy®). The final 3D color image was analyzed by the surgeon and used to guide the catheterization of the fistulous pathways, the internal orifice and to assist in the identification of adjacent structures. The final three-dimensional model presented a high correlation with the intraoperative findings and facilitated the surgical planning.

RESUMO A criação de modelos virtuais tridimensionais é uma tecnologia promissora no planejamento pré-operatorio, entretanto não é utilizada no tratamento de fistulas anais. O objetivo desse trabalho é descrever o desenvolvimento e a experiência inicial da construção de um modelo virtual tridimensional da anatomia pélvica de um paciente, que permite a identificação exata das relações entre os tratos fistulosos de fistulas anais complexas e as demais estruturas pélvicas. O paciente realizou uma ressonância magnética e as imagens foram exportadas para o programa Vitrea fX software Workstation®. Um radiologista realizou a analise e segmentação das imagens que, em seguida, foram enviadas para um processador de imagens tridimensionais (Meshlab v. 1.3.3 - ISTI - CNR research center, Pisa University, Italy®). A imagem 3D colorida final foi analisada pelo cirurgião e utilizada para guiar a cateterização dos trajetos fistulosos e orifício interno e para auxiliar na identificação das estruturas adjacentes. O modelo tridimensional final apresentou alta correlação com os achados intraoperatorios e facilitou o planejamento cirúrgico.

Acurácia e precisão do método de colagem indireta de bráquetes ortodônticos utilizando tecnologia CAD/CAM / Accuracy and precision of digital indirect bonding method with CAD/CAM technology

A colagem indireta pode ser definida como o posicionamento dos bráquetes ortodônticos em modelos, previamente à colagem clínica. A inclusão dos modelos digitais na ortodontia permite o planejamento virtual das posições dos acessórios ortodônticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a acurácia e precisão entre diferentes ortodontistas em relação à colagem indireta com planejamento digital. A amostra foi composta por 33 ortodontistas que realizaram a colagem indireta em 33 modelos prototipados (superior ou inferior) da mesma má oclusão. Cada ortodontista preencheu um questionário com dados como tempo de formação profissional e se possuía experiência clínica com colagem indireta. Foram utilizados 2 tipos de bráquetes diferentes no estudo: MiniSprint® e BioQuick® (Forestadent). O planejamento digital do posicionamento dos bráquetes foi realizado previamente no software OrthoAnalyzer® nos modelos digitais utilizando a sobreposição com a tomografia. Os modelos com os bráquetes em posição foram utilizados para a confecção e impressão das guias. Após realizada a colagem indireta, os 33 modelos foram escaneados com scanner intraoral Trios® para obtenção de modelos digitais que foram superpostos aos modelos do planejamento virtual original. Para análise das diferenças nos posionamentos dos bráquetes foram confeccionados três planos: corte sagital para o plano vertical, corte axial para o plano horizontal e corte coronal para o posicionamento quanto à angulação. Foi verificada a reprodutibilidade intra e interexaminador solicitando-se que 3 ortodontistas repetissem o procedimento de colagem indireta. Para verificação da reprodutibilidade do método de obtenção das medidas, o mesmo operador repetiu o procedimento. Foi aplicada ANOVA de fatores repetidos para verificar as diferenças entre os bráquetes. A ANOVA Multivariada foi aplicada para analisar a influência dos fatores experiência com colagem indireta e formação profissional. O Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (CCI) e os Gráficos Altman Bland foram utilizados para avaliação da reprodutibilidade intraexaminador. O teste de Kaplan-Meier verificou a reprodutibilidade interexaminador. Os resultados mostraram que as diferenças entre os posicionamentos dos bráquetes não foram estatisticamente significantes (p>0,05), com exceção dos bráquetes do grupo BioQuick Inferior quanto ao posicionamento mésiodistal (p=0,016). A análise descritiva das diferenças no posicionamento, mostram que em geral essas foram mínimas sem que houvesse significância clínica (média das diferenças: de 0,08mm a 0,42mm ocluso-gengival, de 0,04mm a 0,13mm mésio-distal e de 0,45º a 2,03º quanto à angulação). Não houve influência significativa (p=0,314 e p=0,158) dos fatores referentes à experiência clínica do ortodontista. A reprodutibilidade entre os ortodontistas foi confirmada e não houve diferença significativa verificada com Kaplan-Meier (p = 0,914). Houve também confirmação da reprodutibilidade do método de medição utilizado. Concluiuse que a técnica de planejamento digital da colagem indireta apresentou acurácia e precisão. Foi confirmada a reprodutibilidade intra e interexaminador da colagem indireta em questão.

The indirect bonding allows the positioning of the brackets on a plaster model before the clinical bonding. The current use of digital models in orthodontics routine made possible to develop virtual setups and positioning brackets with digital indirect bonding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and precision of digital indirect bonding, analysing the differences in brackets positions after bonding with the use of a prototyped transfer tray. The sample of the study included 33 orthodontists that made the indirect bonding on 33 prototyped models (upper or lower) of the same malocclusion, using 33 prototyped transfer trays. Each orthodontist previously answered a survey which included their experience with indirect bonding and their professional experience since graduation. Two different sets of brackets were used: MiniSprint® and BioQuick® (Forestadent). The digital indirect bonding was made by positioning the brackets on the digital models (the superimposition with the tomography was also made) with OrthoAnalyzer® (3Shape) software and these images were used to create the digital transfer tray that was sent for 3D printing. After indirect bonding was performed, the prototyped models with the brackets were scanned using an intraoral scanner (Trios®, 3 Shape). Then, superimpositions were made between the digital models obtained after indirect bonding and the digital models from the original setup. To analyze and measure the differences in brackets positions 3 planes were made on each bracket: sagital or vertical plane, axial or horizontal plane and coronal plane to measure angulation. The interexaminer and intraexaminer reproducibility were evaluated by asking to 3 orthodontists to repeat the indirect bonding after 15 days interval. To evaluate the reliability of the method that was used to measure the brackets positions, the same evaluator repeated the measures in 4 different digital models. The repeated factor ANOVA was conducted to analyse the differences between positions of the brackets on the virtual setups and after the indirect bonding. The multivariated ANOVA was applied to verify the influence of the orthodontists' experience on the results. To evaluate the intraexaminer reliability the Intraclass Correlation Coeficiente was applied and for the interexaminer reliability the Kaplan-Meier test was calculated. The results demonstrated that diferences between brackets positions were not statistically significant, except for mesial-distal discrepancies in BioQuick lower models group (p = 0,016). Nevertheless, the descriptive analysis presented that the mean differences were too small to be considered clinically significant (mean differences: from 0,08mm to 0,42mm occlusogingivally, from 0,04mm to 0,13mm mesial-distal and from 0,45º to 2,03º for angulation). There was no significant influence of orthodontists' experience (p=0,314 and p=0,158) on the differences observed. The intraexaminer and interexaminer reproducibility for the orthodontists were confirmed and the differences were not statistically significant for KaplanMeier results (p = 0,914). The intraexaminer reliability for the method of measurements was also confirmed in all 4 models. In conclusion, the digital indirect bonding presented accuracy and precision in bracket positions and reproducibility within orthodontists.

Os modelos ortodônticos digitais são confiáveis? Uma revisão sistemática / Are the digital orthodontics models reliable? A systematic review

Introdução: Os modelos ortodônticos digitais são alternativas ao uso de modelos ortodônticos em gesso. Devido sua importância no diagnóstico, faz-se necessário averiguar a precisão dos softwares de modelos ortodônticos digitais disponíveis no mercado. Objetivo: Evidenciar qual software de modelos ortodônticos digitais possui maior confiabilidade. Material e métodos: Foi realizada busca sistemática nas seguintes bases de dados eletrônicas: Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase e Cochrane, Grey Literature e Clinical Trials, sem limitações quanto ao ano de publicação ou idioma. Foram incluídos estudos laboratoriais que utilizaram softwares destinados a geração de modelos ortodônticos digitais, comparando-os com modelos ortodônticos em gesso. Após seleção por título e resumo, os artigos potencialmente elegíveis foram lidos na íntegra. A qualidade metodológica e o risco de viés dos artigos incluídos foram avaliados de acordo com as descrições dos modelos, técnicas de medição e análises estatísticas. A qualidade metodológica foi classificada em alta, moderada ou baixa. Resultados: 13.333 artigos foram encontrados nas bases de dados utilizadas. Após a aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade e remoção de duplicações, restaram apenas 41 artigos. 29 foram considerados de qualidade moderada e 12 de alta qualidade. A classificação quanto à confiabilidade variou de menos confiaveis, equivalentes e a mais confiaveis. Apresentando diferenças estatisticas em suas mensurações (p<0,05); sem significância clínica. Conclusão: os modelos ortodônticos digitais apresentaram mensurações acuradas, reprodutíveis e confiáveis quando comparado ao método convencional utilizando modelos de gesso.

Introduction: Digital models are an alternative for the use of orthodontic models in plaster. Due to its importance in the orthodontic dignified, it is necessary to ascertain the accuracy of the software of digital orthodontic models available in the market. Objective: To show which software of digital orthodontic models has greater reliability. Material and methods: A systematic search was performed in the following electronic databases: Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane, Gray Literature and Clinical Trials, with no limitations on year of publication or language. We included laboratory studies using digital orthodontic models, comparing them with orthodontic models of plaster through the evaluation of reliability through measurement techniques. After selection by title and abstract, potentially eligible articles have been read in full. The methodological quality and risk of bias of the included articles were evaluated according to the descriptions of the models, measurement techniques and statistical analyzes. The methodological quality was classified as high, moderate or low. Results: 13,333 articles were found in the databases used. After applying the eligibility criteria and removing duplicates, only 41 articles remained. 29 were considered of moderate quality and 12 of high quality. The ranking of digital models for reliability ranged from less reliable, equivalent, and more reliable. Presenting statistical differences in their measurements (p <0.05), without clinical significance. Conclusion: The measurements made in digital models can be as accurate, reproducible and reliable as the conventional method using plaster models.

The effect of hard tissue surgical changes on soft tissue displacement: a pilot CBCT study

ABSTRACT Introduction: This pilot study had as main objective to test the reliability of a new method to evaluate orthognathic surgery outcomes and also, to understand the effect of hard tissue changes on soft tissue displacement. Methods: The sample consisted of eight patients that underwent bimaxillary advancement and had CBCT at two time points (before surgery and 6-8 months follow-up). Voxel-based cranial base superimposition was used to register the scans. A different technique of iterative closest point (ICP) was used to measure and correlate the changes. The average displacement of 15 areas (4 hard tissue and 11 soft tissue) were measured twice. Results: ICC was > 0.99 for all areas. Changes in the tip of the nose did not correlate with changes in any maxillary area, whereas soft tissue A point, A point and upper lips had correlation with several areas. The highest correlation for the maxilla was between the upper lip and the left/right supra cheilion (p< 0.001, r= 0.91 and p< 0.001, r= 0.93, respectively). In the mandible, the majority of the correlations involved soft tissue pogonion, pogonion and lower incisors, with the strongest one between pogonion and lower incisors (p< 0.001, r= 0.98). Conclusion: With the proper case selection, ICP is a reliable method that can be used to assess three-dimensional changes.

RESUMO Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo piloto foi testar a confiabilidade de um novo método para avaliar os resultados da cirurgia ortognática e entender o efeito das alterações dos tecidos duros no deslocamento dos tecidos moles. Métodos: a amostra selecionada consistiu de oito pacientes submetidos a avanço bimaxilar que possuíam TCFC em dois períodos de tempo (antes da cirurgia e de 6 a 8 meses após a cirurgia). A sobreposição da base do crânio pelo método voxel-based foi utilizada para registrar as varreduras, enquanto uma técnica diferente, de ponto iterativo mais próximo (ICP), foi usada para medir e correlacionar as mudanças. O deslocamento médio de 15 áreas (4 em tecidos duros e 11 em tecidos moles) foi mensurado duas vezes. Resultados: o ICC foi > 0,99 para todas as áreas. As alterações da ponta do nariz não se correlacionaram com alterações em qualquer área da maxila, enquanto o ponto A em tecido mole, o ponto A e os lábios superiores apresentaram correlação com várias áreas. A maior correlação para a maxila foi entre o lábio superior e a supracomissura esquerda/direita (p< 0,001, r = 0,91 e p< 0,001, r = 0,93, respectivamente). Na mandíbula, a maioria das correlações envolveu o pogônio em tecido mole, pogônio e incisivos inferiores, sendo a maior entre pogônio e incisivos inferiores (p< 0,001, r= 0,98). Conclusão: com a seleção adequada do caso, o ICP é um método confiável que pode ser utilizado para avaliar mudanças tridimensionais.

COMPARISON BETWEEN RENDERING 3D-CT AND TRANSPARENT 3D-CT IN ACL TUNNEL POSITIONING.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the transparent 3D computed tomography (CT) image protocol against conventional 3D-CT image-rendering protocol to assess femoral tunnel position in anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions . METHODS: Eight knee CT scans from cadavers were analyzed by image rendering 3D-CT protocol, using Rhinoceros(r) software. The central point of the ACL tunnel was set using the sagittal plane. Same CT scans were analyzed using transparent 3D-CT measurement protocol with OsiriX(r) software. Central point of the ACL tunnel was set using sagittal, coronal and axial planes. The grid system described by Bernard and Hertel was used to compare tunnel positions between protocols, using height and length parameters . RESULTS: There was a significant difference between measurements using image rendering 3D-CT and transparent 3D-CT protocol for height (23.8 ± 7.9mm and 33.0 ± 5.0mm, respectively; p=0.017) and no differences for length (18.6 ± 4.2mm and 18.3 ± 4.5mm, respectively; p=0.560) . CONCLUSION: Height in transparent CT protocol was different and length was the same as compared to 3D-CT rendering protocol in Bernard and Hertel method for tunnel measurements. Level of Evidence II, Descriptive Laboratory Study.

OBJETIVO: Comparar o protocolo de tomografia computadorizada (TC) 3D por transparência com o protocolo TC-3D por renderização de imagem na avaliação do posicionamento de túneis femorais na reconstrução anatômica do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) . MÉTODO: Oito TC de joelho de cadáveres foram analisadas pelo protocolo de renderização de imagem 3D-TC utilizando o software Rhinoceros(r). O ponto central do túnel do LCA foi definido pelo plano sagital. As mesmas tomografias foram analisadas pelo protocolo 3D-TC por transparência, com o software OsiriX(r). O ponto central do túnel do LCA foi definido pelos planos sagital, coronal e axial. O sistema de grade de Bernard e Hertel foi utilizado para comparar a posição dos túneis entre os protocolos, utilizando parâmetros para comprimento e altura.. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença significativa entre as medidas dos protocolos de renderização de imagem 3D-TC e 3D-TC por transparência para altura (23,8 ± 7,9mm e 33,0 ± 5,0mm, respectivamente; p=0,017), sem diferenças para comprimento (18,6 ± 4,2mm e 18,3 ± 4,5mm, respectivamente; p=0,560) . CONCLUSÃO: A altura no protocolo de TC por transparência foi diferente e o comprimento foi igual quando comparados com o protocolo 3D-TC por renderização de imagem no método de Bernard e Hertel para mensuração dos túneis. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo Laboratorial Descritivo.

COMPARISON BETWEEN RENDERING 3D-CT AND TRANSPARENT 3D-CT IN ACL TUNNEL POSITIONING / COMPARAÇÃO ENTRE 3D-TC POR RENDERIZAÇÃO E 3D-TC POR TRANSPARÊNCIA NO POSICIONAMENTO DE TÚNEIS DO LCA

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the transparent 3D computed tomography (CT) image protocol against conventional 3D-CT image-rendering protocol to assess femoral tunnel position in anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions . Methods: Eight knee CT scans from cadavers were analyzed by image rendering 3D-CT protocol, using Rhinoceros(r) software. The central point of the ACL tunnel was set using the sagittal plane. Same CT scans were analyzed using transparent 3D-CT measurement protocol with OsiriX(r) software. Central point of the ACL tunnel was set using sagittal, coronal and axial planes. The grid system described by Bernard and Hertel was used to compare tunnel positions between protocols, using height and length parameters . Results: There was a significant difference between measurements using image rendering 3D-CT and transparent 3D-CT protocol for height (23.8 ± 7.9mm and 33.0 ± 5.0mm, respectively; p=0.017) and no differences for length (18.6 ± 4.2mm and 18.3 ± 4.5mm, respectively; p=0.560) . Conclusion: Height in transparent CT protocol was different and length was the same as compared to 3D-CT rendering protocol in Bernard and Hertel method for tunnel measurements. Level of Evidence II, Descriptive Laboratory Study.

RESUMO Objetivo Comparar o protocolo de tomografia computadorizada (TC) 3D por transparência com o protocolo TC-3D por renderização de imagem na avaliação do posicionamento de túneis femorais na reconstrução anatômica do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) . Método: Oito TC de joelho de cadáveres foram analisadas pelo protocolo de renderização de imagem 3D-TC utilizando o software Rhinoceros(r). O ponto central do túnel do LCA foi definido pelo plano sagital. As mesmas tomografias foram analisadas pelo protocolo 3D-TC por transparência, com o software OsiriX(r). O ponto central do túnel do LCA foi definido pelos planos sagital, coronal e axial. O sistema de grade de Bernard e Hertel foi utilizado para comparar a posição dos túneis entre os protocolos, utilizando parâmetros para comprimento e altura. Resultados: Houve diferença significativa entre as medidas dos protocolos de renderização de imagem 3D-TC e 3D-TC por transparência para altura (23,8 ± 7,9mm e 33,0 ± 5,0mm, respectivamente; p=0,017), sem diferenças para comprimento (18,6 ± 4,2mm e 18,3 ± 4,5mm, respectivamente; p=0,560) . Conclusão: A altura no protocolo de TC por transparência foi diferente e o comprimento foi igual quando comparados com o protocolo 3D-TC por renderização de imagem no método de Bernard e Hertel para mensuração dos túneis. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo Laboratorial Descritivo.

Evaluation of the oropharynx in class I and II skeletal patterns by CBCT.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the dimensions of the oropharynx and its shape in the minimum cross-sectional area, in individuals with Class I and Class II skeletal patterns, using three-dimensional CBCT images. METHODS: Forty-two cone-beam computed tomography images of grown individuals were evaluated. The images were divided according to the patient's skeletal patterns. The dimensions of the oropharyngeal airway space were determined using the Dolphin Imaging software. RESULTS: The volume and the minimum cross-sectional area were greater in patients with a Class I skeletal pattern, with a median difference of 5379 mm3 and 86.8 mm2, respectively. The anteroposterior and lateral diameters in the minimum cross-sectional area were also higher in Class I individuals (2.3 and 6.0 mm, respectively), but the ratio between them was not different. CONCLUSIONS: The volume and the minimum cross-sectional area of the oropharynx, as well as the anteroposterior and lateral diameters, are lower in individuals with a class II skeletal pattern than in individuals with a class I skeletal pattern. There was no difference in the shape of the oropharynx in healthy individuals with different skeletal patterns.