Glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto y factores de riesgo aterosclerótico: hallazgos por eco-Doppler orbitario / Primary open angle glaucoma and atherosclerotic risk factors: orbital echo-Doppler findings

Objetivo: Determinar los hallazgos por eco-Doppler orbitario en pacientes con glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto según factores de riesgo aterosclerótico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo y transversal en 300 órbitas de 150 pacientes con diagnóstico de glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto. A todos los casos se les realizó tonometría de contorno dinámico y tomografía de coherencia óptica. Se identificaron mediante interrogatorio y por el laboratorio clínico los factores de riesgo aterosclerótico: hipertensión arterial, tabaquismo, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, dislipidemia, obesidad y consumo excesivo de alcohol. Se les realizó ultrasonido orbitario y Doppler carotídeo, y solo en caso de resultar normales se procedió a evaluar mediante eco-Doppler las arterias oftálmica, central de la retina y ciliares posteriores temporales. Resultados: La edad media de los sujetos estudiados fue de 62,3 años. El 55,3 por ciento correspondió al sexo femenino y el 47,3 por ciento al color blanco de la piel. El número de factores de riesgo mostró una correlación lineal moderada, positiva y significativa con el índice de resistencia, mientras que con las velocidades dicha correlación resultó ser negativa. Todos los factores de riesgo expresaron efectos dañinos sobre la hemodinámica del flujo ocular, la presión intraocular y el grosor de las capas de fibras neurorretinianas temporales. Tras ajustar para la edad, esta negativa influencia continuó siendo relevante en la mayoría de los casos. Conclusiones: Los aspectos vasculares del glaucoma deben integrarse a la práctica clínica de esta afección, lo que ayudará a que el enfoque sea más completo, y redundará en un mejor pronóstico de la enfermedad(AU)

Objective: Determine the orbital echo-Doppler findings in patients with primary open angle glaucoma according to atherosclerotic risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional observational descriptive study was conducted of 300 orbits of 150 patients diagnosed with primary open angle glaucoma. All the cases underwent dynamic contour tonometry and optical coherence tomography. Interrogation and clinical laboratory testing led to identification of the following atherosclerotic risk factors: arterial hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus type 2, dyslipidemia, obesity and excessive alcohol consumption. Orbital and carotid Doppler ultrasounds were performed, and only if they were normal they would be followed by echo-Doppler evaluation of the ophthalmic, central retinal and posterior temporal ciliary arteries. Results: Mean age of the study subjects was 62.3 years. 55.3 percent were female and 47.3 percent had white skin. The number of risk factors showed a moderate, positive and significant linear correlation with the resistive index, and a negative correlation with the velocities. All the risk factors expressed harmful effects on ocular flow hemodynamics, intraocular pressure and the thickness of temporal neuroretinal fibers. After adjusting for age, this negative influence continued to be relevant in most cases. Conclusions: The vascular aspects of glaucoma should be incorporated into the clinical management of this condition. This will make the approach more thorough and help achieve a better diagnosis(AU)

Fall in the Proportion of Atherothrombotic Strokes During the Last Decade.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of subtypes of ischemic strokes, vascular risk factors and treatment prior to stroke between 1997 and 2018 in a single institution in Argentina. METHODS: Demographics, risk factors, medications and TOAST subtypes were assessed and compared in ischemic stroke patients admitted during two periods of time, 1997-2007 (P1) and 2008-2018 (P2). RESULTS: There were 2747 patients (64% men, aged 67 ±15 years), 920 subjects in P1 and 1827 in P2. Age and gender distribution did not change over time. Proportion of large artery atherothrombotic strokes decreased from 29% in P1 to 14% in P2 (p <0.0001) and small vessel strokes from 15% to 11% (p <0.05). Cardioembolic and undetermined strokes increased from 17 to 25% (p <0.0001) and from 30% to 41% (p <0.0001), respectively. There were no changes in stroke of other etiologies (9% in both periods). Detection of atrial fibrillation increased from 14% to 19% (p<0.001). Use of medications prior to stroke increased for aspirin from 27% to 45% (p <0.0001), for antihypertensive drugs from 26% to 62% (p <0.0001), for statins from 14% to 42% (p<0.0001) and for anticoagulants from 4% to 9% (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of strokes associated to large and small vessel atherosclerosis is declining in our population with an increase in the proportion of cardioembolic and undetermined strokes. Better management of risk factors and higher prevalence and/or better screening for atrial fibrillation could explain, at least in part, these findings.

Blood pressure control is not enough to normalize endothelial repair by progenitor cells.

Patients presenting with classical cardiovascular risk factors within acceptable or average value ranges often develop cardiovascular disease, suggesting that other risk factors need to be considered. Considering that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to endothelial repair, we investigated whether EPCs might be such a factor. We compared the ability of peripheral blood EPCs to attach to extracellular matrix proteins and to grow and function in culture, between controlled hypertensive patients exhibiting a Framingham score (FS) of <10% while showing severe vascular impairment (intima-media thickness/diameter, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, carotid and femoral atherosclerotic plaque presence; vulnerable group, N = 30) and those with an FS of ≥10% and scarce vascular changes (protected group, N = 30). When compared with vulnerable patients, protected patients had significantly higher early and late-EPC and early and late-tunneling nanotube (TNT) numbers. Significant negative associations were found between vascular damage severity and early EPC, late-EPC, or late-TNT numbers, whereas EPC or TNT numbers and patient characteristics or cardiovascular risk factors were not associated. Except for protected patients, in all controlled hypertensive patients, early and late-EPC and early and late-TNT counts were significantly lower than those in the normotensive subjects studied (N = 30). We found that the disparity in vascular status between patients presenting with both an FS of ≥10% and scarce vascular changes and those presenting with both an FS of <10% and severe vascular impairment is related to differences in peripheral blood EPC and TNT numbers. These observations support the role of EPCs as contributors to vascular injury repair and suggest that EPC numbers may be a potential cardiovascular risk factor to be included in the FS calculation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY As individuals who present with risk factors within acceptable or average value ranges often develop cardiovascular (CV) disease, it has been suggested that other CV risk factors need to be considered in addition to those that are commonly combined in the Framingham score (FS) to estimate the risk of general CV disease. We investigated whether peripheral endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) deserve to be considered. Here we report that EPCs and TNTs are significantly lower in controlled hypertensive patients versus normotensive subjects and that the disparity in vascular status between patients presenting with an FS of ≥10% with scarce vascular changes and those presenting with an FS of <10% with severe vascular impairment is related to differences in EPC and TNT numbers. These data point to EPC and TNT numbers as potential CV risk factors to be included in the FS calculation.

Sex Differences Among Participants in the Latin American Stroke Registry.

Background Reports on sex differences in stroke outcome and risk factors are scarce in Latin America. Our objective was to analyze clinical and prognostic differences according to sex among participants in the LASE (Latin American Stroke Registry). Methods and Results Nineteen centers across Central and South America compiled data on demographics, vascular risk factors, clinical stroke description, ancillary tests, and functional outcomes at short-term follow-up of patients included from January 2012 to January 2017. For the present study, all these variables were analyzed according to sex at hospital discharge. We included 4788 patients with a median in-hospital stay of 8 days (interquartile range, 5-8); 2677 were male (median age, 66 years) and 2111 female (median age, 60 years). Ischemic stroke occurred in 4293: 3686 as cerebral infarction (77%) and 607 as transient ischemic attack cases (12.7%); 495 patients (10.3%) corresponded to intracerebral hemorrhage. Poor functional outcome (modified Rankin scale, 3-6) was present in 1662 (34.7%) patients and 38.2% of women (P<0.001). Mortality was present in 6.8% of the registry, with 7.8% in women compared with 6.0% in men (P=0.01). Death and poor functional outcome for all-type stroke showed a higher risk in female patients (hazard ratio, 1.3, P=0.03; and hazard ratio, 1.1, P=0.001, respectively). Conclusions A worse functional outcome and higher mortality rates occurred in women compared with men in the LASE, confirming sex differences issues at short-term follow-up.

Efectividad y durabilidad de la endarterectomía carotidea a largo plazo / Effectiveness and durability of long-term carotid endarterectomy

Introducción: Los accidentes cerebrovasculares constituyen un problema de salud mundial con tendencia creciente; en la actualidad es la tercera causa de muerte. Objetivo: Describir la efectividad y durabilidad de la endarterectomía carotidea a largo plazo en la enfermedad carotidea extracraneal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, ambispectivo en 44 pacientes sometidos a un total de 52 endarterectomías carotideas realizadas en el servicio de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular del Hospital Docente Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras. A todos se les realizó un seguimiento clínico con ultrasonografía doppler. El período de tiempo analizado fue de ocho años. Se tuvo en cuenta las variables: sexo, edad, factores de riesgo asociados, categoría clínica, localización topográfica de las lesiones, complicaciones tardías, tiempo de permeabilidad y resultados posquirúrgicos. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino (68,2 por ciento). Las lesiones carotideas asintomáticas y sintomáticas representaron el 50 por ciento respectivamente. El hábito de fumar y la dislipidemia fueron los factores de riesgo más frecuentes. Hubo predominio de las complicaciones tardías (55,8 por ciento) con relevancia de la restenosis carotidea (n= 21). El tiempo promedio de permeabilidad primaria del sector revascularizado fue de cinco años. El 86,5 por ciento de los pacientes seguidos a largo plazo mostraron resultados posquirúrgicos satisfactorios al no presentar eventos neurológicos isquémicos o lesiones carotideas con repercusión hemodinámica. Conclusiones: La endarterectomía carotidea es un procedimiento seguro con baja morbilidad y mortalidad perioperatorias que garantiza una reducción significativa en las tasas de enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica en el seguimiento a largo plazo con baja incidencia de complicaciones vasculares y neurológicas tardías(AU)

Introduction: Cardiovascular events constitute a global health problem with a growing tendency. Nowadays, they represent the third cause of death. Objective: To describe the effectiveness and durability of long-term carotid endarterectomy in the extracranial carotid disease. Methods: A descriptive, ambispective study was conducted in 44 patients subjected to 52 carotid endarterectomies that were performed in the service of Angiology and Vascular Surgery of Hermanos Ameijeiras Teaching-Clinical- Surgical Hospital. A clinical follow-up was performed with Doppler ultrasonography to all the patients. The period analyzed was eight years. The variables considered were: sex, age, associated risk factors, clinical category, topographical localization of the lesions, late complications, time of permeability and postsurgical results. Results: Male sex predominated (68,2 percent). Asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid lesions represented 50 percent respectively. The smoking habit and dyslipidemia were the most common risk factors. There was predominance of late complications (55,8 percent) being notable the carotid restenosis (n = 21). The average time of primary permeability of the revascularized sector was five years. 86,5 percent of the patients followed in the long term showed satisfactory postsurgical results by not presenting ischemic neurological events or carotid lesions with hemodynamic impact. Conclusions: Carotid endarterectomy is a safe procedure with low morbidity and peri-operative mortality that ensures a significant reduction in ischemic cerebrovascular disease´s rates in long-term follow-up with low incidence of late vascular and neurological complications(AU)

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and neurological defects.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can be considered one of the most common causes of liver disease in our days and is regarded as one of the newest vascular risk factors for cerebrovascular and other neurological diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied a group of neurological outpatients, divided into two homogenous groups based on the presence or absence of NAFLD. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We testified an independent relationship between NAFLD and common vascular risk factors (age, sex, educational level, BMI, cholesterol and lipid assessment, Hb1ac). At the same time, we ascertained an independent relationship between NAFLD and more recently recognized vascular risk factors, such as lack of folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin D-OH25, and increased levels of homocysteine. Finally, we have documented that NAFLD showed worse executive and frontal functions, and behavioral changes, such as depressive mood and anxiety, and apathy.

Mexican-National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery-Stroke Registry: Results of a 25-Year Hospital-Based Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stroke has been scarcely studied in Latin America (LA). The Mexican Institute of Neurology Stroke Registry was established in 1990 as a prospective computer-based database to register data obtained from patients admitted with stroke. Using this data, we attempted to define the profile of risk factors and outcomes. METHODS: The demographic data, stroke description, ancillary tests, vascular risk factors, and modified Rankin scale (mRs) were registered. Ischemic stroke subtyping was based on the Trial of Org 10,172 of the Acute Stroke Treatment classification. We followed-up patients using multiple overlapping methods. Primary outcomes included mRs, recurrence, and death at 30 days and at the end of follow-up. RESULTS: We included 4,481 patients with a median follow-up of 27 months, (17,281 person-years follow-up). The mean age was 52.8 ± 18 years. There were 2,229 males (50%) included in the study. CI was present in 64.9%, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in 25.6%, and cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) in 6.3%. Hypertension was the major risk factor (46.5%). The most common cause of CI was atherosclerosis (27%). ICH was mainly hypertensive (58%), and 60% of CVT were puerperal. Overall, the mortality rate was 24.5%. The recurrence rate was 16.9%. Poor outcome (mRs ≥ 3) was found in 56.2% of patients. The best outcomes were observed in CVT patients (74.5% mRs ≤ 2), whereas 72.1% ICH patients had mRs ≥3. CONCLUSION: This is one of the largest hospital-based registries in LA and shows significant differences with other previously published registries, including a younger age, relatively less hypertension, and larger proportion of CVT. Poor functional outcome was common. This study adds to the understanding of geographic differences in stroke characteristics and outcomes.

Neurocognitive disorder in hypertensive patients. Heart-Brain Study.

The relation between hypertension and cognitive impairment is an undisputable fact. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment in hypertensive patients, to identify the most affected cognitive domain, and to observe the association with different parameters of hypertension and other vascular risk factors. A multicentre study was carried out, and 1281 hypertensive patients of both genders and ≥21 years of age were included. Data on the following parameters were obtained: cognitive status (Minimal Cognitive Examination), behavioural status (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), blood pressure, anthropometry, and biochemical profile. The average age was 60.2±13.5 years (71% female), and the educational level was 9.9±5.1 years. Global cognitive impairment was seen in 22.1%, executive dysfunction in 36.2%, and semantic memory impairment in 48.9%. Cognitive impairment was higher in males (36.8% vs. 30.06%) within both the 70-79-year-old and the ≥80-year-old (50% vs. 40%) age groups. Abnormal Clock Drawing Test results were related to high pulse pressure (p<0.0036), and abnormal Mini-Boston Naming Test results to both high systolic blood pressure (p<0.052) and pulse pressure (p<0.001). The treated/uncontrolled hypertensive group showed abnormal results both in the Mini Mental State Examination (OR, 0.73; p=0.036) and the Mini-Boston Naming Test (OR, 1.36; p=0.021). Among patients without cognitive impairment (MMSE >24), 29.4% presented executive dysfunction, and 41.5% semantic memory impairment. Cognitive impairment was higher in hypertensive patients than in the general population. Executive functions and semantic memory were the most affected cognitive domains. High systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure were associated with abnormal results in cognitive tests.

Estado nutricional y factores de riesgo vascular en pacientes ingresados en el Centro de Atención al Diabético de La Habana / Nutritional state and vascular risk factors of patients admitted to the Center of Diabetic Care in Havana

Introducción: la obesidad y la diabetes constituyen una asociación frecuente y letal, que a su vez, también se relacionan con otros factores que incrementan el riesgo cardiovascular. Objetivo: caracterizar el estado nutricional e identificar factores de riesgo vascular en personas con diabetes ingresadas en el Centro de Atención al Diabético de La Habana. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal. Se revisaron 1 916 historias clínicas, y las variables estudiadas fueron: tipo de diabetes, índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de la cintura, hipertensión arterial, tabaquismo, hipercolesterolemia, control glucémico y excreción urinaria de albúmina. Resultados: el 88,2 por ciento de los pacientes tenían diabetes tipo 2; de ellos, 74,5 por ciento eran sobrepeso u obesos, 62,5 por ciento tenían circunferencia de cintura incrementada, hipertensión el 67,2 por ciento, descontrol glucémico el 55,2 por ciento, hipercolesterolemia el 50,6 pr ciento, tabaquismo el 44,4 pore ciento y excreción urinaria de albúmina el 27,6 por ciento. El 11,8 por ciento tenía diabetes tipo 1, de ellos 66,4 por ciento eran normopesos; con descontrol glucémico 57,5 por ciento, con sobrepeso u obesidad 33,7 por ciento, con excreción urinaria de albúmina el 31,4 por ciento, con hipercolesterolemia el 29,9 por ciento, con tabaquismo el 28,7 por ciento, con hipertensión el 23,9 por ciento y el 21,2 por ciento tenía incrementada la circunferencia de la cintura. Conclusiones: la mayoría de los pacientes tenían diabetes tipo 2 y sobrepeso, con predominio de la obesidad abdominal. La asociación de varios factores de riesgo fue muy frecuente, independientemente del tipo de diabetes. Se deben diseñar estrategias efectivas para el tratamiento integral de la diabetes y los factores de riesgo asociados(AU)

Introduction: obesity and diabetes is a frequent and lethal association that, in turn, is related to other factors increasing the cardiovascular risks. Objective: to characterize the nutritional state and to identify vascular risk factors in diabetic persons who were admitted to the Center of Diabetic Care in Havana. Methods: cross-sectional and descriptive study that reviewed 1 916 medical histories and the studied variables were type of diabetes, body mass index, waist circumference, blood hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, glycemic control and urinary excretion of albumin. Results: in the study group, 88.2 percent of patients suffered type 2 diabetes, 74.5 percent of them was overweighed or obese; 62.5 percent had increased waist circumference; 67.2 percent were hypertensive; 55.2 percent had no glycemic control; 50.6 percent had hypercholesterolemia; 44.4 percent were smokers and 27.6 percent had urinary excretion of albumin. Type 1 diabetes was present in 11.8 percent ; 66.4 percent of the latter were normoweighed; 57.5 percent had no glycemic; 33.7 percent were overweighed or obese; 31.4 percent showed urinary excretion of albumin; 29.9 percent hypercholesterolemia; 28.7 percent were smokers and 23.9 percent hypertensive whereas 21.2 percent had increased waist circumference. Conclusions: most of patients had type 2 diabetes and overweight, with abdominal obesity. The association of several risk factors was very common, regardless of the type of diabetes. Effective strategies must be designed to treat diabetes and the associated risk factors in a comprehensive way(AU)

Estado nutricional y factores de riesgo vascular en pacientes ingresados en el Centro de Atención al Diabético de La Habana / Nutritional state and vascular risk factors of patients admitted to the Center of Diabetic Care in Havana

Introducción: la obesidad y la diabetes constituyen una asociación frecuente y letal, que a su vez, también se relacionan con otros factores que incrementan el riesgo cardiovascular. Objetivo: caracterizar el estado nutricional e identificar factores de riesgo vascular en personas con diabetes ingresadas en el Centro de Atención al Diabético de La Habana. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal. Se revisaron 1 916 historias clínicas, y las variables estudiadas fueron: tipo de diabetes, índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de la cintura, hipertensión arterial, tabaquismo, hipercolesterolemia, control glucémico y excreción urinaria de albúmina. Resultados: el 88,2 por ciento de los pacientes tenían diabetes tipo 2; de ellos, 74,5 por ciento eran sobrepeso u obesos, 62,5 por ciento tenían circunferencia de cintura incrementada, hipertensión el 67,2 por ciento, descontrol glucémico el 55,2 por ciento, hipercolesterolemia el 50,6 pr ciento, tabaquismo el 44,4 pore ciento y excreción urinaria de albúmina el 27,6 por ciento. El 11,8 por ciento tenía diabetes tipo 1, de ellos 66,4 por ciento eran normopesos; con descontrol glucémico 57,5 por ciento, con sobrepeso u obesidad 33,7 por ciento, con excreción urinaria de albúmina el 31,4 por ciento, con hipercolesterolemia el 29,9 por ciento, con tabaquismo el 28,7 por ciento, con hipertensión el 23,9 por ciento y el 21,2 por ciento tenía incrementada la circunferencia de la cintura. Conclusiones: la mayoría de los pacientes tenían diabetes tipo 2 y sobrepeso, con predominio de la obesidad abdominal. La asociación de varios factores de riesgo fue muy frecuente, independientemente del tipo de diabetes. Se deben diseñar estrategias efectivas para el tratamiento integral de la diabetes y los factores de riesgo asociados(AU)

Introduction: obesity and diabetes is a frequent and lethal association that, in turn, is related to other factors increasing the cardiovascular risks. Objective: to characterize the nutritional state and to identify vascular risk factors in diabetic persons who were admitted to the Center of Diabetic Care in Havana. Methods: cross-sectional and descriptive study that reviewed 1 916 medical histories and the studied variables were type of diabetes, body mass index, waist circumference, blood hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, glycemic control and urinary excretion of albumin. Results: in the study group, 88.2 percent of patients suffered type 2 diabetes, 74.5 percent of them was overweighed or obese; 62.5 percent had increased waist circumference; 67.2 percent were hypertensive; 55.2 percent had no glycemic control; 50.6 percent had hypercholesterolemia; 44.4 percent were smokers and 27.6 percent had urinary excretion of albumin. Type 1 diabetes was present in 11.8 percent ; 66.4 percent of the latter were normoweighed; 57.5 percent had no glycemic; 33.7 percent were overweighed or obese; 31.4 percent showed urinary excretion of albumin; 29.9 percent hypercholesterolemia; 28.7 percent were smokers and 23.9 percent hypertensive whereas 21.2 percent had increased waist circumference. Conclusions: most of patients had type 2 diabetes and overweight, with abdominal obesity. The association of several risk factors was very common, regardless of the type of diabetes. Effective strategies must be designed to treat diabetes and the associated risk factors in a comprehensive way(AU)

At the Heart of Brain Disorders - Preventing Cognitive Decline and Dementia.

Vascular risk factors are shared by heart and brain. Vascular brain injury (small vessel disease, stroke) alone or combined with neurodegenerative pathology (ß-amyloid depositions) brings about either cognitive decline and vascular dementia or Alzheimer's disease. Long-term exposure to vascular risk factors precedes the onset of neurocognitive diseases by one or two decades. Early detection and control of modifiable vascular risk factors seem to be the only current strategies to prevent cognitive impairment and dementia.

Psychiatrists' approach to vascular risk assessment in Latin America.

AIM: To explore the way in which Latin American psychiatrists approach the screening of vascular risk factors in patients receiving antipsychotic medication. METHODS: This was a descriptive, cross sectional study that surveyed Latin-American physicians to evaluate differences between groups divided in three main sections. The first section included demographic and professional data. The second section asked about the available medical resources: weighing scales, sphygmomanometer and measuring tape. Finally, the third section aimed at looking into the attitudes towards cardiovascular prevention. The latter was also divided into two subsections. In the first one, the questions were about weight, blood pressure and waist perimeter. In the second subsection the questions asked about the proportion of patients: (1) that suffered from overweight and/or obesity; (2) whose lipids and glycemia were controlled by the physician; (3) that were questioned by, and received information from the physician about smoking; and (4) that received recommendations from the physician to engage in regular physical activity. The participants were physicians, users of the medical website Intramed. The visitors were recruited by a banner that invited them to voluntarily access an online self-reported structured questionnaire with multiple options. RESULTS: We surveyed 1185 general physicians and 792 psychiatrists. Regarding basic medical resources, a significantly higher proportion of general physicians claimed to have weighing scales (χ(2) = 404.9; P < 0.001), sphygmomanometers (χ(2) = 419.3; P < 0.001), and measuring tapes (χ(2) = 336.5; P < 0.001). While general physicians measured overweight and metabolic indexes in the general population in a higher proportion than in patients treated with antipsychotics (Z = -11.91; P < 0.001), psychiatrists claimed to measure them in patients medicated with antipsychotics in a higher proportion than in the general population (Z = -3.26; P < 0.001). Also general physicians tended to evaluate smoking habits in the general population more than psychiatrists (Z = -7.02; P < 0.001), but psychiatrists evaluated smoking habits in patients medicated with antipsychotics more than general physicians did (Z = -2.25; P = 0.024). General physicians showed a significantly higher tendency to control blood pressure (χ(2) = 334.987; P < 0.001), weight (χ(2) = 435.636; P < 0.001) and waist perimeter (χ(2) = 96.52; P < 0.001) themselves and they did so in all patients. General physicians suggested physical activity to all patients more frequently (Z = -2.23; P = 0.026), but psychiatrists recommended physical activity to patients medicated with antipsychotics more frequently (Z = -7.53; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Psychiatrists usually check vascular risk factors in their patients, especially in those taking antipsychotics. General practitioners check them routinely without paying special attention to this population.

Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en usuarios de un programa comunitario de actividad f¡sica / Quality of life related to users of a communitary health program of phycal activity

Introducción:en Colombia existen pocos es- tudios que den cuenta de la percepción de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) en usuarios de los programas de actividad física (AF). Objetivo: determinar la percepción de CVRS de los usuarios de un programa de AF en un municipio colombiano. Metodología:estudio transversal descriptivo. Participaron 1076 suje- tos, con promedio edad 56,6 años DE 12,8; el 88,3% mujeres. Se evaluaron variables socio- demográficas, factores de riesgo cardiovascular, niveles de AF y la percepción de la CVRS. Se realizó el análisis univariado, bivariado (U de Mann-whitney y Kruskal Wallis) y multivariado exploratorio (regresión lineal). Significancia estadística p<0,05. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1076 participantes, promedio edad 56,6 anos DE 12,8; el 88,3% mujeres. Los puntajes de CVRS variaron entre 65 y 70,2 con valores m s bajos en la dimension “ambiental” y mas alta en la “fisica”. Las variables que se asociaron a deterioro de la percepcion de CVRS fueron: dimension “fisica” (ser hombre, mayor edad, educacion baja, viudo, desempleado, fumar, ser hipertenso y tener diabetes mellitus); dimension psicologica (mayor edad, educacion baja, desempleado, fumador; dimension “social” (educacion baja); dimension “ambiental” (vivir en  area rural, educacion baja, desempleado y obesidad por % de grasa). Conclusion: La percepcion de CVRS se deteriora con variables sociodemograficas como el ser hombre, tener mayor edad, poseer un bajo nivel educativo, estar desempleado y padecer enfermedades como el tabaquismo, la hipertension arterial y la diabetes mellitus, con mayor afectacion en las dimensiones fisica y psicologica.

Introduction: There are in Colombia a few studies that give an account of Health- Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) in the programs of physical activity (PA) users. Objective: To determine the HRQOL perception among users of a PA program within a Colombian town. Methodology: transversal, descriptive study. Socio-demographic variables were evaluated, cardio-vascular risk factors, levels of PA and HRQOL perception. Univariate analysis were done, bivariate (U of Mann – whitney and Kruskal Wallis) and exploratory multivariate (lineal regression). Statistical significance p ˂0,05. Results: 1076 participants were included, average 56,6 years of age SD 12,8; 88.3% were women. The HRQOL scores varied between 65 and 70,2 with lower values among the environment dimension and the highest on the physical. The associated variables to the decline of the HRQOL perception were: physical dimension (to a man, adult, low educational background, widower, unemployed, smoker, hypertensive, and to have diabetes mellitus); psychological dimension (adult, low educational background, unemployed, smoker); social dimension (low educational background); environmental dimension (to live in a rural area, low educational background, unemployed and obesity percentage of fat). Conclusion: The HRQOL perception decayed with socio-demographic variables like to a man, being an adult, to have a low educational background, being an unemployed and to suffer from illnesses like smoking, high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus, affecting the physical and psychological dimensions.

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms (NPS) in patients with pure Vascular Dementia (VaD) and Mixed Dementia (MD) from a memory outpatient clinic in southeast Brazil / Sintomas Cognitivos e Psicológicos nas Demências (SCPD) em pacientes com demência vascular isolada ou demência mista em ambulatório especializado no sudeste do Brasil

Vascular Dementia (VaD) and Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI) are increasingly common worldwide. Nevertheless, the clinical-neuropsychiatric profile of these patients at presentation is still poorly characterized in developing countries. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to characterize the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms, as well as the clinical and cognitive profile of patients with VaD and VCI in our tertiary University outpatient cognitive clinic. METHODS: We reviewed data on 253 patients diagnosed with VaD or VCI at our center between January 1996 and December 2005, located in an industrial region of the state of Sao Paulo, southeast Brazil. We excluded 19 patients who did not complete the medical investigation or who did not meet the clinical or neuroimaging criteria for vascular dementia. We collected socio-demographic data, educational level, vascular risk factors, behavioral and neuropsychological symptoms and cognitive complaints at presentation. RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty-four cases were included in this analysis. The mean age was 67.77±10.35 years; 72% were males and 82% had less than four years of education (average 2.84±2.96 years). The initial Clinical Dementia Rating score was 2 & 3 in 68%. A total of 185 patients had neuropsychiatric symptoms distributed in main categories as follows: psychosis (52.6%), hallucinations (23.5%), psychomotor agitation (22.5%), depression (17.5%) and apathy (17.5%). Hypertension and previous stroke were the most prevalent risk factors. CONCLUSION: We found a high prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms. The clinical-neuropsychiatric profile of patients presenting to cognitive clinics in developing countries may differ greatly to that of more developed nations. These characteristics may have implications for public health strategies.

Demência Vascular (DV) e comprometimento cognitivo vascular (CCV) são diagnósticos cada vez mais relatados em todos os continentes. Entretanto, o perfil dos sintomas comportamentais e psicológicos das demências (SCPD) nos pacientes com DV é ainda pouco descrito e caracterizado, nos países em desenvolvimento. OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência dos SCPD, o perfil de manifestações neuropsiquiátricas e cognitivas, nos pacientes com DV no ambulatório de Neurologia Cognitiva e Comportamental (ANCC), do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo em Ribeirão Preto (HCRP-FMUSP). MÉTODOS: Revisamos os prontuários de 253 pacientes diagnosticados com DV ou CCV atendidos entre janeiro de 1996 e dezembro de 2005. Excluímos 19 pacientes que não completaram a investigação diagnóstica, não preencheram os critérios clínicos do DSM-IV, e neuroimagem não disponível para análise. Coletamos dados sócio-demográficos, nível de escolaridade, fatores de risco vascular, e SCPD da consulta de admissão. RESULTADOS: 234 pacientes foram incluídos nesta análise. A idade média global foi de 67,77±10,35; com 38% de mulheres; escolaridade de 2,84±2,96 anos; MEEM inicial 13,22±7,00, e 68% de CDR 2 & 3. 79% de pacientes com SCPD foram divididos nas seguintes categorias: psicose (52,6%), alucinações (23,5%), agitação (22,2%), depressão (17,5%) e apatia (17,5%) foram às manifestações mais prevalentes. Hipertensão Arterial e AVC prévio foram os fatores de risco de maior prevalência. CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se elevada prevalência de SCPD em DV. O perfil destas alterações neuropsiquiátricas na DV mostrou uma tendência na direção de sintomatologia psicótica, devendo ser objeto de mais pesquisas, pois os padrões em nações desenvolvidas podem ser substancialmente diferentes.

Epidemiología de los factores de riesgo vascular en mujeres climatéricas: Experiencia de un consultorio multidisciplinario de climaterio en un hospital público de Buenos Aires / Epidemiology of Vascular Risk Factors in Climacteric Women.: Experience of a Multidisciplinary Climacteric Clinic at a Public Hospital in Buenos Aires

Introducción En las mujeres, la aparición de eventos vasculares se incrementa luego de la menopausia. Para disminuir su impacto en relación con la morbimortalidad, se deben detectar y controlar los factores de riesgo vascular. Objetivos Analizar los factores de riesgo vascular en mujeres climatéricas. Investigar las diferencias de estos factores entre las premenopáusicas y las posmenopáusicas. Evaluar la presencia de hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus y/o dislipidemia en asociación con la edad y/o la posmenopausia. Material y métodos Estudio de corte transversal de mujeres que consultaron consecutivamente al Consultorio Multidisciplinario de Climaterio entre 2004 y 2009 por síntomas relacionados con alteraciones y/o cese de la menstruación. Se evaluaron: edad, presión arterial, perímetro de la cintura (PC), índice de masa corporal (IMC), glucemia, colesterol total, C-HDL, C-LDL, triglicéridos, síndrome metabólico (SM), sedentarismo, tabaquismo (TBQ) y síntomas depresivos. Resultados Se analizaron 440 mujeres, edad 51,4 ± 5,2 años, mediana 51,0 años; el 62,5% eran posmenopáusicas. Se halló hipertensión arterial en el 22,1%, diabetes mellitus en el 4,2%, colesterol total = 200 mg/dl en el 67,7%, C-HDL < 50 mg/dl en el 20,6%, hipertrigliceridemia en el 28,5%, PC > 88 cm en el 45,0%, PC > 80 cm en el 75,1%, IMC > 25 en el 64,5%, SM en el 19,4%, sedentarismo en el 51,7%, TBQ en el 22,5% y síntomas depresivos en el 69,8%. Las posmenopáusicas tuvieron más colesterol total y menor peso. Aquellas con más de 5 años de amenorrea presentaron mayor colesterol total y mayor peso. Las fumadoras fueron más jóvenes. La hipertensión arterial, la diabetes mellitus y la dislipidemia se asociaron con la mayor edad y no con la posmenopausia. Conclusiones Se observaron prevalencias elevadas de dislipidemia, sobrepeso, sedentarismo y síntomas depresivos. La hipertensión arterial, la diabetes mellitus y la dislipidemia se asociaron con el envejecimiento.

Background Cardiovascular events in women increase after menopause. In order to reduce their impact on morbidity and mortality, vascular risk factors should be detected and controlled. Objectives The aim of the study was to analyze cardiovascular risk factors in climacteric women comparing differences between pre and postmenopausal women, and to evaluate the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and/or dyslipidemia in association with age and/or postmenopause. Methods This crosssectional study included all the women who consecutively attended the Multidisciplinary Climacteric Clinic for symptoms related to alterations and/or cessation of menstruation between 2004 and 2009. Age, blood pressure, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides, metabolic syndrome (MS), sedentarism, smoking and depression symptoms were evaluated. Results A total of 440 women, 62.5% postmenopausal, with mean age 51.4 ± 5.2 years, and median age 51.0 years were analyzed. Hypertension was found in 22.1% of women, diabetes in 4.2%, total cholesterol = 200 mg/dL in 67.7%, HDL-C < 50 mg/dL in 20.6%, hypertriglyceridemia in 28.5%, WC > 88 cm in 45.0%, WC > 80 cm in 75.1%, BMI > 25 in 64.5%, MS in 19.4%, seden-tarism in 51.7%, smoking in 22.5% and depression symptoms in 69.8%. Postmenopausal women had higher total cholesterol levels and lower weight. Those with more than 5 years of amenorrhea had both higher total cholesterol and weight. Smokers were younger. Hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia were associated with older age but not with postmenopause. Conclusions Dyslipidemia, overweight, sedentarism and depression symptoms were prevalent across all groups. Hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia were associated with aging.

Epidemiología de los factores de riesgo vascular en mujeres climatéricas: Experiencia de un consultorio multidisciplinario de climaterio en un hospital público de Buenos Aires / Epidemiology of Vascular Risk Factors in Climacteric Women.: Experience of a Multidisciplinary Climacteric Clinic at a Public Hospital in Buenos Aires

Introducción En las mujeres, la aparición de eventos vasculares se incrementa luego de la menopausia. Para disminuir su impacto en relación con la morbimortalidad, se deben detectar y controlar los factores de riesgo vascular. Objetivos Analizar los factores de riesgo vascular en mujeres climatéricas. Investigar las diferencias de estos factores entre las premenopáusicas y las posmenopáusicas. Evaluar la presencia de hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus y/o dislipidemia en asociación con la edad y/o la posmenopausia. Material y métodos Estudio de corte transversal de mujeres que consultaron consecutivamente al Consultorio Multidisciplinario de Climaterio entre 2004 y 2009 por síntomas relacionados con alteraciones y/o cese de la menstruación. Se evaluaron: edad, presión arterial, perímetro de la cintura (PC), índice de masa corporal (IMC), glucemia, colesterol total, C-HDL, C-LDL, triglicéridos, síndrome metabólico (SM), sedentarismo, tabaquismo (TBQ) y síntomas depresivos. Resultados Se analizaron 440 mujeres, edad 51,4 ± 5,2 años, mediana 51,0 años; el 62,5% eran posmenopáusicas. Se halló hipertensión arterial en el 22,1%, diabetes mellitus en el 4,2%, colesterol total = 200 mg/dl en el 67,7%, C-HDL < 50 mg/dl en el 20,6%, hipertrigliceridemia en el 28,5%, PC > 88 cm en el 45,0%, PC > 80 cm en el 75,1%, IMC > 25 en el 64,5%, SM en el 19,4%, sedentarismo en el 51,7%, TBQ en el 22,5% y síntomas depresivos en el 69,8%. Las posmenopáusicas tuvieron más colesterol total y menor peso. Aquellas con más de 5 años de amenorrea presentaron mayor colesterol total y mayor peso. Las fumadoras fueron más jóvenes. La hipertensión arterial, la diabetes mellitus y la dislipidemia se asociaron con la mayor edad y no con la posmenopausia. Conclusiones Se observaron prevalencias elevadas de dislipidemia, sobrepeso, sedentarismo y síntomas depresivos. La hipertensión arterial, la diabetes mellitus y la dislipidemia se asociaron con el envejecimiento.(AU)

Background Cardiovascular events in women increase after menopause. In order to reduce their impact on morbidity and mortality, vascular risk factors should be detected and controlled. Objectives The aim of the study was to analyze cardiovascular risk factors in climacteric women comparing differences between pre and postmenopausal women, and to evaluate the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and/or dyslipidemia in association with age and/or postmenopause. Methods This crosssectional study included all the women who consecutively attended the Multidisciplinary Climacteric Clinic for symptoms related to alterations and/or cessation of menstruation between 2004 and 2009. Age, blood pressure, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides, metabolic syndrome (MS), sedentarism, smoking and depression symptoms were evaluated. Results A total of 440 women, 62.5% postmenopausal, with mean age 51.4 ± 5.2 years, and median age 51.0 years were analyzed. Hypertension was found in 22.1% of women, diabetes in 4.2%, total cholesterol = 200 mg/dL in 67.7%, HDL-C < 50 mg/dL in 20.6%, hypertriglyceridemia in 28.5%, WC > 88 cm in 45.0%, WC > 80 cm in 75.1%, BMI > 25 in 64.5%, MS in 19.4%, seden-tarism in 51.7%, smoking in 22.5% and depression symptoms in 69.8%. Postmenopausal women had higher total cholesterol levels and lower weight. Those with more than 5 years of amenorrhea had both higher total cholesterol and weight. Smokers were younger. Hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia were associated with older age but not with postmenopause. Conclusions Dyslipidemia, overweight, sedentarism and depression symptoms were prevalent across all groups. Hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia were associated with aging.(AU)

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms (NPS) in patients with pure Vascular Dementia (VaD) and Mixed Dementia (MD) from a memory outpatient clinic in southeast Brazil.

Vascular Dementia (VaD) and Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI) are increasingly common worldwide. Nevertheless, the clinical-neuropsychiatric profile of these patients at presentation is still poorly characterized in developing countries. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to characterize the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms, as well as the clinical and cognitive profile of patients with VaD and VCI in our tertiary University outpatient cognitive clinic. METHODS: We reviewed data on 253 patients diagnosed with VaD or VCI at our center between January 1996 and December 2005, located in an industrial region of the state of Sao Paulo, southeast Brazil. We excluded 19 patients who did not complete the medical investigation or who did not meet the clinical or neuroimaging criteria for vascular dementia. We collected socio-demographic data, educational level, vascular risk factors, behavioral and neuropsychological symptoms and cognitive complaints at presentation. RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty-four cases were included in this analysis. The mean age was 67.77±10.35 years; 72% were males and 82% had less than four years of education (average 2.84±2.96 years). The initial Clinical Dementia Rating score was 2 & 3 in 68%. A total of 185 patients had neuropsychiatric symptoms distributed in main categories as follows: psychosis (52.6%), hallucinations (23.5%), psychomotor agitation (22.5%), depression (17.5%) and apathy (17.5%). Hypertension and previous stroke were the most prevalent risk factors. CONCLUSION: We found a high prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms. The clinical-neuropsychiatric profile of patients presenting to cognitive clinics in developing countries may differ greatly to that of more developed nations. These characteristics may have implications for public health strategies.

Demência Vascular (DV) e comprometimento cognitivo vascular (CCV) são diagnósticos cada vez mais relatados em todos os continentes. Entretanto, o perfil dos sintomas comportamentais e psicológicos das demências (SCPD) nos pacientes com DV é ainda pouco descrito e caracterizado, nos países em desenvolvimento. OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência dos SCPD, o perfil de manifestações neuropsiquiátricas e cognitivas, nos pacientes com DV no ambulatório de Neurologia Cognitiva e Comportamental (ANCC), do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo em Ribeirão Preto (HCRP-FMUSP). MÉTODOS: Revisamos os prontuários de 253 pacientes diagnosticados com DV ou CCV atendidos entre janeiro de 1996 e dezembro de 2005. Excluímos 19 pacientes que não completaram a investigação diagnóstica, não preencheram os critérios clínicos do DSM-IV, e neuroimagem não disponível para análise. Coletamos dados sócio-demográficos, nível de escolaridade, fatores de risco vascular, e SCPD da consulta de admissão. RESULTADOS: 234 pacientes foram incluídos nesta análise. A idade média global foi de 67,77±10,35; com 38% de mulheres; escolaridade de 2,84±2,96 anos; MEEM inicial 13,22±7,00, e 68% de CDR 2 & 3. 79% de pacientes com SCPD foram divididos nas seguintes categorias: psicose (52,6%), alucinações (23,5%), agitação (22,2%), depressão (17,5%) e apatia (17,5%) foram às manifestações mais prevalentes. Hipertensão Arterial e AVC prévio foram os fatores de risco de maior prevalência. CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se elevada prevalência de SCPD em DV. O perfil destas alterações neuropsiquiátricas na DV mostrou uma tendência na direção de sintomatologia psicótica, devendo ser objeto de mais pesquisas, pois os padrões em nações desenvolvidas podem ser substancialmente diferentes.

Factores pronósticos de recuperación funcional en pacientes con infarto cerebral crónico de territorio carotídeo / Prognostic factors of functional recovery in patients with chronic cerebral infarction of carotid part

Introducción: Se realizó un estudio observacional prospectivo de los pacientes con diagnóstico de infarto cerebral de territorio vascular carotídeo, de perfil crónico, que ingresaron en la Clínica de Lesiones Estáticas Encefálicas del Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica. Objetivo: Determinar el pronóstico de recuperación funcional en pacientes con infarto cerebral, en tratamiento de rehabilitación intensivo, Métodos: Se estudiaron 80 pacientes del Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica (año 2007-2010), durante 4 sem. Se crearon 2 grupos, según la presencia de recuperación funcional, utilizando el índice de Barthel. Se realizaron comparaciones según edad, sexo, factores de riesgo vascular y condición neurológica y funcional inicial. Resultados: La edad promedio de los casos recuperados fue de 58,04 años (±12,18), superior a la de los casos no recuperados, de 51,09 a±os (±11,19) (t pareada p= 0,01), El sexo y los factores de riesgo no mostraron asociación con la recuperación funcional (X² p= 0,05). La recuperación funcional resultó significativa para pacientes moderados según la escala escandinava para ictus (36,73 por ciento X²p= 0,000) y severos según índice de Barthel (51,02 por ciento X²p= 0,000). Conclusión: La condición neurológica y funcional constituye un buen predictor de respuesta al tratamiento(AU)

Introduction: An observational and prospective study was done to the patients with diagnostic of chronic cerebral infarction of carotid vascular part, which were studied at the Clinic of Statics Encefalic Injury from the International Center Neurological Restoration. Objective: To determine the functional recovery prognosis in patients presenting with cerebral infarction under intensive rehabilitation treatment. Methods: Eighty patients were studied from the International Center of Neurological Restoration (2007-2010) for 4 weeks. Two groups were created according to presence of a functional recovery using the Barthel index. Comparisons according to age, sex, vascular risk factors and the neurological and functional initial condition were made. Results: The mean age of recovered cases was of 58,04 years (±11,19) (matched t p= 0.01). Sex and risk factors have not association with the functional recovery (X² p= 0,05). The functional recovery was significant for moderate patients according the Scandinavian scale for ictus (36,73 percent X² p= 0,000) y severe according the Arthel index (51,02 percent X² p= 0,000). Conclusion: The neurological and functional condition is a good predictor of the response to treatment(AU)

Factores pronósticos de recuperación funcional en pacientes con infarto cerebral crónico de territorio carotídeo / Prognostic factors of functional recovery in patients with chronic cerebral infarction of carotid part

Introducción: Se realizó un estudio observacional prospectivo de los pacientes con diagnóstico de infarto cerebral de territorio vascular carotídeo, de perfil crónico, que ingresaron en la Clínica de Lesiones Estáticas Encefálicas del Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica. Objetivo: Determinar el pronóstico de recuperación funcional en pacientes con infarto cerebral, en tratamiento de rehabilitación intensivo, Métodos: Se estudiaron 80 pacientes del Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica (año 2007-2010), durante 4 sem. Se crearon 2 grupos, según la presencia de recuperación funcional, utilizando el índice de Barthel. Se realizaron comparaciones según edad, sexo, factores de riesgo vascular y condición neurológica y funcional inicial. Resultados: La edad promedio de los casos recuperados fue de 58,04 años (±12,18), superior a la de los casos no recuperados, de 51,09 años (±11,19) (t pareada p= 0,01), El sexo y los factores de riesgo no mostraron asociación con la recuperación funcional (X² p= 0,05). La recuperación funcional resultó significativa para pacientes moderados según la escala escandinava para ictus (36,73 por ciento X²p= 0,000) y severos según índice de Barthel (51,02 por ciento X²p= 0,000). Conclusión: La condición neurológica y funcional constituye un buen predictor de respuesta al tratamiento

Introduction: An observational and prospective study was done to the patients with diagnostic of chronic cerebral infarction of carotid vascular part, which were studied at the Clinic of Statics Encefalic Injury from the International Center Neurological Restoration. Objective: To determine the functional recovery prognosis in patients presenting with cerebral infarction under intensive rehabilitation treatment. Methods: Eighty patients were studied from the International Center of Neurological Restoration (2007-2010) for 4 weeks. Two groups were created according to presence of a functional recovery using the Barthel index. Comparisons according to age, sex, vascular risk factors and the neurological and functional initial condition were made. Results: The mean age of recovered cases was of 58,04 years (±11,19) (matched t p= 0.01). Sex and risk factors have not association with the functional recovery (X² p= 0,05). The functional recovery was significant for moderate patients according the Scandinavian scale for ictus (36,73 percent X² p= 0,000) y severe according the Arthel index (51,02 percent X² p= 0,000). Conclusion: The neurological and functional condition is a good predictor of the response to treatment

Accidente cerebrovascular isquémico en mayores de 80 años / Acute ischemic stroke in patients aged 80 or older

En los pacientes de edad avanzada, el perfil de factores de riesgo vascular y el subtipo de accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) es diferente en comparación con pacientes más jóvenes. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir el perfil de factores de riesgo y subtipo de ACV isquémico en nuestra población de pacientes ancianos. Incluimos a pacientes mayores de 80 años con diagnóstico de ACV isquémico y ataque isquémico transitorio (AIT) entre junio de 2003 y junio de 2006. De 535 pacientes con eventos cerebrovasculares isquémicos, en 366 casos el diagnóstico fue de ACV y 169 de AIT. El 33.5% (179 pacientes) fueron mayores de 80 años. La edad media fue de 84.4 ± 4.4 años. Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron: hipertensión arterial 82.7%, dislipemia 40.2% y fibrilación auricular 24.6%. El subtipo de ACV que se presentó con mayor frecuencia fue la enfermedad de pequeñas arterias en un 41.7%, seguido por el evento cardioembólico en el 19.7%, enfermedad de gran arteria 6%, otras causas en el 0.8%. De los factores de riesgo vasculares tradicionales, los más significativos fueron hipertensión e hipercolesterolemia. Estos datos son coincidentes con estudios epidemiológicos previos y explican la mayor incidencia de infartos lacunares.

Young and old age stroke groups have different vascular risk profiles for cerebral ischemic events. The objective of the study was to describe the risk factor profile and stroke subtype in this population of very elderly people. We included patients over 80 years old with diagnosis of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack registered between June 2003 and June 2006. We described the demographic data and subtype of ischemic stroke. Of 535 patients with cerebrovascular ischemic events, the final diagnosis was stroke in 366 cases and transient ischemic attack in 169. Of these patients 33.5% were over 80 years old (179). The mean age was 84.4 ± 4.4 years. The most frequent risk factors were: hypertension 82.7%, dyslipemia 40.2% and atrial fibrillation 24.6%. Stroke subtype was: large artery disease 6%, cardioembolic stroke 19.7%, small artery disease 41.7%, and other causes 0.8%. Among traditional risk factors for stroke in our very elderly patients, the most significant were hypertension and dyslipemia. This agrees with previous epidemiological studies. The high incidence of small artery disease in our patients may be explained by the risk factor profile.