MS/MS-based newborn and family screening detects asymptomatic patients with very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether asymptomatic persons with biochemical evidence of very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency identified through expanded newborn screening with tandem mass spectometry have confirmed disease. STUDY DESIGN: We characterized 8 asymptomatic VLCAD-deficient individuals by enzyme and/or mutational analysis and compared them with clinically diagnosed, symptomatic patients with regard to mutations, enzyme activity, phenotype, and age of disease onset. RESULTS: VLCAD molecular analyses in 6 unrelated patients revealed the previously reported V243A mutation, associated with hepatic or myopathic phenotypes, on 7/12 alleles. All other mutations were also missense mutations. Residual VLCAD activities of 6% to 11% of normal were consistent with milder phenotypes. In these identified individuals treated prospectively with dietary modification as preventive measures, clinical symptoms did not develop during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: MS/MS-based newborn screening correctly identifies VLCAD-deficient individuals. Based on mutational and enzymatic findings, these infants probably are at risk of future disease. Because life-threatening metabolic derangement can occur even in otherwise mild phenotypes, we advocate universal newborn screening programs for VLCAD deficiency to detect affected patients and prevent development of metabolic crises. Longer-term follow-up is essential to define outcomes, the definite risk of future disease, and appropriate treatment recommendations.

Acute fatty liver of pregnancy associated with short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency.

There is a correlation between pregnancy complications such as acute fatty liver of pregnancy and long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency. We diagnosed another fatty acid beta-oxidation defect, short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, in an infant when evaluating him because his mother had acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Other beta-oxidation defects, in addition to LCHAD deficiency, should be considered in children born after pregnancies complicated by liver disease.

Death caused by perioperative fasting and sedation in a child with unrecognized very long chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency.

An adopted 3(1/2)-year-old girl with no prior medical problems died after a routine dental procedure. More than 2 years later, acylcarnitine analysis of dried blood found on her bedding revealed she had very long chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency. Perioperative oral fasting, without intravenous administration of glucose, may be detrimental to children with certain metabolic and endocrine disorders. Newborn screening by tandem mass spectrometry will detect disorders of fatty acid oxidation such as VLCAD and allow early and preventive treatment.

Very long chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency in a 5-month-old Korean boy: identification of a novel mutation.

A 5-month-old Korean boy who presented with lethargy and cardiomyopathy was diagnosed with very long chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency by organic acid, fatty acid, acylcarnitine, and molecular genetic analysis. The patient was a compound heterozygote for mutations in the VLCAD gene. One allele contains a 3-bp deletion in exon 6, deleting glutamic acid in codon 130 (E130del ); this allele is of paternal origin. The patient's maternally derived allele is a novel mutation, C1843T in exon 20, which creates a premature termination codon (R615stop ). Although molecular genetic characterization of VLCAD deficiency is limited to a few patients, heterogeneity of mutations is already apparent. However, the E130del is a relatively frequent mutant allele, which has been noted in 2 previously identified patients. The 2 mutant alleles in our patient appear to be responsible for his severe and fatal clinical manifestations.

Multiple acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency: diagnosis by acyl-carnitine analysis of a 12-year-old newborn screening card.

We report a family who experienced an unexplained neonatal death. Twelve years after the death, we retrospectively diagnosed multiple acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency by demonstrating an abnormal acyl-carnitine profile in the child's archived newborn screening card, using tandem mass spectrometry.

Reversal of severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and excellent neuropsychologic outcome in very-long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency.

Very-long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency is a disorder of fatty acid beta oxidation that reportedly has high rates of morbidity and mortality. We describe the outcome of a 5-year-old girl with VLCAD deficiency who was first seen at 5 months of age with severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hepatomegaly, encephalopathy, and hypotonia. Biochemical studies indicated VLCAD deficiency caused by a stable yet inactive enzyme. Molecular genetic analysis of her VLCAD gene revealed a T1372C (F458L) missense mutation and a 1668 ACAG 1669 splice site mutation. After initial treatment with intravenous glucose and carnitine, the patient has thrived on a low-fat diet supplemented with medium-chain triglyceride oil and carnitine and avoidance of fasting. Her ventricular hypertrophy resolved significantly over 1 year, and cognitively, she is in the superior range for age. Clinical recognition of VLCAD deficiency is important because it is one of the few directly treatable causes of cardiomyopathy in children.

Very long chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency in two siblings: evolution after prenatal diagnosis and prompt management.

A boy had neonatal seizure, lethargy, and metabolic acidosis at presentation. He recovered completely, but the recurrence of a similar episode with associated cardiomyopathy and dicarboxylic aciduria at 10 months of age led to the recognition of a fatty acid oxidation defect. A diagnosis of very long chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency was later made by enzyme assay in culture fibroblasts from this child, as well as in cultured amniotic cells from a sibling fetus. This prenatal diagnosis forestalled neonatal injury by close clinical and metabolic monitoring of the second infant. Early diagnosis and management should potentially improve the generally poor prognosis for patients with very long chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency.

Detección de deficiencia de acil CoA dehidrogenasa de cadena media a través de un programa de pesquisa neonatal en la Argentina / Medium chain acyl CoA dehidrogenase deficiency detected with a neonatal screening program

La deficiencia de acil-CoA-dehidrogenasa de cadena media (MCADD) es una de las enfermedades metabólicas congénitas (EMC) más frecuentes. Este trastorno de la ß-oxidación de los ácidos grasos se presenta generalmente en lactantes mayores de 6 meses. Las manifestaciones clínicas características son vómitos, letargo, hipotonía y leve hepatomegalia. El laboratorio revela hipoglucemia, hipocetosis, aumento moderado de las transaminasas y amonio y leve acidosis metabólica. El episodio es generalmente desencadenado por un ayuno prolongado o una enfermedad intercurrente. En un 18 por ciento de los casos la MCADD se manifiesta por primera vez con muerte súbita, la mortalidad total es de 24 por ciento y las secuelas de los pacientes que sobreviven pueden ser severas. La pesquisa neonatal de EMC es uno de los pilares de la medicina preventiva. Las enfermedades más comúnmente buscadas son la fenilcetonuria y el hipotiroidismo congénito, pero existen programas de pesquisa que abarcan otras EMC: como galactosemia, leucinosis o deficiencia de biotinidasa. La incorporación de una nueva tecnología, la espectrometría de masa en tándem (EMT), que permite la detección simultánea de 20 enfermedades, ha permitido incluir a los trastornos de la ß-oxidación dentro del grupo de patologías pasibles de detección neonatal. En el presente trabajo reportamos el primer caso de MCADD detectado por EMT en un programa de pesquisa neonatal en Argentina. Se presenta un niño RNT-PAEG con examen físico normal. La muestra de sangre fue obtenida a las 48 horas de vida con el paciente asintomático. El análisis se realizó en la Fundación para el Estudio de las Enfermedades Neurometabólicas (FESEN) como parte del programa de pesquisa neonatal por EMT. De la sangre impregnada en el papel de filtro se prepararon los éteres butílicos de acilcarnitinas y aminoácidos. La detección de las acilcarnitinas se realizó por EMT con un equipo VG Quatro II MS-MS (Micromass, Reino Unido) mediante el barrido de iones precursores de m/z 85. Los valores normales fueron obtenidos en una población de 400 recién nacidos sanos estudiados con la misma metodología. Como control patológico se analizó una muestra de una paciente con MCADD en tratamiento, diagnosticada en ocasión de presentarse con un síndrome de Reye. En el paciente se halló un marcado aumento de octanoilcarnitina (C8): 7,92 µM, con un menor aumento de hexacoilcarnitina (C6): 1,31 µM y decanoilcarnitina: 0,87 µM

Detección de deficiencia de acil CoA dehidrogenasa de cadena media a través de un programa de pesquisa neonatal en la Argentina / Medium chain acyl CoA dehidrogenase deficiency detected with a neonatal screening program

La deficiencia de acil-CoA-dehidrogenasa de cadena media (MCADD) es una de las enfermedades metabólicas congénitas (EMC) más frecuentes. Este trastorno de la ß-oxidación de los ácidos grasos se presenta generalmente en lactantes mayores de 6 meses. Las manifestaciones clínicas características son vómitos, letargo, hipotonía y leve hepatomegalia. El laboratorio revela hipoglucemia, hipocetosis, aumento moderado de las transaminasas y amonio y leve acidosis metabólica. El episodio es generalmente desencadenado por un ayuno prolongado o una enfermedad intercurrente. En un 18 por ciento de los casos la MCADD se manifiesta por primera vez con muerte súbita, la mortalidad total es de 24 por ciento y las secuelas de los pacientes que sobreviven pueden ser severas. La pesquisa neonatal de EMC es uno de los pilares de la medicina preventiva. Las enfermedades más comúnmente buscadas son la fenilcetonuria y el hipotiroidismo congénito, pero existen programas de pesquisa que abarcan otras EMC: como galactosemia, leucinosis o deficiencia de biotinidasa. La incorporación de una nueva tecnología, la espectrometría de masa en tándem (EMT), que permite la detección simultánea de 20 enfermedades, ha permitido incluir a los trastornos de la ß-oxidación dentro del grupo de patologías pasibles de detección neonatal. En el presente trabajo reportamos el primer caso de MCADD detectado por EMT en un programa de pesquisa neonatal en Argentina. Se presenta un niño RNT-PAEG con examen físico normal. La muestra de sangre fue obtenida a las 48 horas de vida con el paciente asintomático. El análisis se realizó en la Fundación para el Estudio de las Enfermedades Neurometabólicas (FESEN) como parte del programa de pesquisa neonatal por EMT. De la sangre impregnada en el papel de filtro se prepararon los éteres butílicos de acilcarnitinas y aminoácidos. La detección de las acilcarnitinas se realizó por EMT con un equipo VG Quatro II MS-MS (Micromass, Reino Unido) mediante el barrido de iones precursores de m/z 85. Los valores normales fueron obtenidos en una población de 400 recién nacidos sanos estudiados con la misma metodología. Como control patológico se analizó una muestra de una paciente con MCADD en tratamiento, diagnosticada en ocasión de presentarse con un síndrome de Reye. En el paciente se halló un marcado aumento de octanoilcarnitina (C8): 7,92 AM, con un menor aumento de hexacoilcarnitina (C6): 1,31 AM y decanoilcarnitina: 0,87 AM (AU)

Neonatal onset of medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency with confusing biochemical features.

A female neonate was seen because of shock, ketosis, and undetectable blood glucose. Initial urinary findings indicated the possibility of a defect of fatty acid beta-oxidation; subsequent studies showed that she had medium-chain acyl-coenzyme. A dehydrogenase deficiency. This case highlights the fact that the initial symptoms may occur in the first few days of life, and that the presence of ketosis does not exclude the possibility of a fatty acid oxidation defect; the profiles of urinary organic acids and acylglycines may not be characteristic at that time.

Transient organic aciduria and persistent lacticacidemia in a patient with short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency.

A neonate with signs of neurologic dysfunction was noted to have elevated blood lactic acid levels. Organic acid analysis revealed transient elevations in ethylmalonate, methylsuccinate, butyrylglycine, and butyrylcarnitine. Enzyme assay in cultured skin fibroblasts confirmed short-chain acyl coenzyme. A dehydrogenase deficiency. The intermittent nature of the characteristic metabolic markers for this deficiency make diagnosis difficult. The apparent rarity of the disorder may be the result of underdiagnosis.

Symmetric hypoplasia of the temporal cerebral lobes in an infant with glutaric aciduria type II (multiple acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency).

Symmetric hypoplasia of the temporal cerebral lobes was demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in a macrocephalic male patient with glutaric aciduria type II within the first week of life. Psychomotor development was normal until the age of 11 months, when the patient died of sudden cardiac arrest. Autopsy revealed symmetric hypoplasia of the temporal cerebral lobes with loss of axons and hypomyelination in the temporal medullary layers.

Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency: clinical course in 120 affected children.

Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder of beta-oxidation of fatty acids manifested by episodic hypoglycemia, encephalopathy, apnea, and sudden death. Medical data were obtained on 120 patients with medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency referred to Duke University Medical Center for biochemical testing. There were 55 male and 65 female subjects ranging from birth to 19 years of age; 118 subjects were white. Twenty-three children (19%) died before the diagnosis was made. Follow-up data were available in the 97 surviving patients for an average of 2.6 years after diagnosis. Psychodevelopmental data were collected on 73 patients older than 2 years of age. Unexpected morbidity included developmental and behavioral disability, chronic muscle weakness, failure to thrive, and cerebral palsy. We conclude that unidentified patients with this disorder have a significant risk of sudden death in early childhood and that survivors have a significant risk of developmental disability and chronic somatic illness.

Detection of inborn errors of fatty acid oxidation from acylcarnitine analysis of plasma and blood spots with the radioisotopic exchange-high-performance liquid chromatographic method.

Sixty-one plasma samples from patients with inborn errors of fatty acid oxidation and from control subjects were analyzed in a blinded fashion for acylcarnitines by the radioisotopic exchange-high-performance liquid chromatographic method. All samples from patients with medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency (n = 30), some of which had been stored in a frozen state for several years, showed a prominent octanoylcarnitine peak. In all blood spots from 11 patients with MCAD deficiency, octanoylcarnitine was also detected. Control plasma specimens and blood spots contained small amounts of octanoylcarnitine; however, the octanoylcarnitine/acetylcarnitine ratio differentiated patients with MCAD deficiency. Longer-chain acylcarnitines were found in plasma of all three patients with defects in long-chain fatty acid oxidation. Plasma and blood spots from a patient with multiple acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency contained C4-acylcarnitine, hexanoylcarnitine, octanoylcarnitine, and decanoylcarnitine. The results suggest that the method may be highly sensitive in detecting MCAD deficiency and other defects in fatty acid oxidation from plasma or blood spots.

Prevalence of medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency in the sudden infant death syndrome.

Disorders of fatty acid beta-oxidation have been suggested as playing a significant role in the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). To elucidate the role of medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency in SIDS, we identified all cases of SIDS occurring in Los Angeles County between January 1986 through December 1991. A total of 1304 SIDS deaths were identified; tissue samples were collected in 1236 cases (94.8%). Extraction of DNA was successful in 1224 tissue samples (93.9%), which were examined for the presence of the G985 mutation, identified as occurring in more than 88% of affected cases of MCAD deficiency. Three heterozygotes and no homozygotes were identified; this incidence does not differ from that reported in the general population. Review of the pathologic specimens from the identified heterozygotes and from 18 ethnic-, age-, and sex-matched control subjects revealed significant fatty infiltration of all organs examined in one of the three heterozygotes and in none of the control subjects. We conclude that MCAD deficiency does not play a significant role in the causation of SIDS.

Effect of treatment with glycine and L-carnitine in medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency.

To assess the relative contribution of glycine and carnitine conjugation pathways to total acyl-group excretion, we investigated the excretion of C6 to C10 dicarboxylic acids, C6 to C8 acylglycines, and C6 to C8 acylcarnitines in five symptom-free patients with medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency during sequential 1-week periods as follows: (1) no treatment, (2) oral supplementation with glycine, 250 mg/kg per day, (3) oral supplementation with L-carnitine, 100 mg/kg per day, and (4) oral supplementation with both combined. In untreated patients, acylglycines and acylcarnitines represented 60% and less than 1% of the total metabolite excretion, respectively; the average acylglycine/acylcarnitine ratio was 70:1. Oral supplementation with glycine did not alter the excretion of acylglycines or acylcarnitines. L-Carnitine supplementation increased the acylcarnitine excretion sixfold and caused a 60% reduction in acylglycine excretion (p < 0.001); however, even with carnitine supplementation, acylglycine excretion was still 10 times greater than that of acylcarnitines. The results suggest that glycine conjugation was the major pathway for the disposal of C6 to C8 acyl moieties and that oral L-carnitine supplements may inhibit glycine conjugation. The findings cast doubt on the value of long-term treatment of medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency with L-carnitine.