Peroxynitrite-activated fluorescent probe with two reaction triggers for pathological diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation of inflammation.

Excessive peroxynitrite (ONOO-) is closely related to the occurrence and progression of inflammation. Therefore, the development of an efficacious ONOO- activatable probe holds great potential for the early diagnosis of pathological inflammation, and the direct evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of active protectants. In this work, a new ONOO--activated fluorescent probe (SZP) which greatly improved the specificity and sensitivity (LOD = 8.03 nM) with large Stokes shift (150 nm) through introducing two reaction triggers (diphenyl phosphinate moiety, CC unsaturated bond) was rationally designed for rapid detecting ONOO- (within 2 min). The excellent properties of probe SZP enable it to realize the fluorescence-guided diagnosis of inflammation. More importantly, probe SZP has also been utilized to assess the anti-inflammatory efficacy of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) active ingredients for the remediation of inflammation by monitoring ONOO- fluctuation for the first time.

Comparative study on the plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxynitrite and peroxyl radicals and its inhibition by antioxidants.

The unregulated oxidative modification of biological molecules has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, and the beneficial effects of antioxidants against detrimental oxidation have received much attention. Among the multiple oxidants, peroxyl radical and peroxynitrite play an important role as chain-carrying species in lipid peroxidation and one of the major oxidants produced in vivo, respectively. This study was performed to elucidate the prominent features of these two oxidants by comparing their reactivity and selectivity and also the effects of antioxidants against plasma lipid oxidation induced by the two oxidants. It was shown that despite peroxyl radical and peroxynitrite gave similar pattern of lipid peroxidation products of plasma, and these two oxidants exert different selectivity and reactivity towards probes and antioxidants. The capacity of antioxidants to scavenge peroxynitrite and peroxyl radical decreased in the order BSA > glutathione > α-tocopherol ∼ bilirubin ∼ α - tocotrienol > γ-tocotrienol ∼ γ - tocopherol > uric acid and α-tocopherol ∼ α - tocotrienol > bilirubin > γ-tocotrienol ∼ γ - tocopherol > BSA > glutathione > uric acid, respectively. α-Tocopherol localised within plasma lipoproteins was six times less effective than trolox in aqueous phase for scavenging peroxynitrite and the derived oxidants, despite the same chemical reactivity of the two chromanols. BSA was relatively more effective as antioxidant against peroxynitrite than peroxyl radical, whereas TEMPO did not act as efficient antioxidant against both oxidants. It was suggested that thiols act as more potent antioxidant against peroxynitrite than phenolic antioxidants, while phenolic antioxidants are potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation induced by free radicals including those derived from peroxynitrite. Abbreviations: AAPH: 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride; C11-BODIPY: 4,4-difluoro-5-(4-phenyl-1,3-butadienyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-undecanoic acid; BSA: bovine serum albumin; DPPP: diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine; H(p)ODE: hydro(pero)xyoctadecadienoates; PGR: pyrogallol red; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; SIN-1: 3-morpholinosydnonimine; TEMPO: 2,2-6,6 tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl; Trolox: 2-carboxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-6-hydroxychroman.

Phenelzine reduces the oxidative damage induced by peroxynitrite in plasma lipids and proteins.

Peroxynitrite is a reactive nitrogen species produced in the intravascular compartment from superoxide anion and nitric oxide. Peroxynitrite destroys blood plasma proteins and membranes of red blood cells and of platelets. This explains why excessive production of peroxynitrite contributes to diseases and to ageing. Therapeutics that antagonize peroxynitrite may delay ageing and the progression of disease. We developed an in vitro assay that allows the investigation of the oxidative damage caused by peroxynitrite in the intravascular compartment. This assay correlates the damage with the rate of formation of protein carbonyl groups, 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Using this assay, we evaluated the ability of phenelzine, a scavenger of reactive aldehydes, to antagonize the effects of peroxynitrite. Herein, we showed that phenelzine significantly decreased the lipid peroxidative damage caused by peroxynitirite in blood plasma and platelets. Moreover, it inhibited carbonyl group and 3-NT formation in blood plasma and platelet proteins.

Selenium-containing indolyl compounds: Kinetics of reaction with inflammation-associated oxidants and protective effect against oxidation of extracellular matrix proteins.

Activated white blood cells generate multiple oxidants in response to invading pathogens. Thus, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is generated via the reaction of myeloperoxidase (from neutrophils and monocytes) with hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrous acid (ONOOH), a potent oxidizing and nitrating agent is formed from superoxide radicals and nitric oxide, generated by stimulated macrophages. Excessive or misplaced production of these oxidants has been linked to multiple human pathologies, including cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis is characterized by chronic inflammation and the presence of oxidized materials, including extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, within the artery wall. Here we investigated the potential of selenium-containing indoles to afford protection against these oxidants, by determining rate constants (k) for their reaction, and quantifying the extent of damage on isolated ECM proteins and ECM generated by human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). The novel selenocompounds examined react with HOCl with k 0.2-1.0 × 108M-1s-1, and ONOOH with k 4.5-8.6 - × 105M-1s-1. Reaction with H2O2 is considerably slower (k < 0.25M-1s-1). The selenocompound 2-phenyl-3-(phenylselanyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine provided protection to human serum albumin (HSA) against HOCl-mediated damage (as assessed by SDS-PAGE) and damage to isolated matrix proteins induced by ONOOH, with a concomitant decrease in the levels of the biomarker 3-nitrotyrosine. Structural damage and generation of 3-nitroTyr on HCAEC-ECM were also reduced. These data demonstrate that the novel selenium-containing compounds show high reactivity with oxidants and may modulate oxidative and nitrosative damage at sites of inflammation, contributing to a reduction in tissue dysfunction and atherogenesis.

Pigment epithelium­derived factor protects human glomerular mesangial cells from diabetes via NOXO1­iNOS suppression.

The authors previously reported that pigment epithelium­derived factor (PEDF) protects the diabetic kidney from fibrosis via its anti­oxidative effects. However, the underlying molecular mechanism has never been revealed. The present study aimed to investigate how PEDF protects mesangial cells from diabetes induced damage. Human mesangial cells were exposed to a diabetic environment [30 mmol/l glucose and 200 mg advanced glycation end products (AGEs)] in the absence or presence of PEDF (200 mg/l). The superoxide and peroxynitrite productions were measured by fluorescent assay. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAPDH) oxidases (NOXs; isoforms NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4), NADPH oxidase organizer 1 (NOXO1), DHFR, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and phospho­p38MAPK (p­p38) protein levels were also examined to explore the possible mechanism of the PEDF anti­oxidative properties. The fibrogenesis of mesangial cells in diabetes was associated with increased superoxide generation and peroxynitrite production via iNOS induction and uncoupling. However, elevated transforming growth factor­ß level, reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, iNOS induction and uncoupling were all reversed by NOXO1 suppression following PEDF treatment or NOXO1 silencing. Furthermore, the p38MAPK inhibition only attenuated the ROS/peroxynitrite production partially via abolishment of iNOS induction, however had no effect on iNOS uncoupling and its regulating enzyme: DHFR suppression. PEDF prevented oxidative stress and protected mesangial cells from fibrogenesis in a diabetic environment via dual effects mediated by NOXO1 inhibitory prevention of iNOS induction through p38MAPK inactivation and effects on iNOS coupling through DHFR restoration.

Effects of oolonghomobisflavan A on oxidation of low-density lipoprotein.

Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) has been suggested to be involved in the onset of atherosclerosis. Oolong tea contains unique polyphenols including oolonghomobisflavan A (OFA). In this study, the effects of OFA on LDL oxidation by ROS and RNS were investigated in vitro. OFA suppressed formation of cholesterol ester hydroperoxides in LDL oxidized by peroxyl radical and peroxynitrite, and formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in LDL oxidized by Cu2+. In addition, OFA inhibited fragmentation, carbonylation, and nitration of apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B-100) in the oxidized LDL, in which heparin-binding activity of apo B-100 was protected by OFA. Our results suggest that OFA exhibits antioxidant activity against both lipid peroxidation and oxidative modification of apo B-100 in LDL oxidized by ROS and RNS. Polyphenols in oolong tea may prevent atherosclerosis by reducing oxidative stress.

Antiperoxynitrite Treatment Ameliorates Vasorelaxation of Resistance Arteries in Aging Rats: Involvement With Protection of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells.

Numerous studies have found that the age-associated structural and functional alterations in arteries were characterized by increased endothelial dysfunction. In this study, young (3 months), adult (9 months), and aging (20 months) male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, including control groups and FeTMPyP (peroxynitrite scavenger) groups receiving saline and FeTMPyP, respectively, for 5 administrations once every 3 days through intraperitoneal injection. The aged-related proteins beta-galactosidase, p53, and p16 as well as the nitrotyrosine and endothelial marker endothelial nitric oxide synthase and von Willebrand factor (vWF) in vascular tissues were measured by immunohistochemistry. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and endothelium-independent vasorelaxation of rat thoracic aortas and mesenteric arteries were measured by acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, respectively. The amount of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) was determined by flow cytometry. The endothelium-dependent/independent relaxation in mesenteric arteries and the amount of circulating EPCs (CD31/CD34) in peripheral blood of aging rats were reduced significantly compared with young and adult rats. Immunohistochemistry results showed that the nitrotyrosine levels and morphological damage in mesenteric arteries were increased significantly in aging rats. Adoption of peroxynitrite scavenger FeTMPyP intervention may not only improve the endothelium-dependent relaxation and the amount of circulating EPCs in aging rats but also reverse endothelial injury. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that enhanced nitrative stress may aggravate the endothelial injury and vascular dysfunction of resistance arteries in aging rats. Antiperoxynitrite treatment can ameliorate the vasorelaxation and may be involved with the protection of circulating EPCs.

Mechanisms Underlying Interferon-γ-Induced Priming of Microglial Reactive Oxygen Species Production.

Microglial priming and enhanced reactivity to secondary insults cause substantial neuronal damage and are hallmarks of brain aging, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. It is, thus, of particular interest to identify mechanisms involved in microglial priming. Here, we demonstrate that priming of microglia with interferon-γ (IFN γ) substantially enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following stimulation of microglia with ATP. Priming of microglial ROS production was substantially reduced by inhibition of p38 MAPK activity with SB203580, by increases in intracellular glutathione levels with N-Acetyl-L-cysteine, by blockade of NADPH oxidase subunit NOX2 activity with gp91ds-tat or by inhibition of nitric oxide production with L-NAME. Together, our data indicate that priming of microglial ROS production involves reduction of intracellular glutathione levels, upregulation of NADPH oxidase subunit NOX2 and increases in nitric oxide production, and suggest that these simultaneously occurring processes result in enhanced production of neurotoxic peroxynitrite. Furthermore, IFNγ-induced priming of microglial ROS production was reduced upon blockade of Kir2.1 inward rectifier K+ channels with ML133. Inhibitory effects of ML133 on microglial priming were mediated via regulation of intracellular glutathione levels and nitric oxide production. These data suggest that microglial Kir2.1 channels may represent novel therapeutic targets to inhibit excessive ROS production by primed microglia in brain pathology.

Pharmacological Reconditioning of Marginal Donor Rat Lungs Using Inhibitors of Peroxynitrite and Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase During Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion.

BACKGROUND: Donor lungs obtained after prolonged warm ischemia (WI) may be unsuitable for transplantation due to the risk of reperfusion injury, but could be reconditioned using ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP). Key processes of reperfusion injury include the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/nitrogen species (RNS) and the activation of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP). We explored whether rat lungs obtained after WI could be reconditioned during EVLP using the ROS/RNS scavenger Mn(III)-tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin chloride (MnTBAP) or the PARP inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB). METHODS: Rat lungs obtained after 3 hours cold ischemia (CI group, control), or 1 hour WI plus 2 hours CI (WI group) were placed in an EVLP circuit for normothermic perfusion for 3 hours. Lungs retrieved after WI were treated or not with 3-AB (1 mg/mL) or MnTBAP (0.3 mg/mL), added to the perfusate. Measurements included physiological variables (lung compliance, vascular resistance, oxygenation capacity), lung weight gain, levels of proteins, lactate dehydrogenase, protein carbonyl (marker of ROS), 3-nitrotyrosine (marker of RNS), poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) (PAR, marker of PARP activation) and IL-6, in the bronchoalveolar lavage or the lung tissue, and histology. RESULTS: In comparison to the CI group, the lungs from the WI group displayed higher protein carbonyls, 3-nitrotyrosine, PAR, lactate dehydrogenase and proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage, lung weight gain, perivascular edema, as well as reduced static compliance, but similar oxygenation. All these alterations were markedly attenuated by 3-AB and MnTBAP. CONCLUSIONS: After EVLP, lungs obtained after WI exhibit oxidative stress, PARP activation, and tissue injury, which are suppressed by pharmacological inhibitors of ROS/RNS and PARP.

Promising anti-diabetic potential of capillin and capillinol isolated from Artemisia capillaris.

Caffeoylquinic acids, flavonoids, and coumarins isolated from Artemisia capillaris have recently emerged as therapeutic candidates for diabetes and diabetic complications; however, there have been very few studies of the anti-diabetic potential of polyacetylenes. In the present study, we investigated the anti-diabetic potential of two polyacetylenes isolated from A. capillaris, namely capillin and capillinol by investigating their ability to inhibit α-glucosidase, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), and rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR). Capillin displayed potent inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase, PTP1B, and RLAR, while capillinol showed moderate inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and PTP1B at the concentrations tested. In addition, a kinetic study revealed that capillin inhibited α-glucosidase and RLAR in a noncompetitive manner, while inhibited PTP1B in a mixed-type manner. Capillinol inhibited α-glucosidase and PTP1B in a mixed-type manner. Docking simulations of these compounds demonstrated negative binding energies and close proximity to residues in the binding pocket of PTP1B, indicating that these polyacetylenes have a high affinity and tight binding capacity for the active site of the enzyme. Furthermore, capillin dose-dependently inhibited peroxynitrite (ONOO(-))-mediated tyrosine nitration. The results clearly demonstrate the promising potential of capillin and capillinol as therapeutic interventions for the management of diabetes as well as diabetes-associated complications.

Mitigation of NADPH Oxidase 2 Activity as a Strategy to Inhibit Peroxynitrite Formation.

Using high throughput screening-compatible assays for superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, we identified potential inhibitors of the NADPH oxidase (Nox2) isoform from a small library of bioactive compounds. By using multiple probes (hydroethidine, hydropropidine, Amplex Red, and coumarin boronate) with well defined redox chemistry that form highly diagnostic marker products upon reaction with superoxide (O2 (̇̄)), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), the number of false positives was greatly decreased. Selected hits for Nox2 were further screened for their ability to inhibit ONOO(-)formation in activated macrophages. A new diagnostic marker product for ONOO(-)is reported. We conclude that the newly developed high throughput screening/reactive oxygen species assays could also be used to identify potential inhibitors of ONOO(-)formed from Nox2-derived O2 (̇̄)and nitric oxide synthase-derived nitric oxide.

Inhibitory evaluation of oligonol on α-glucosidase, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, cholinesterase, and ß-secretase 1 related to diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.

Oligonol is a low-molecular-weight form of polyphenol that is derived from lychee fruit extract and contains catechin-type monomers and oligomers of proanthocyanidins. This study investigates the anti-diabetic activities of oligonol via α-glucosidase and human recombinant protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) assays, as well as its anti-Alzheimer activities by evaluating the ability of this compound to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and ß-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1). Oligonol exhibited potent concentration-dependent anti-diabetic activities by inhibiting α-glucosidase and PTP1B with IC50 values of 23.14 µg/mL and 1.02 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, a kinetics study revealed that oligonol inhibited α-glucosidase (K i = 22.36) and PTP1B (K i = 8.51) with characteristics typical of a mixed inhibitor. Oligonol also displayed potent concentration-dependent inhibitory activity against AChE and BChE with IC50 values of 4.34 µg/mL and 2.07 µg/mL, respectively. However, oligonol exhibited only marginal concentration-dependent BACE1 inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 130.45 µg/mL. A kinetics study revealed mixed-type inhibition against AChE (K i = 4.65) and BACE1 (K i = 58.80), and noncompetitive-type inhibition against BChE (K i = 9.80). Furthermore, oligonol exhibited dose-dependent inhibitory activity against peroxynitrite (ONOO(-))-mediated protein tyrosine nitration. These results indicate that oligonol has strong preventative potential in diabetes mellitus and in Alzheimer's disease.

Substituent effects on the stability and antioxidant activity of spirodiazaselenuranes.

Spirodiazaselenuranes are structurally interesting compounds and the stability of these compounds depends highly on the nature of the substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms. Aromatic substituents are known to play important roles in stabilizing the Se-N bonds in spiro compounds. In this study, several spirodiazaselenuranes are synthesized by introducing benzylic and aliphatic substituents to understand their effect on the stability of the Se-N bonds and the antioxidant activity. Replacement of phenyl substituent by benzyl/alkyl groups significantly reduces the stability of the spirodiazaselenuranes and slows down the oxidative cyclization process. The selenium centre in the spiro compounds undergoes further oxidation to produce the corresponding selenurane oxides, which are stable at room temperature. Comparison of the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) mimetic activity of the compounds showed that the diaryl selenides having heterocyclic rings are significantly more active due to the facile oxidation of the selenium centre. However, the activity is reduced significantly for compounds having aliphatic substituents. In addition to GPx activity, the compounds also inhibit peroxynitrite-mediated nitration and oxidation reaction of protein and small molecules, respectively. The experimental observations suggest that the antioxidant activity is increased considerably upon substitution of the aromatic group with the benzylic/aliphatic substituents on the nitrogen atoms.

Molecular hydrogen as a novel antioxidant: overview of the advantages of hydrogen for medical applications.

Molecular hydrogen (H2) was believed to be inert and nonfunctional in mammalian cells. We overturned this concept by demonstrating that H2 reacts with highly reactive oxidants such as hydroxyl radical ((•)OH) and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) inside cells. H2 has several advantages exhibiting marked effects for medical applications: it is mild enough neither to disturb metabolic redox reactions nor to affect signaling by reactive oxygen species. Therefore, it should have no or little adverse effects. H2 can be monitored with an H2-specific electrode or by gas chromatography. H2 rapidly diffuses into tissues and cells to exhibit efficient effects. Thus, we proposed the potential of H2 for preventive and therapeutic applications. There are several methods to ingest or consume H2: inhaling H2 gas, drinking H2-dissolved water (H2-water), injecting H2-dissolved saline (H2-saline), taking an H2 bath, or dropping H2-saline onto the eyes. Recent publications revealed that, in addition to the direct neutralization of highly reactive oxidants, H2 indirectly reduces oxidative stress by regulating the expression of various genes. Moreover, by regulating gene expression, H2 functions as an anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and antiapoptotic molecule, and stimulates energy metabolism. In addition to growing evidence obtained by model animal experiments, extensive clinical examinations were performed or are under way. Since most drugs specifically act on their specific targets, H2 seems to differ from conventional pharmaceutical drugs. Owing to its great efficacy and lack of adverse effects, H2 has potential for clinical applications for many diseases.

Mechanisms of cell death pathway activation following drug-induced inhibition of mitochondrial complex I.

Respiratory complex I inhibition by drugs and other chemicals has been implicated as a frequent mode of mitochondria-mediated cell injury. However, the exact mechanisms leading to the activation of cell death pathways are incompletely understood. This study was designed to explore the relative contributions to cell injury of three distinct consequences of complex I inhibition, i.e., impairment of ATP biosynthesis, increased formation of superoxide and, hence, peroxynitrite, and inhibition of the mitochondrial protein deacetylase, Sirt3, due to imbalance of the NADH/NAD(+) ratio. We used the antiviral drug efavirenz (EFV) to model drug-induced complex I inhibition. Exposure of cultured mouse hepatocytes to EFV resulted in a rapid onset of cell injury, featuring a no-effect level at 30µM EFV and submaximal effects at 50µM EFV. EFV caused a concentration-dependent decrease in cellular ATP levels. Furthermore, EFV resulted in increased formation of peroxynitrite and oxidation of mitochondrial protein thiols, including cyclophilin D (CypD). This was prevented by the superoxide scavenger, Fe-TCP, or the peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst, Fe-TMPyP. Both ferroporphyrins completely protected from EFV-induced cell injury, suggesting that peroxynitrite contributed to the cell injury. Finally, EFV increased the NADH/NAD(+) ratio, inhibited Sirt3 activity, and led to hyperacetylated lysine residues, including those in CypD. However, hepatocytes isolated from Sirt3-null mice were protected against 40µM EFV as compared to their wild-type controls. In conclusion, these data are compatible with the concept that chemical inhibition of complex I activates multiple pathways leading to cell injury; among these, peroxynitrite formation may be the most critical.

Chronic lung injury in the neonatal rat: up-regulation of TGFß1 and nitration of IGF-R1 by peroxynitrite as likely contributors to impaired alveologenesis.

Postnatal alveolarization is regulated by a number of growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) acting through the insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 (IGF-R1). Exposure of the neonatal rat lung to 60% O2 for 14 days results in impairments of lung cell proliferation, secondary crest formation, and alveologenesis. This lung injury is mediated by peroxynitrite and is prevented by treatment with a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst. We hypothesized that one of the mechanisms by which peroxynitrite induces lung injury in 60% O2 is through nitration and inactivation of critical growth factors or their receptors. Increased nitration of both IGF-I and IGF-R1 was evident in 60% O2-exposed lungs, which was reversible by concurrent treatment with a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst. Increased nitration of the IGF-R1 was associated with its reduced activation, as assessed by IGF-R1 phosphotyrosine content. IGF-I displacement binding plots were conducted in vitro using rat fetal lung distal epithelial cells which respond to IGF-I by an increase in DNA synthesis. When IGF-I was nitrated to a degree similar to that observed in vivo there was minimal, if any, effect on IGF-I displacement binding. In contrast, nitrating cell IGF-R1 to a similar degree to that observed in vivo completely prevented specific binding of IGF-I to the IGF-R1, and attenuated an IGF-I-mediated increase in DNA synthesis. Additionally, we hypothesized that peroxynitrite also impairs alveologenesis by being an upstream regulator of the growth inhibitor, TGFß1. That 60% O2-induced impairment of alveologenesis was mediated in part by TGFß1 was confirmed by demonstrating an improvement in secondary crest formation when 60% O2-exposed pups received concurrent treatment with the TGFß1 activin receptor-like kinase, SB 431542. That the increased TGFß1 content in lungs of pups exposed to 60% O2 was regulated by peroxynitrite was confirmed by its attenuation by concurrent treatment with a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst. We conclude that peroxynitrite contributes to the impaired alveologenesis observed following the exposure of neonatal rats to 60% O2 both by preventing binding of IGF-I to the IGF-R1, secondary to nitration of the IGF-R1, and by causing an up-regulation of the growth inhibitor, TGFß1.

Tempol protects blood proteins and lipids against peroxynitrite-mediated oxidative damage.

Oxidative stress is characterized by excessive production of various free radicals and reactive species among which, peroxynitrite is most frequently produced in several pathological conditions. Peroxynitrite is the product of the superoxide anion reaction with nitric oxide, which is reported to take place in the intravascular compartment. Several studies have reported that peroxynitrite targets red blood cells, platelets and plasma proteins, and induces various forms of oxidative damage. This in vitro study was designed to further characterize the types of oxidative damage induced in platelets and plasma proteins by peroxynitrite. This study also determined the ability of tempol to protect blood plasma and platelets against peroxynitrite-induced oxidative damage. The ability of various concentrations of tempol (25, 50, 75, and 100 µM) to antagonize peroxynitrite-induced oxidation was evaluated by measuring the levels of protein carbonyl groups and thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substances in experimental groups. Exposure of platelets and plasma to 100 µM peroxynitrite resulted in an increased levels of carbonyl groups and lipid peroxidation (P < 0.05). Tempol significantly inhibited carbonyl group formation in plasma and platelet proteins (P < 0.05). In addition, tempol significantly reduced the levels of lipid peroxidation in both plasma and platelet samples (P < 0.05). Thus, tempol has antioxidative properties against peroxynitrite-induced oxidative damage in blood plasma and platelets.

Peroxynitrite and protein nitration in the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

BACKGROUND: Peroxynitrite, a product of the reaction of superoxide with nitric oxide, causes oxidative stress with concomitant inactivation of enzymes, poly(ADP-ribosylation), mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired stress signalling, as well as protein nitration. In this study, we sought to determine the effect of preventing protein nitration or increasing peroxynitrite decomposition on diabetic neuropathy in mice after an extended period of untreated diabetes. METHODS: C57Bl6/J male control and diabetic mice were treated with the peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst Fe(III) tetramesitylporphyrin octasulfonate (FeTMPS, 10 mg/kg/day) or protein nitration inhibitor (-)-epicatechin gallate (20 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks, after an initial 28 weeks of hyperglycaemia. RESULTS: Untreated diabetic mice developed motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity deficits, thermal and mechanical hypoalgesia, tactile allodynia and loss of intraepidermal nerve fibres. Both FeTMPS and epicatechin gallate partially corrected sensory nerve conduction slowing and small sensory nerve fibre dysfunction without alleviation of hyperglycaemia. Correction of motor nerve conduction deficit and increase in intraepidermal nerve fibre density were found with FeTMPS treatment only. CONCLUSIONS: Peroxynitrite injury and protein nitration are implicated in the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The findings indicate that both structural and functional changes of chronic diabetic peripheral neuropathy can be reversed and provide rationale for the development of a new generation of antioxidants and peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts for treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE): scavenger of peroxynitrite in vitro and in sepsis models.

Excessive free radical production by immune cells has been linked to cell death and tissue injury during sepsis. Peroxynitrite is a short-lived oxidant and a potent inducer of cell death that has been identified in several pathological conditions. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an active component of honeybee products and exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities. The present study examined the ability of CAPE to scavenge peroxynitrite in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ that was used as an in vitro model. Conversion of 123-dihydrorhodamine to its oxidation product 123-rhodamine was used to measure peroxynitrite production. Two mouse models of sepsis (endotoxemia and cecal ligation and puncture) were used as in vivo models. The level of serum 3-nitrotyrosine was used as an in vivo marker of peroxynitrite. The results demonstrated that CAPE significantly improved the viability of lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ-treated RAW 264.7 cells and significantly inhibited nitric oxide production, with effects similar to those observed with an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (1400W). In addition, CAPE exclusively inhibited the synthesis of peroxynitrite from the artificial substrate SIN-1 and directly prevented the peroxynitrite-mediated conversion of dihydrorhodamine-123 to its fluorescent oxidation product rhodamine-123. In both sepsis models, CAPE inhibited cellular peroxynitrite synthesis, as evidenced by the absence of serum 3-nitrotyrosine, an in vivo marker of peroxynitrite. Thus, CAPE attenuates the inflammatory responses that lead to cell damage and, potentially, cell death through suppression of the production of cytotoxic molecules such as nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. These observations provide evidence of the therapeutic potential of CAPE treatment for a wide range of inflammatory disorders.

[Induction of nitrosative stress in mitochondria of rats hearts in experimental ischemia-reperfusion of the brain and its correction by ecdysterone].

On the model of focal ischemia-reperfusion of the brain investigated the induction of nitrosative stress in mitochondria of rats hearts and possible mechanisms of protective action of ecdysterone. It is shown that focal ischemia-reperfusion of the brain induced in myocardial mitochondria the activation of constitutive and inducible de novo synthesis of NO by oxidation of L-arginine and not oxidative synthesis of NO through the recovery of oxidized stable metabolites of NO. Strong evidence of induction of nitrosative stress in heart mitochondria by focal ischemia-reperfusion of the brain, was a significant increase in mitochondrial pool of nitrate- and nitrite-anions and pools of nitrosothiols, that is proof of the formation and decay of peroxynitrite--a key marker of nitrosative stress. Also was observed increase in heart mitochondria by focal ischemia-reperfusion of the brain, content key regulator of de novo synthesis of NO-hydrogen sulfide and activity of inducible arginase II and, as a result, the pool of carbamide, which is also a regulator of the synthesis of NO. Previous introduction for animals herbal extract Serratsula coronata, enriched ecdysterone, reduces induction nitrosative stress in mitochondria of rats hearts under conditions of focal ischemia-reperfusion of the brain.