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In the dynamic landscape of pharmaceutical advancements, the strategic application of active pharmaceutical ingredients to the skin through topical and transdermal routes has emerged as a compelling avenue for therapeutic interventions. This non-invasive approach has garnered considerable attention in recent decades, with numerous attempts yielding approaches and demonstrating substantial clinical potential. However, the formidable barrier function of the skin, mainly the confinement of drugs on the upper layers of the stratum corneum, poses a substantial hurdle, impeding successful drug delivery via this route. Ultradeformable vesicles/carriers (UDVs), positioned within the expansive realm of nanomedicine, have emerged as a promising tool for developing advanced dermal and transdermal therapies. The current review focuses on improving the passive dermal and transdermal targeting capacity by integrating functionalization groups by strategic surface modification of drug-loaded UDV nanocarriers. The present review discusses the details of case studies of different surface-modified UDVs with their bonding strategies and covers the recent patents and clinical trials. The design of surface modifications holds promise for overcoming existing challenges in drug delivery by marking a significant leap forward in the field of pharmaceutical sciences.
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Administración Cutánea , Portadores de Fármacos , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Absorción Cutánea , Piel , Humanos , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Piel/metabolismo , Absorción Cutánea/fisiología , Absorción Cutánea/efectos de los fármacos , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Animales , Nanopartículas/química , Propiedades de Superficie , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/administración & dosificación , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/química , Nanomedicina/métodosRESUMEN
Gene therapy is a revolutionary approach aimed at treating various diseases by manipulating the expression of specific genes. The composition and formulation of ultra-deformable vesicles play a crucial role in determining their properties and performance as siRNA delivery vectors. In the development of ultra-deformable vesicles for siRNA delivery, careful lipid selection and optimization are crucial for achieving desirable vesicle characteristics and efficient siRNA encapsulation and delivery. The stratum corneum acts as a protective barrier, limiting the penetration of molecules, including siRNA, into the deeper layers of the skin. Ultradeformable vesicles offer a promising solution to overcome this barrier and facilitate efficient siRNA delivery to target cells in the skin. The stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin, acts as a significant barrier to the penetration of siRNA.These engineering approaches enable the production of uniform and well-defined vesicles with enhanced deformability and improved siRNA encapsulation efficiency. Looking ahead, advancements in ultra-deformable vesicle design and optimization, along with continued exploration of combination strategies and regulatory frameworks, will further drive the field of ultra-deformable vesicle-based siRNA delivery.
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Aim: Present research work aimed to explore intravaginal route for the drug delivery for treatment of endometrial cancer (EC). Material & methods: Carboplatin (CBP)-loaded ultradeformable vesicle (CBP-UDV) was prepared and characterized for in vitro quality attributes and evaluated for its efficacy in rabbits using ultrasound imaging after intravaginal administration. Results & conclusion: The results showed that the formulation capable of carrying and localizing drug in uterus for prolonged period assisted by first uterine pass effect. Ultrasound imaging of the EC-induced rabbit model before and after treatment with CBP-UDV showed considerable regression in the EC tumor mass. The findings serve as the basis of successful utilization of the intravaginal route for management of EC by designing the formulation which can improve patient compliance.
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Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Neoplasias Endometriales , Humanos , Animales , Femenino , Conejos , Carboplatino , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Administración Intravaginal , Neoplasias Endometriales/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Objective: Aim of the present work was to optimize and formulate resveratrol loaded vesicular cream intended for dermal delivery of resveratrol with high skin deposition potential.Methods: Formulation was developed and optimized using Central Composite Design. Amount of phospholipid and sodium cholate were selected as critical material attributes and vesicle size and entrapment efficiency of resveratrol were taken as critical quality attributes. To increase the skin applicability and patient compliance, vesicles were further developed as vesicular cream which was then thoroughly characterized for physicochemical parameters, ex vivo skin permeation/deposition profile and antioxidant potential.Results: Vesicle size and entrapment efficiency of the optimized batch were found to be 178.9 ± 12.87 nm with 72.32 ± 3.45% respectively. Physicochemical properties and viscosity of cream formulation were also found to be favorable for skin applicability. Permeation flux at the end of 24 h was found to be 2.70 ± 0.73, 4.45 ± 0.56 and 4.95 ± 0.69 µg cm-2 h-1 for conventional cream, vesicular dispersion, and vesicular cream formulation respectively. Higher drug deposition in the skin via vesicular cream formulation was observed i.e. 335.2 ± 4.12 µg cm-2 (70.16 ± 0.87%) as compared to conventional cream i.e. 67.12 ± 19.63 µg cm-2 (14.05 ± 4.11%). Resveratrol encapsulated in vesicular cream has retained its inherent antioxidant activity suggesting the stability of resveratrol in vesicular cream.Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that deformable vesicular cream is capable of delivering encapsulated bioactive in deeper layers of skin, where it can be retained for achieving higher dermatological benefits.
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Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Antioxidantes/química , Pomadas/administración & dosificación , Pomadas/química , Resveratrol/administración & dosificación , Resveratrol/química , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Administración Cutánea , Animales , Química Farmacéutica/métodos , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Tamaño de la Partícula , Permeabilidad/efectos de los fármacos , Fosfolípidos/química , Absorción Cutánea/efectos de los fármacos , Porcinos , Viscosidad/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
In this work we present comprehensive research on the formation, stability and structural properties of oil-in-water (o/w) nanoemulsions with the ability for topical administration, penetration of the skin and acting as antifungal agents against C. albicans. The studied nanoemulsions were composed of different ratios of double-head - single-tail surfactants {1-bis{[3-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl]amido}alkane-di-N-oxides (Cn-MEDA), N,N-bis[3,3'-(dimethyl-amino)propyl]alkyl-amide di-N-oxides (Cn(DAPANO)2} and single-head - single-tail surfactants {2-(alkanoylamino)-ethyldimethyl-amine-N-oxides (Cn-EDA), and 3-(alkanoylamino) propyldimethylamine-N-oxides, (Cn-PDA)} added to the oil {isooctane IO, isopropyl myristate IPM or glyceryl monocaprylate GM as (O)} and to the water phase (W). The phase behavior of the systems was examined by a titration method. Morphology of the resulting colloids was characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, the particle size and size distributions determined by dynamic light scattering, and kinetic stability by multiple light scattering. While both surfactant types resulted in quite stable nanoemulsions, the systems formed using a single-headed one-tail surfactant were slightly more stable with GM or IPM. The microenvironmental properties of the nanoemulsions were studied by an electron paramagnetic resonance technique to distinguish the molecular dynamics of the different spin probes localized in the particular regions of the surfactant layers, depending on the surfactant structure and the system preparation. Skin permeation studies were performed to monitor transport through the skin, and changes in skin structure were followed using differential scanning calorimetry. Moreover, the activities of curcumin-loaded nanoemulsions stabilized by N-oxide surfactants against Candida albicans fungus were evaluated. To estimate in vitro efficacy, the suitability of an N-oxide nanoemulsion dressing against wound infection with biofilm C. albicans was assessed according to the Antibiofilm Dressing's Activity Measurement. We expect that the nanoemulsion formulations tested in this study will have potential for application as topical delivery systems for pharmaceutically active compounds in skin-related conditions.
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Candidiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Emulsiones/química , Nanopartículas/química , Óxidos/química , Enfermedades Cutáneas Infecciosas/tratamiento farmacológico , Tensoactivos/química , Animales , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Rastreo Diferencial de Calorimetría , Candida albicans/efectos de los fármacos , Candida albicans/crecimiento & desarrollo , Candida albicans/fisiología , Candidiasis/microbiología , Muerte Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Curcumina/farmacología , Fibroblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Fibroblastos/patología , Humanos , Cinética , Nanopartículas/ultraestructura , Tamaño de la Partícula , Piel/microbiología , Piel/patología , Absorción Cutánea/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades Cutáneas Infecciosas/microbiología , PorcinosRESUMEN
Transferosomes, also known as transfersomes, are ultradeformable vesicles for transdermal applications consisting of a lipid bilayer with phospholipids and an edge activator and an ethanol/aqueous core. Depending on the lipophilicity of the active substance, it can be encapsulated within the core or amongst the lipid bilayer. Compared to liposomes, transferosomes are able to reach intact deeper regions of the skin after topical administration delivering higher concentrations of active substances making them a successful drug delivery carrier for transdermal applications. Most transferosomes contain phosphatidylcholine (C18) as it is the most abundant lipid component of the cell membrane, and hence, it is highly tolerated for the skin, decreasing the risk of undesirable effects, such as hypersensitive reactions. The most common edge activators are surfactants such as sodium deoxycholate, Tween® 80 and Span® 80. Their chain length is optimal for intercalation within the C18 phospholipid bilayer. A wide variety of drugs has been successfully encapsulated within transferosomes such as phytocompounds like sinomenine or apigenin for rheumatoid arthritis and leukaemia respectively, small hydrophobic drugs but also macromolecules like insulin. The main factors to develop optimal transferosomal formulations (with high drug loading and nanometric size) are the optimal ratio between the main components as well as the critical process parameters for their manufacture. Application of quality by design (QbD), specifically design of experiments (DoE), is crucial to understand the interplay among all these factors not only during the preparation at lab scale but also in the scale-up process. Clinical trials of a licensed topical ketoprofen transferosomal gel have shown promising results in the alleviation of symptons in orthreothritis with non-severe skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders. However, the product was withdrawn from the market which probably was related to the higher cost of the medicine linked to the expensive manufacturing process required in the production of transferosomes compared to other conventional gel formulations. This example brings out the need for a careful formulation design to exploit the best properties of this drug delivery system as well as the development of manufacturing processes easily scalable at industrial level.
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Portadores de Fármacos/química , Desarrollo de Medicamentos/métodos , Membrana Dobles de Lípidos/química , Fosfolípidos/química , Piel/metabolismo , Administración Cutánea , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/administración & dosificación , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/economía , Antirreumáticos/administración & dosificación , Antirreumáticos/economía , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Permeabilidad de la Membrana Celular , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Portadores de Fármacos/economía , Composición de Medicamentos/economía , Composición de Medicamentos/métodos , Desarrollo de Medicamentos/economía , Etanol/química , Humanos , Interacciones Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Osteoartritis/tratamiento farmacológico , Piel/citología , Absorción Cutánea , Enfermedades de la Piel/tratamiento farmacológico , Tensoactivos/química , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
0.5-1% of the world's population is affected by vitiligo, a disease characterized by a gradual depigmentation of the skin. Baicalin and berberine are natural compounds with beneficial activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and proliferative effects. These polyphenols could be useful for the treatment of vitiligo symptoms, and their efficacy can be improved by loading in suitable carriers. The aim of this work was to formulate and characterize baicalin or berberine loaded ultradeformable vesicles, and demonstrate their potential as adjuvants in the treatment of vitiligo. The vesicles were produced using a previously reported simple, scalable method. Their morphology, size distribution, surface charge and entrapment efficiency were assessed. The ability of the vesicles to promote the permeation of the polyphenols was evaluated. The antioxidant and photoprotective effects were investigated in vitro using keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Further, the stimulation of melanin production and tyrosinase activity in melanocytes after treatment with the vesicles were assessed. Ultradeformable vesicles were small in size, homogeneously dispersed, and negatively charged. They were able to incorporate high amounts of baicalin and berberine, and promote their skin permeation. In fact, the polyphenols concentration in the epidermis was higher than 10%, which could be indicative of the formation of a depot in the epidermis. The vesicles showed remarkable antioxidant and photoprotective capabilities, presumably correlated with the stimulation of melanin production and tyrosinase activity. In conclusion, baicalin or berberine ultradeformable vesicles, and particularly their combination, may represent promising nanosystem-based adjuvants for the treatment of vitiligo symptoms.
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Antioxidantes/farmacología , Berberina/farmacología , Flavonoides/farmacología , Melaninas/biosíntesis , Melanocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Protectores Solares/farmacología , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Berberina/metabolismo , Línea Celular Transformada , Composición de Medicamentos/métodos , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Humanos , Queratinocitos/citología , Queratinocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Queratinocitos/metabolismo , Queratinocitos/efectos de la radiación , Liposomas/síntesis química , Melaninas/agonistas , Melanocitos/citología , Melanocitos/metabolismo , Melanocitos/efectos de la radiación , Monofenol Monooxigenasa/metabolismo , Permeabilidad , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/metabolismo , Absorción Cutánea , Electricidad Estática , Protectores Solares/metabolismo , Porcinos , Rayos Ultravioleta , Vitíligo/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
The topical efficacy of baicalin, a natural flavonoid isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which has several beneficial properties, such as antioxidative, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative, is hindered by its poor aqueous solubility and low skin permeability. Therefore, its incorporation into appropriate phospholipid vesicles could be a useful tool to improve its local activity. To this purpose, baicalin at increasing concentrations up to saturation, was incorporated in ultradeformable vesicles, which were small in size (â¼67nm), monodispersed (PI<0.19) and biocompatible, regardless of the concentration of baicalin, as confirmed by in vitro studies using fibroblasts. On the other hand, transdermal flux through human epidermis was concentration dependent. The in vivo results showed the significant anti-inflammatory activity of baicalin loaded nanovesicles irrespective of the concentration used, as they were able to reduce the skin damage induced by the phorbol ester (TPA) application, even in comparison with dexamethasone, a synthetic drug with anti-inflammatory properties. Overall results indicate that ultradeformable vesicles are promising nanosystems for the improvement of cutaneous delivery of baicalin in the treatment of skin inflammation.
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Dermatitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Dermatitis/metabolismo , Flavonoides/administración & dosificación , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Absorción Cutánea/efectos de los fármacos , Células 3T3 , Administración Cutánea , Adulto , Animales , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/fisiología , Dermatitis/patología , Portadores de Fármacos/administración & dosificación , Portadores de Fármacos/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Ratones , Persona de Mediana Edad , Absorción Cutánea/fisiologíaRESUMEN
1-(1-Naphthyl)piperazine (1-NPZ) has shown promising effects by inhibiting UV radiation-induced immunosuppression. Ultradeformable vesicles are recent advantageous systems capable of improving the (trans)dermal drug delivery. The aim of this study was to investigate 1-NPZ-loaded transethosomes (NPZ-TE) and 1-NPZ-loaded vesicles containing dimethyl sulfoxide (NPZ-DM) as novel delivery nanosystems, and to uncover their chemopreventive effect against UV-induced acute inflammation. Their physicochemical properties were evaluated as follows: vesicles size and zeta potential by dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering, respectively; vesicle deformability by pressure driven transport; rheological behavior by measuring viscosity and I-NPZ entrapment yield by HPLC. In vitro topical delivery studies were performed in order to evaluate the permeation profile of both formulations, whereas in vivo studies sought to assess the photoprotective effect of the selected formulation on irradiated hairless mice by measuring myeloperoxidase activity and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Either NPZ-TE or NPZ-DM exhibited positive results in terms of physicochemical properties. In vitro data revealed an improved permeation of 1-NPZ across pig ear skin, especially by NPZ-DM. In vivo studies demonstrated that NPZ-DM exposure was capable of preventing UVB-induced inflammation and blocking mediators of inflammation in mouse skin. The successful results here obtained encourage us to continue these studies for the management of inflammatory skin conditions that may lead to the development of skin cancers.
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Dermatitis/etiología , Piperazinas/administración & dosificación , Rayos Ultravioleta , Animales , Citocinas/metabolismo , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Pelados , Peroxidasa/metabolismo , PorcinosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The present study traces the development and characterization of the gel formulation of valsartan-loaded ultradeformable vesicles for management of hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The prepared gel formulation of ultradeformable vesicles was evaluated for in vitro skin permeation, release kinetics, skin irritation, pharmacokinetics, and stability. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The in vitro skin permeation study showed that the gel formulation of ultradeformable vesicles presented a flux value of 368.74 µg/cm(2)/h, in comparison to that of the traditional liposomal gel formulation, with an enhancement ratio of 26.91, through rat skin. The data for release kinetics showed that the release profile followed zero-order kinetics, and that the drug release mechanism was non-Fickian. The results of the skin irritation study demonstrated that the prepared formulation was safe, less irritant, and well-tolerated for transdermal delivery. The results of the pharmacokinetic study demonstrated that the AUC value of valsartan after transdermal administration was apparently increased. The formulation stored under a refrigerated condition showed greater stability, and results were found to be within the specification under storage conditions. CONCLUSION: It is evident from this study that the gel formulation of ultradeformable vesicles of valsartan is a promising delivery system for lipophilic drugs, and has reasonably good stability characteristics.
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Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Absorción Cutánea/efectos de los fármacos , Valsartán , Administración Tópica , Animales , Geles , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Valsartán/química , Valsartán/farmacocinética , Valsartán/farmacologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Ultradeformable vesicles are highly promising tools to enhance the percutaneous transport of different drugs such as tretinoin across the skin barrier and also to increase the formulation stability at absorption site and reduce the drug induced irritation. METHODS: Topical delivery of tretinoin-loaded ultradeformable vesicles (tretinoin-UDV) was evaluated concerning different studies, such as: the release and permeation profiles (tape stripping); skin penetration (fluorescence analysis); induced electrical changes in skin barrier properties; cytotoxicity (Trypan Blue assay) and skin irritation in in vivo conditions (Draize test). The novel formulation performance was also compared to a commercial tretinoin formulation regarding in vivo studies. RESULTS: It was obtained a sustained and controlled drug release, as expected for UDV formulation. In addition, a dermal delivery was observed regarding the permeation study since it was not detected any drug amount in the receptor phase after 24h. Nile Red-UDV stained intensively mostly in the stratum corneum, corroborating the tape stripping results. Tretinoin-UDV decreased skin resistance, suggesting its ability to induce skin barrier disruption. Finally, the formulation vehicle (empty UDV) and tretinoin-UDV were not toxic under in vitro and in vivo conditions, at least, at 5×10(-3)mg/mL and 0.5mg/mL of tretinoin, respectively. CONCLUSION: Tretinoin-UDV is a promising delivery system for tretinoin dermal delivery without promoting skin irritation (unlike other commercial formulations), which is quite advantageous for therapeutic purpose.
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Administración Tópica , Portadores de Fármacos , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Tretinoina/administración & dosificación , Línea Celular , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Química Farmacéutica , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Impedancia Eléctrica , Epidermis , Humanos , Queratinocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Luz , Liposomas/metabolismo , Nanotecnología , Oxazinas/química , Absorción Cutánea , Azul de Tripano/químicaRESUMEN
Transferosomes containing an anti-fungal agent were prepared by Rotary Flask Evaporation -Sonication method. Eight batches were prepared in triplicate and vesicle size of each batch was determined. Plackett-Burman Design was employed to identify significant formulation and process parameters affecting vesicle size. The amount of lipid and surfactant, volume of ethanol and hydration medium as well as hydration time significantly affect the vesicle size.