Evaluation of the growth performance, meat quality, and gut microbiota of broilers fed diets containing walnut green husk extract.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of walnut green husk extract (WGHe) on the growth performance, meat quality, antioxidative status, gut morphology, and microbiota diversity of broilers. A total of 216 one-day-old broilers were divided into 4 groups, each consisting of 9 replicates (6 birds per replicate) as follows: 1) control group, basal diet; 2) antibiotic group, basal diet supplemented with enduracidin and colistin sulfate; 3) low-dose group, basal diet supplemented with 5.0 g/kg WGHe; and 4) high-dose group, basal diet supplemented with 10.0 g/kg WGHe. The results revealed that the percentage of abdominal fat decreased, and the ratio of the duodenal villus length to crypt depth (V/C), as well as the α-diversity of the ileal microbiota, increased with 10.0 g/kg WGHe supplementation (P < 0.05). The shear force of the breast muscle and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration decreased, whereas the plasma peroxidase (POD) activity, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and jejunal villus length increased in response to WGHe supplementation (P < 0.05). Compared with the antibiotic diet, the addition of 5.0 g/kg WGHe resulted in a significant increase in the relative abundances of Candidatus Arthromitus, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-014 (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the addition of 10.0 g/kg WGHe increased the relative abundances of Candidatus Arthromitus and Lachnoclostridium, whereas the relative abundance of unidentified Chloroplast decreased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 10.0 g/kg WGHe is advantageous for intestinal health, meat quality, and antioxidant status in broilers, suggesting its potential as a functional additive in poultry production.

Construction and antibacterial activities of walnut green husk polysaccharide based silver nanoparticles (AgNPs).

In this paper, the size-controllable nano­silver particles (AgNPs) were synthesized from walnut green husk polysaccharide, and its cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity were evaluated. Firstly, acidic polysaccharide WGHP2 was extracted from walnut green husk, and then the silver ion in AgNO3 was reduced in WGHP2 aqueous solution using NaBH4, so as to synthesize the nano­silver composite. The nano­silver composite was characterized by transmission electron microscope, Fourier infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectrometer, scanning electron microscope, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that AgNPs stabilized by WGHP2 are mainly regular spheres with an average particle size distribution of 15.04-19.23 nm. The particle size distribution and morphology of AgNPs changed with the concentration of silver precursor, which is related to the dispersion of silver precursor in polysaccharide aqueous solution and the formation of AgO coordination bond between silver precursor and polysaccharide molecules. These coordination bonds changed the ability of nanoparticles to produce and release Ag+, and thus regulated their antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity, as evidenced by the experimental result of the cytotoxicity of the nano­silver particle against PC12 cells and the bacteriostatic effect on E.coli and S.aureus. Conclusively, WGHP2-Ag has good stability, antibacterial activity and low cytotoxicity.

Multistage Porous Carbon Derived from Enzyme-Treated Waste Walnut Green Husk and Polyethylene Glycol for Phase Change Energy Storage.

The thermal storage performance, cost, and stability of phase-change materials (PCMs) are critical factors influencing their application in the field of thermal energy storage. Porous carbon, with its excellent support, thermal conductivity, and energy storage properties, is considered one of the most promising support matrix materials. However, the simple and efficient synthesis of high-performance and highly active bio-based materials under mild conditions still faces challenges. In our work, a novel method for preparing new functional composite phase-change materials based on enzyme treatment technology and using waste walnut green husk biomass and polyethylene glycol as raw materials was developed. The enzymatic treatment method exposes the internal structure of the walnut green husk, followed by the adjustment of the calcination temperature to increase the adsorption sites of the biochar, thereby stabilizing polyethylene glycol (PEG). The porous properties of walnut green husk biochar effectively regulate the phase-change behavior of polyethylene glycol. In the biochar carbonized at 600 °C, the PEG loading reached 72.09%, and the absorption heat of the solid-solid phase-change material (SSPCM) reached 194.76 J g-1. This work not only enriches the application of biomass in heat storage but also demonstrates the broad prospects of SSPCMs in solar thermal utilization.

A novel curdlan/methyl cellulose/walnut green husk polyphenol edible composite film for walnut packaging.

In this study, polyphenols were extracted from walnut green husk, an agricultural waste, and were incorporated into curdlan (CD) and methyl cellulose (MC) to create a novel edible composite film. For structural character, the film matrix was tightly bound primarily by non-covalent bonds and the addition of walnut green husk polyphenols (WGHP) significantly reduced the surface roughness of the composite film. For mechanical properties, the addition of WGHP improve the flexibility of films, and it significantly improved the barrier ability of ultraviolet rays and water-vapor. Furthermore, the incorporation of WGHP to the CD-MC film resulted in enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial effects, which effectively retards lipid oxidation in fried walnuts. Consequently, the fabricated CD-MC-WGHP composite film bears immense potential for use in food preservation applications, particularly in extending the shelf life of fried walnuts.

Optimization of the pulsed vacuum drying process of green walnut husk through temperature adaptive regulation.

This study aimed to optimize the temperature adaptive conditions of pulsed vacuum drying (PVD) for green walnut husk (GWH) to tackle the issues of severe environmental pollution and limited utilization of GWH. The results of the single-factor experiment revealed that the optimal drying temperature for PVD of GWH was 65°C, with a pulsed ratio of 9 min: 3 min. The drying time decreased from 10.87 to 6.32 h with increasing drying temperature and from 8.83 to 6.23 kW·h/kg with increasing pulsed ratio. Energy consumption also decreased with shorter drying time and shorter vacuum time. Under this optimal variable temperature drying condition, GWH exhibited the highest total active substance content, with respective values of 9.43 mg/g for total triterpenes, 35.68 mg/g for flavonoids, 9.51 mg/g for polyphenols, and 9.55 mg/g for quinones. The experimental drying data of GWH were best fitted by a logarithmic model, with R2 values ranging from 0.9927 to 0.9943. Furthermore, the observed microstructure of GWH corresponded to the variations in total active substance content. This study provided valuable theoretical guidance for addressing environmental pollution associated with GWH and facilitating the industrialization and refinement of GWH drying processes. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: There is a growing interest in harnessing the potential value of agricultural waste to transform low-cost raw materials into high-value products while mitigating environmental pollution. In this study, for the first time, the effects of variable temperature pulsed vacuum drying on the content of active substances, drying time, and energy consumption of green walnut husk (GWH) were investigated. The findings serve as a theoretical foundation for addressing environmental pollution issues associated with GWH and enabling the industrialization and precision drying of GWH.

Antimicrobial Activity and Mechanisms of Walnut Green Husk Extract.

Walnut green husks (WGHs), by-products of walnut production, are believed to possess antimicrobial properties, making them a potential alternative to antibiotics. In this study, the antibacterial activities of three extracts, derived from WGH, against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli were investigated, and the antibacterial mechanisms of an anhydrous ethanol extract of WGH (WGHa) were examined. The results showed that WGHa exhibited inhibitory effects on all tested bacteria. The ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the major active compounds present in WGHa were terpenoids, phenols, and flavonoids. Treatment with WGHa resulted in the leakage of intracellular ions and alkaline phosphatase; a reduction in intracellular ATP content, ATPase activity, and nucleic acid content; as well as cellular metabolic viability. The transmission electron microscopy images showed varying degrees of cell deformation and membrane damage following WGHa treatment. The transcriptome sequencing and differentially expressed gene enrichment analyses revealed an up-regulation in pathways associated with RNA degradation, translation, protein export, and oxidative phosphorylation. Conversely, pathways involved in cell movement and localization, as well as cell wall organization and carbohydrate transport, were found to be down-regulated. These findings suggest that WGHa alters cell membrane permeability and causes damage to the cell wall. Additionally, WGHa interferes with cellular energy metabolism, compromises RNA integrity, and induces DNA replication stress, consequently inhibiting the normal growth and proliferation of bacteria. These findings unveiled the antimicrobial mechanisms of WGHa, highlighting its potential application as an antibiotic alternative.

Extraction of phenolic compounds from walnut green husk (Juglans regia L.) by Salting-Out extraction method.

Some factors in the salting-out extraction (SOE) method play a major role. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction effects of the phase forming components and consequently select the best conditions to achieve a highly efficient recovery of phenolic compounds from walnut green husks (Juglans regia L.) using mixtures of ethanol and aqueous ammonium sulfate solutions. According to the results that were analyzed by response surface methodology, the optimal extraction conditions were obtained at ethanol: salt: water ratio of 34.8: 15.1: 54.4 (w/w) at a pH of 6-6.5 and 25 °C. At the optimal conditions, the overall phenolic and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were significantly higher than obtained by the conventional method. In addition, at a higher scale (i.e., 5 kg), similar results were obtained. Thus, it can be concluded that SOE has the potential to be scaled up for the simultaneous separation and purification of compounds from plant biomass. This paper is addressing extraction techniques, measurement, and characterization of new natural phenolic compounds from an agricultural by-product and valorization of waste.

Polysaccharide from walnut green husk alleviates liver inflammation and gluconeogenesis dysfunction by altering gut microbiota in ochratoxin A-induced mice.

Walnut green husk polysaccharides (WGP) are isolated from the walnut green husk with a mean molecular weight of 12.77 kDa. The structural characterization revealed by methylation and NMR analysis indicated that WGP might consist of →4-α-D-Galp-(1→, α-D-Galp (1→, and →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→. Previous studies have been demonstrated that WGP effectively prevented liver injury and modulated gut microbiota in high fructose-treated mice and high fat diet-treated rats. In this study, we found for the first time that WGP presenting outstanding protective effects on liver inflammation and gluconeogenesis dysfunction induced by ochratoxin A (OTA) in mice. Firstly, WGP decreased oxidative stress, down-regulated the expression of inflammatory factors and inhibited the TLR4/p65/IκBα pathway in the liver. Then, WGP reversed OTA-induced lower phosphoenolpyruvate carboxyl kinase (PEPCK), and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6PC) activities in the liver. Furthermore, WGP increased the diversity of gut microbiota and the abundance of beneficial bacteria, especially Lactobacillus and Akkermansia. Importantly, the results of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiment further confirmed that gut microbiota involved in the protective effects of WGP on liver damage induced by OTA. Our results indicated that the protective effect of WGP on liver inflammation and gluconeogenesis dysfunction caused by OTA may be due to the regulation of gut microbiota.

[Adsorption Performance of Walnut Green Husk Biochar for Heavy Metals].

The biochars of WP300, WP500, and WP700 were prepared by pyrolyzing walnut green husk under 300℃, 500℃, and 700℃ with the oxygen-free condition for removing Pb2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ in an aqueous solution. The results revealed that WP500 prepared under the medium pyrolysis temperature achieved the best adsorption performance for heavy metals, and the highest removal efficiency was reached when the solution pH was 8, in which the removal efficiency of Pb2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ were 97.87%, 99.78%, and 71.15%, respectively. The required biochar dosage for heavy metal removal varied under different adsorption conditions. In the single-metal system, the optimal dosage for WP500 in the Pb2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ solutions was 1.3 g·L-1, 2.1 g·L-1, and 1.9 g·L-1, respectively, whereas in the pollution metals system, the optimal biochar dosage was 5.1 g·L-1. In addition, the adsorption capacity of WP500 for the three heavy metals followed the order of Pb2+>Cu2+>Cd2+ under the single and combined-metals system, indicating that there were no synergistic or antagonistic effects among these three adsorbates. The fitting results of the adsorption isotherm model suggested that various immobilization methods existed in adsorption process between WP500 and Pb2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+. The kinetic fitting results suggested that the main reaction between WP500 and Pb2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ was chemical adsorption. The mechanisms of WP500 for heavy metals involved pore-filling, electrostatic attraction, ion-exchange, mineral precipitation, complexation, and π-π electron donor-accepter interaction. To conclude, this study offered a new insight for the resource utilization of the waste walnut green husk.

Walnut green husk extract enhances the effect of chlorine dioxide on kernel quality and antioxidant properties of fresh-eating walnuts during their shelf life.

Fresh-eating walnuts are perishable and become mildewed during shelf life, limiting their sales span. The effects of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) alone and its combination with walnut green husk extract (WGHE) on shelf stored fresh walnuts were investigated to develop a pollution-free preservative for the produce. The initial development of mildew incidence was delayed by both treatments under 25 °C, whereas, WGHE + ClO2 acted more effectively than ClO2 under 5 °C. The WGHE + ClO2 treatment presented superior effects on improving moisture, soluble sugar and total phenol content, alleviating loss of oil and unsaturated fatty acid and delaying peroxide value increase of walnut kernels at both temperatures. Both treatments inhibited the activities of three lipolytic enzymes and two oxidases at 25 °C and 5 °C, WGHE + ClO2 acted more effectively at 5 °C. The results guide the combined application of WGHE with ClO2 on shelf preservation of fresh walnut.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics of ethyl acetate polar fractions from walnut green husk.

Walnut green husk (WGH) is rich in natural compounds and is valued as a potential source of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of petroleum ether polar fraction, dichloromethane polar fraction, ethyl acetate polar fraction (EAPF), and n-butanol polar fraction from WGH were analyzed. The results showed that EAPF exhibited the highest total flavonoid content (65.74 ± 1.01 mg rutin equivalents [RE]/g dry weight [DW]) and total phenol content (48.73 ± 1.09 mg gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g DW), with the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl radical (•OH), and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate scavenging activity compared with other fractions. EAPF also showed good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus vegetative cells, with a diameter of inhibition zones of 33.5 and 37.6 mm, respectively, a minimum inhibitory concentration of 31.25 mg/ml and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 62.5 mg/ml, which inhibited the growth of both bacteria. Analysis of the antibacterial mechanism demonstrated that EAPF damaged the integrity of the cell membrane, increased the membrane permeability, and triggered the leakage of intracellular material. In addition, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem with mass spectrometry analysis revealed that 8 polyphenols and 14 flavonoids were mainly present in EAPF, such as chlorogenic acid (C16 H18 O9 ), gallic acid (C7 H6 O5 ), vanillic acid (C8 H8 O4 ), ferulic acid (C10 H10 O4 ), epicatechin (C15 H14 O6 ), catechin (C15 H14 O6 ), hesperetin (C16 H14 O6 ), naringenin (C15 H12 O5 ), hyperin (C21 H20 O12 ), luteolin (C15 H10 O6 ), and so on. Therefore, WGH had the potential to be developed as a natural antioxidant and antibacterial material. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Our work indicates that WGH contains abundant flavonoids and polyphenols compounds. Therefore, the plant byproducts like WGH may have a promising application as a source of antimicrobial and antioxidant additives.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of phenolic extracts from walnut (Juglans regia L.) green husk by using pressure-driven membrane process.

In this study, antioxidant (DPPH and metal chelating), DNA cleavage, biofilm, and antimicrobial properties of extracted phenol from the walnut green husk (WGH) and its different concentrate and permeate samples were evaluated. For maximum phenolic compound extraction from the WGH first, the effects of solvent type (deionized water, methanol, n-hexane, acetone, and ethanol), solvent temperature (25-75 °C), and extraction time (0.5-24 h) were optimized. Then to concentrate phenolic compounds a pressure-driven membrane process was used with four different membrane types. The phenol contents of the concentrate samples were found to be microfiltration (MF) concentrate 4400 mg/L, ultrafiltration (UF) concentrate 4175 mg/L, nanofiltration (NF) concentrate 8155 mg/L, and reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate 8100 mg/L. LC-MSMS was used to determine the quantification of phenolic compounds in permeate and concentrate streams. In addition, all of the concentrate samples with high phenol content showed a high antioxidant activity as 100% with MF concentrate, UF concentrate, NF concentrated and RO concentrated. Likewise, concentrate samples were found to have very high antibiofilm activity as 82.86% for NF concentrate againts S. aureus, 85.80% for NF concentrate against P. aureginosa, 80.95% for RO concentrate against S. aureus, and 83.61% for RO-concentrate against P. aureginosa. When the antimicrobial activity of the extracted phenol from WGH and its different concentrate and permeate samples were evaluated by micro dilution and disk diffusion methods, it was found that the ability of the concentrate samples to inhibit bacterial growth was much higher than permeate ones. In addition, extracted phenol from WGH and its different concentrate and permeate samples showed significant DNA nuclease activity. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05588-w.

Potential of nanochitosan coating combined with walnut green husk to improve the preservation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during refrigerated storage.

The present study evaluated the potential of nanochitosan coating enriched with ethanol-water extract of the walnut green husk (WGHE) on spoilage and rancidity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during six-day refrigerated storage. Hence, we have considered fresh trout fillets without any treatment as control (C), immersed in 2% solution of chitosan nanoparticles (CN), combination with 1.5% and 3% WGHE with nanochitosan coating (CN + WGHE 1.5 and CN + WGHE3), for physicochemical, microbial and sensorial assays. The highest levels and total volatile nitrogen were observed after day 6 in C, while the lowest was found in CN + WGHE3 groups. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and peroxide value of untreated fillets on day 6 of the study were significantly higher than NC + WGHE3 with 0.08 mg/g and 3.27 mEq/kg, respectively. The total microbial population was: C ˃ CN ˃ CN + WGHE 1.5 > CN + WGHE3, which expresses the effect of the extract on the total microbial population. Overall, the combination of WGHE with CN increased the extract's efficiency in reducing peroxide value, TBARS, and total volatile nitrogen and delayed the pH increase, improving the overall acceptability of rainbow trout fillets stored in refrigerated conditions.

Development and characterization of chitosan/guar gum active packaging containing walnut green husk extract and its application on fresh-cut apple preservation.

The aim of this work was to develop active packaging film by using chitosan/guar gum (CG) film matrix and walnut green husk extract (WE), for preservation of fresh-cut apple. WE was used as cross-linking agent to improve physicochemical properties, and as active substances to enhance antioxidant activity of CG films. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy results showed WE formed intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions with the film matrix, and microstructures of the film were more compact. With the increase of WE content (0-4 wt%), the mechanical properties of composite films were significantly enhanced, while permeability of water vapor and oxygen was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). When the amount of extract reached 4 wt%, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of composite film was significantly increased to 94.59%. CG-WE and CG films were used as active packaging materials to preserve fresh-cut apple. When stored at 4 °C for 10 days, CG-WE films showed better performance in reducing firmness, weight loss, total soluble solids and inhibiting browning and microbial growth of fresh-cut apples. Therefore, as a new type of active food packaging material, CG-WE films have good physical properties, and great potential in ensuring food quality and extending shelf life.

Antibacterial Efficacy of Walnut Green Husk (WGH) Extract with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Streptococcus Mutans.

Background: Chemical agents, such as Chlorhexidine are used as one of dental plaque control strategy. Researchers are looking for a natural and economic substitute with same antibacterial efficacy and less complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of the Khorasan Razavi walnut green husk (WGH) extract with and without adding ZnO nanoparticles (nZnO) on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Methods: In this in vitro study, antimicrobial effect of the Hydro-ethanolic extract of WGH, was evaluated against S. mutans. Broth Dilution and Agar diffusion methods were used with 90 tubes containing different dilutions of WGH extract (100 to 0.006 mg/ml). ZnO nanoparticles (nZnO) were added to 45 tubes. Streptococcus mutans was exposed to 15 different serial concentrations of study extracts, from 100 mg/ml to 0.006 mg/ml. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the study extracts were determined and zone of inhibition diameter was compared to positive controls (chlorhexidine 0.2%, nZnO), and negative control (sterile distilled water). The differences between the mean diameters, were analyzed by independent sample T- teS. Results: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of study extract was found to be 50mg/mL, with adding nZnO, MIC was reduced to 3.12mg/mL. Mean diameter of inhibition zone at 3.12 mg/ml with and without adding ZnO nanoparticles were 17.67±0.57 mm and 8±0.001 mm, respectively, (p-value< 0.001). Discussion: Adding nZnO could be enhanced antimicrobial efficacy of the WGH extract against S. mutants, while it was still less effective than chlorhexidine.

Dependence of the Ripeness Stage on the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Green Husk Extracts from Industrial By-Products.

Walnut green husk (WGH) is a waste generated by the walnut (Juglans regia L.) harvest industry. It represents a natural source of polyphenols, compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, but their activity could be dependent on the ripeness stage of the raw material. In this study, the effect of the different ripeness stages-open (OH) and closed (CH) husks-on the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of WGH extracts were analyzed, emphasizing the influence of the extracts in inhibiting Escherichia coli growth. The ripeness stage of WGH significantly affected the antioxidant activity of the extracts. This was attributed to the different polyphenol profiles related to the mechanical stress when the husk opened compared to the closed sample. The antimicrobial activity showed inhibition of E. coli growth. OH-extracts at 96 µg/mL caused the lowest specific growth rate (µmax = 0.003 h-1) and the greatest inhibition percentage (I = 93%) compared to CH-extract (µmax = 0.01 h-1; I = 69%). The obtained results showed the potential of the walnut green husk, principally open husk, as an economical source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents with potential use in the food industry.

Walnut green husk polysaccharides prevent obesity, chronic inflammatory responses, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and colonic tissue damage in high-fat diet fed rats.

High-fat (HF) diets cause obesity, gut microbial dysbiosis and associated disorders and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to increased intestinal permeability, which is an important reason for chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. This study was to investigate the effects and mechanism by which walnut green husk polysaccharides (WGHP) prevents obesity, oxidative stress, inflammation, liver and colon damage in HF diet induced rats. We found that WGHP alleviated HF-induced abnormal weight gain, disordered lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, colonic tissue injury and up-regulate the expression level of colonic tight junction protein in the rats. Besides, the administration of WGHP promoted browning of iWAT and thermogenesis in BAT of HF-fed rats, and improved gut microbiota dysbiosis by increasing the bacterial diversity and reducing the relative abundance of potential pathogenic bacteria in the colon of the rats. Furthermore, WGHP consumption not only increased the SCFAs content but also improved the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae and Allobaculum in the gut of rats. Our results suggest that the protective effect of WGHP on metabolic inflammation caused by HF may be due to the regulation of gut microbiota and SCFAs.

The protective effects of walnut green husk polysaccharide on liver injury, vascular endothelial dysfunction and disorder of gut microbiota in high fructose-induced mice.

This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of walnut green husk polysaccharide (WGHP) on liver injury, vascular endothelial dysfunction and disorder of gut microbiota in mice induced by high fructose (HF) diet. The chemical analysis results show that the walnut green husk polysaccharide is a low molecular weight acidic heteropolysaccharide, composed mainly of glucuronic acid, arabinose and galactose. Biochemical analysis showed that WGHP significantly improved glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism and decreased oxidative stress in HF-diet induced obesity mice. Histopathological observation of liver and cardiovascular aorta confirmed the protective effects of WGHP on hepatic steatosis and vascular endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing results demonstrated that WGHP reversed the disorders of gut microbiota caused by HF, decreased the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia and increased the relative abundance of Deferribacteres at the phylum level, decreased the relative abundance of Akkermansia, Lachnoclostridium and norank_f__Muribaculaceae and increased the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, Helicobacter, Alloprevotella and Allobaculum at the genus levels. Our results indicate that WGHP may act as a functional polysaccharide for protecting liver and cardiovascular in HF-fed mice.