Bleeding Risk in Patients Receiving Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.

BACKGROUND: There is a potential concern about increased bleeding risk in patients receiving omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The aims of this study-level meta-analysis were to determine the risk of bleeding and to assess whether this relationship is linked to the received dose of omega-3 PUFAs or the background use of antiplatelet treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS: Electronic databases were searched through May 2023 to identify randomized clinical trials of patients receiving omega-3 PUFAs. Overall bleeding events, including fatal and central nervous system events, were identified and compared with those of a control group. A total of 120 643 patients from 11 randomized clinical trials were included. There was no difference in the pooled meta-analytic events of bleeding among patients receiving omega-3 PUFAs and those in the control group (rate ratio [RR], 1.09 [95% CI, 0.91-1.31]; P=0.34). Likewise, the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke, intracranial bleeding, and gastrointestinal bleeding were similar. A prespecified analysis was performed in patients receiving high-dose purified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which demonstrated a 50% increase in the relative risk of bleeding but only a modest increase in the absolute risk of bleeding (0.6%) when compared with placebo. Bleeding risk was associated with the dose of EPA (risk difference, 0.24 [95% CI, 0.05-0.43]; P=0.02) but not the background use of antiplatelet therapy (risk difference, -0.01 [95% CI, -0.02 to 0]; P=0.056). CONCLUSIONS: Omega-3 PUFAs were not associated with increased bleeding risk. Patients receiving high-dose purified EPA may incur additional bleeding risk, although its clinical significance is very modest.

Safety and efficacy of antioxidant therapy in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the safety and efficacy of antioxidant therapy in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: Randomized controlled trials and prospective studies on antioxidant therapy in children and adolescents with ADHD were searched in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library from the inception of databases to November 12, 2022. Two investigators independently screened the literature, extracted data, and evaluated the quality of the included studies. Network meta-analysis (PROSPERO registration number CRD 42023382824) was carried out by using R Studio 4.2.1. RESULTS: 48 studies involving 12 antioxidant drugs (resveratrol, pycnogenol, omega-3, omega-6, quercetin, phosphatidylserine, almond, vitamin D, zinc, folic acid, ginkgo biloba, Acetyl-L-carnitine) were finally included, with 3,650 patients. Network meta-analysis showed that omega-6 (0.18), vitamin D (0.19), and quercetin (0.24) were the top three safest drugs according to SUCRA. The omega-3 (SUCRA 0.35), pycnogenol (SUCRA 0.36), and vitamin D (SUCRA 0.27) were the most effective in improving attention, hyperactivity, and total score of Conners' parent rating scale (CPRS), respectively. In terms of improving attention, hyperactivity, and total score of Conners' teacher rating scale (CTRS), pycnogenol (SUCRA 0.32), phosphatidylserine+omega-3 (SUCRA 0.26), and zinc (SUCRA 0.34) were the most effective, respectively. In terms of improving attention, hyperactivity and total score of ADHD Rating Scale-Parent, the optimal agents were phosphatidylserine (SUCRA 0.39), resveratrol+MPH (SUCRA 0.24), and phosphatidylserine (SUCRA 0.34), respectively. In terms of improving attention, hyperactivity and total score of ADHD Rating Scale-Teacher, pycnogenol (SUCRA 0.32), vitamin D (SUCRA 0.31) and vitamin D (SUCRA 0.18) were the optimal agents, respectively. The response rate of omega-3+6 was the highest in CGI (SUCRA 0.95) and CPT (SUCRA 0.42). CONCLUSION: The rankings of safety and efficacy of the 12 antioxidants vary. Due to the low methodological quality of the included studies, the probability ranking cannot fully explain the clinical efficacy, and the results need to be interpreted with caution. More high-quality studies are still needed to verify our findings.

Safety update: omega-3-acid ethyl esters and atrial fibrillation.

Overview of: Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Omega-3-acid ethyl ester medicines (Omacor/Teromeg 1000 mg capsules): dose-dependent increased risk of atrial fibrillation in patients with established cardiovascular diseases or cardiovascular risk factors. Drug Safety Update 2024;17(6):3.

Effect of basal insulin and omega 3 fatty acids on cognitive impairment in dysglycaemia: An exploratory analysis of the ORIGIN trial.

AIM: The outcomes reduction with an initial glargine intervention (ORIGIN) trial reported that, allocation to insulin glargine-mediated normoglycaemia versus standard care, and to omega 3 fatty acids versus placebo had a neutral effect on cognitive test scores when analysed as continuous variables. Analyses of these scores as standardized categorical variables using a previously validated strategy may yield different results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ORIGIN trial recruited participants with dysglycaemia and additional cardiovascular risk factors from 573 sites in 40 countries. They completed a mini mental state examination and a subset completed the digit symbol substitution test at baseline and up to three subsequent visits. The effect of the interventions on country-standardized substantive cognitive impairment, defined as the first occurrence of a baseline-adjusted follow-up mini mental state examination or digit symbol substitution test score ≥1.5 standard deviations below the baseline mean score in each participant's country was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 6.2 years, 2627 of 11 682 people (22.5%) developed country-standardized substantive cognitive impairment. The hazard of this outcome was reduced by 9% (hazard ratio 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.85, 0.99; p = .023) in participants assigned to insulin glargine (21.6%) versus standard care (23.3%). Conversely, the hazard of this outcome was not affected by assignment to omega 3 fatty acid versus placebo (hazard ratio 0.93, 95% confidence interval 0.86, 1.01; p = .074). CONCLUSIONS: In this post hoc exploratory analysis, insulin glargine-mediated normoglycaemia but not omega 3 fatty acids reduced the hazard of substantive cognitive impairment in people with dysglycaemia and additional cardiovascular risk factors.

Do patients benefit from omega-3 fatty acids?

Omega-3 fatty acids (O3FAs) possess beneficial properties for cardiovascular (CV) health and elevated O3FA levels are associated with lower incident risk for CV disease (CVD.) Yet, treatment of at-risk patients with various O3FA formulations has produced disparate results in large, well-controlled and well-conducted clinical trials. Prescription formulations and fish oil supplements containing low-dose mixtures of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have routinely failed to prevent CV events in primary and secondary prevention settings when added to contemporary care, as shown most recently in the STRENGTH and OMEMI trials. However, as observed in JELIS, REDUCE-IT, and RESPECT-EPA, EPA-only formulations significantly reduce CVD events in high-risk patients. The CV mechanism of action of EPA, while certainly multifaceted, does not depend solely on reductions of circulating lipids, including triglycerides (TG) and LDL, and event reduction appears related to achieved EPA levels suggesting that the particular chemical and biological properties of EPA, as compared to DHA and other O3FAs, may contribute to its distinct clinical efficacy. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown different effects of EPA compared with DHA alone or EPA/DHA combination treatments, on atherosclerotic plaque morphology, LDL and membrane oxidation, cholesterol distribution, membrane lipid dynamics, glucose homeostasis, endothelial function, and downstream lipid metabolite function. These findings indicate that prescription-grade, EPA-only formulations provide greater benefit than other O3FAs formulations tested. This review summarizes the clinical findings associated with various O3FA formulations, their efficacy in treating CV disease, and their underlying mechanisms of action.

Effects of omega-3, omega-6, and total dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Uncertainty exists about the link between omega-3 fatty acid, omega-6 fatty acid, and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and mortality in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) patients, and no meta-analyses summarize the relationship between these various types of PUFAs and ASCVD. Methods: Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO and Cochrane Library up to November 30, 2022 were searched for prospective randomized controlled studies investigating the relationships among omega-3, omega-6, and PUFA intake and mortality and cardiovascular events in ASCVD patients. This study has been registered at PROSPERO (No. CRD42023407566). Results: This meta-analysis included 21 publications from 17 studies involving 40 861 participants published between 1965 and 2022. In ASCVD patients, omega-3 may lower all-cause mortality (RR: 0.90, 95% CI [0.83, 0.98], I2 = 8%), CVD mortality (RR: 0.82, 95% CI [0.73, 0.91], I2 = 34%) and CVD events (RR: 0.90, 95% CI [0.86, 0.93], I2 = 79%). Subgroup analyses showed that EPA or EPA ethyl ester supplementation reduced CVD events, while the mixture of EPA and DHA had no significant impact. Long-chain omega-3 consumption of 1.0-4.0 g per d reduced death risk by 3.5% for each 1 g per d increase. Omega-6 and PUFA had no significant effect on mortality or CVD events, with low-quality evidence and significant heterogeneity. Conclusions: omega-3 intake is associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, and CVD events in ASCVD patients, while omega-6 or total PUFA intake showed no significant association. Increasing the omega-3 intake by 1 g per d resulted in a 3.5% decrease in the risk of death. These findings support the recommendation of supplements with omega-3 fatty acids for the secondary prevention of ASCVD.

Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on the prognosis of coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

AIMS: To evaluate whether omega-3 fatty acids (É·-3 FAs) supplementation can improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD). DATA SYNTHESIS: Five electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effect of É·-3 FAs on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CAD. The language was restricted to English. The risk ratio was pooled. Subgroup analyses were conducted to evaluate whether study-level variables might act as effect modifiers. A total of 12 studies involving 29913 patients were included. É·-3 FAs had no effects on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) (RR, 0.93; 95 % CI: 0.85 to 1.01, P = 0.09). While É·-3 FAs reduced the incidences of all-cause death (RR, 0.90; 95 % CI: 0.83 to 0.97, P = 0.005), cardiovascular death (RR, 0.82; 95 % CI: 0.75 to 0.90, P < 0.0001), myocardial infarction (RR, 0.77; 95 % CI: 0.68 to 0.86, P < 0.0001), revascularization (RR, 0.80; 95 % CI: 0.69 to 0.93, P = 0.003), sudden cardiac death (RR, 0.67; 95 % CI: 0.52 to 0.86, P = 0.002) and hospitalization for heart failure or unstable angina pectoris (RR, 0.75; 95 % CI: 0.58 to 0.97, P = 0.03) in CAD. It did not statistically reduce the risk of stroke (RR, 0.96; 95 % CI: 0.77 to 1.21, P = 0.76). The favorable effects of É·-3 FAs on MACEs were significant in subgroups of intervention with EPA and baseline triglyceride ≥1.7 mmol/L. CONCLUSION: É·-3 FAs supplementation, especially EPA, appears to be an effective adjunct therapy for improving the prognosis of CAD. REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42022311237.

Antarctic Krill Oil from Euphausia superba Ameliorates Carrageenan-Induced Thrombosis in a Mouse Model.

FJH-KO obtained from Antarctic krill, especially Euphausia superba, has been reported to contain high amounts of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) and to exhibit anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its antithrombotic effects have not yet been reported. This study aimed to investigate the antithrombotic effects of FJH-KO in carrageenan-induced thrombosis mouse models and human endothelial cells. Thrombosis was induced by carrageenan injection, whereas the mice received FJH-KO pretreatment. FJH-KO attenuated carrageenan-induced thrombus formation in mouse tissue vessels and prolonged tail bleeding. The inhibitory effect of FJH-KO was associated with decreased plasma levels of thromboxane B2, P-selectin, endothelin-1, ß-thromboglobulin, platelet factor 4, serotonin, TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6. Meanwhile, FJH-KO induced plasma levels of prostacyclin I2 and plasminogen. In vitro, FJH-KO decreased the adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to human endothelial cells stimulated by TNF-α via eNOS activation and NO production. Furthermore, FJH-KO inhibited the expression of TNF-α-induced adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway. Taken together, our study demonstrates that FJH-KO protects against carrageenan-induced thrombosis by regulating endothelial cell activation and has potential as an antithrombotic agent.

Efeito do ômega 3 e da vitamina B12 no espermograma, na histomorfometria dos órgãos reprodutivos e nas temperaturas do corpo com termografia infravermelha em ratos Wistar / Effect of Omega 3 and Vitamin B12 on the spermogram, histomorphometry of the reproductive organs and body temperatures with infrared thermography in Wistar rats

Objetivou-se estudar o efeito do ômega 3 e da vitamina B12 no espermograma, na histomorfometria dos órgãos reprodutivos e na temperaturas do corpo com termografia infravermelha em ratos Wistar. Utilizaram-se 16 ratos, em quatro grupos (n=4), que receberam injeções diárias por 30 dias, sendo: grupo controle - solução salina; grupo ômega 3 - óleo de peixe 1g/kg; grupo B12 - vitamina B12 3µg; e grupo ômega 3 + B12 - óleo de peixe 1g/kg e vitamina B12 3µg. Imagens termográficas de áreas do corpo foram obtidas. No 30º dia, os ratos foram sacrificados e realizaram-se as análises de morfologia espermática e histomorfometria. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey a 5%. A temperatura da superfície do escroto foi superior no grupo B12 (P<0,05). Não houve diferenças entre grupos (P>0,05) para temperaturas do globo ocular. Houve correlação entre temperatura da superfície do escroto e porcentagem de gota citoplasmática distal (P=0,678). A elevação da temperatura do escroto resulta no aumento da porcentagem de gotas citoplasmáticas distais. A temperatura do globo ocular não sofre influência significativa do ômega 3 e da vitamina B12. O ômega 3 reduz o epitélio seminífero, e a vitamina B12 minimiza esse efeito.(AU)

The objective of this study was to study the effect of Omega 3 and vitamin B12 on spermogram, histomorphometry of reproductive organs and body temperature with infrared thermography in Wistar rats. Sixteen rats were used in four groups (n= 4) who received daily injections for 30 days. Control Group - saline solution; Group Omega 3 - fish oil 1g/kg; Group B12 - vitamin B12 3μg and Group Omega 3 + B12 - fish oil 1g/kg and vitamin B12 3μg. Thermographic images of body were obtained. On the 30th day the rats were sacrificed and analyzes of sperm morphology and histomorphometry were performed. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey's test at 5%. The surface temperature of the scrotum was higher in group B12 (P< 0.05). There were no differences between groups (P> 0.05) for eyeball temperatures. There was a correlation between scrotal temperature and distal cytoplasmic droplet (P= 0.678). Elevation of scrotum temperature results in an increase in the percentage of distal cytoplasmic droplets. The temperature of the eyeball is not significantly influenced by Omega 3 and vitamin B12. Omega 3 reduces the seminiferous epithelium and vitamin B12 minimizes this effect.(AU)

Safety in the hypertriglyceridemia treatment with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on glucose metabolism in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus / Seguridad en el tratamiento de la hipertrigliceridemia con n-3 ácidos grasos poliinsaturados en el metabolismo de la glucosa en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus increases the risk of hypertriglyceridemia and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Current literature reveals the beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in hypertriglyceridemia treatment, however the safety for type 2 diabetic subjects are still debatable. This literature review discusses the safety on glucose metabolism of n-3 PUFA supplementation in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: A literature review was conducted on EMBASE and MEDLINE database to investigate clinical trials published since 1990 until June 2014 that investigated the effects of dietary/supplementation n-3 PUFA intake in hypertriglyceridemia treatment in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Results and Discussion: Fourteen clinical trials (n = 2,105) were included in this review. All trials reported areduction in triglycerides levels between 12 - 34% in intra- group and 15 - 36% in between-groups analysis. Four trials showed a significant increase in LDL-c (6 - 18%) and another four in HDL-c levels (4 - 15%). No significantchanges were found to total cholesterol, VLDL-c, fasting glucose, HbA1C, and insulin sensitivity index. Conclusions: The n-3 PUFA supplementation leads animprovement on TG levels and did not result in any impairment on glucose metabolism in hypertriglyceridemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus being a safe option to treat the diabetic population (AU)

Introducción: Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 aumenta el riesgo de hipertrigliceridemia y es un factor de riesgo independiente para las enfermedades cardiovasculares. La literatura actual revela efectos beneficiosos de n-3 ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (n-3 AGPI) en el tratamiento de la hipertrigliceridemia, sin embargo, la seguridad de este tratamento en los sujetos diabéticos tipo 2 es discutible. Esta revisión de la literatura discute la seguridad del n-3 PUFA la suplementación sobre el metabolismo de la glucosa en el tratamiento de la hipertrigliceridemia en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: Se ha realizado una revisión de la literatura en la base de datos MEDLINE y EMBASE del los ensayos clínicos publicados con fecha posterior al 1990 hasta Junio de 2014 sobre los efectos de la ingesta / suplementos del n-3 AGPI en el tratamiento de la hipertrigliceridemia en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Resultados y Discusión: Catorce estudios clínicos (n = 2105) se incluyeron en esta revisión. Del estudios informaron una reducción en los niveles de triglicéridos entre 12 a 34% en interior del grupo comparación y de 15 a 36% en entre grupos análisis. Cuatro estudios mostraron un aumento significativo en el LDL-c (6-18%) y otros cuatro en los niveles de HDL-c (4 - 15%). No se encontraron cambios significativos en el colesterol total, VLDL-c, la glucosa, HbA1c y el índice de sensibilidad a la insulina. Conclusión: El n-3 AGPI suplementación lleva una mejora en los niveles de triglicéridos y no arrojaron deterioro en el metabolismo de la glucosa en pacientes con hipertrigliceridemia con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 siendo una opción segura para el tratamiento de la población diabética (AU)

Efeito do uso combinado de ácidos graxos ômega 3 e fitosteróis sobre o perfil lipídico, estresse oxidativo e biomarcadores de inflamação / Effect of omega 3 fatty acids combined with phytosterols on lipid profile, oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers

A aterosclerose é um processo inflamatório que se inicia na infância e progride com a idade, sendo o principal processo patológico que culmina nas doenças cardiovasculares. Ácidos graxos ômega 3 (N-3 FA) reduzem triacilgliceróis plasmáticos e inflamação, enquanto fitosteróis possuem ação hipocolesterolêmica. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi de aplicar a combinação dessas duas classes de lipídios bioativos na infância, visando reduzir a aterosclerose na fase adulta. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas. Inicialmente, o efeito de três ingredientes contendo N-3 FA foi avaliado em termos de perfil lipídico e biomarcadores inflamatórios. Camundongos adultos LDLr Knockout receberam uma dieta hiperlipídica e foram simultaneamente suplementados com água (CON), óleo de algas (ALG), óleo de peixe (FIS) e óleo de Echium (ECH) através de gavagem durante 4 semanas. Os animais suplementados com óleo de Echium apresentaram os maiores índices de redução de triacilgliceróis e VLDL, além de inibição da esteatose causada pelo dieta hiperlipídica. Entretanto, diferente dos óleos marinhos, tais efeitos não envolveram ativação de fatores de transcrição envolvidos no metabolismo lipídico, como PPARα e LXRα hepáticos. Na segunda etapa deste estudo, camundongos Knockout LDLr recém-desmamados foram suplementados durante 2 meses com emulsões preparadas com óleo de soja (CON), óleo de de Echium (ECH), óleo de alga (ALG), fitosteróis isolados (PHY), óleo de alga + fitosteróis (ALG+PHY) e óleo de Echium + fitosteróis (ECH+PHY). A seguir, dislipidemia e estresse oxidativo foram induzidos através de uma dieta hiperlipídica por mais 2 meses. Todos os animais apresentaram estrias gordurosas na aorta, sendo que a área de lesão foi maior naqueles suplementados com fitosteróis isoladamente (PHY). Entretanto, esse efeito negativo foi totalmente revertido pela co-suplementação com N-3 FA. Observou-se que os fitosteróis isolados agiram como agonistas de LXRα, e que a reversão proporcionada pelos N-3 FA envolveu aumento da expressão do fator de transcrição PPARα e redução do aumento de LXRα. Além disso, o óleo de Echium reduziu o estresse oxidativo no fígado através de mecanismos associados à modulação da atividade e expressão de enzimas antioxidantes. Nossos resultados sugerem que a melhor alternativa no desenvolvimento de alimentos funcionais para crianças, visando prevenção de aterosclerose na fase adulta, foi conferida pelos N-3 FA provenientes do óleo de Echium

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process that begins in childhood and progresses with age, being the main pathological process that culminates in cardiovascular disease. Omega 3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) reduces triacylglycerol (TG) and inflammation, while phytosterols present hypocholesterolemic action. Therefore, the aim of this study was to apply the combination of these two classes of bioactive lipids in childhood to reduce atherosclerosis in adulthood. The study was divided into two steps. Initially, the effect of three ingredients containing n-3 FA was evaluated in terms of lipid and inflammatory biomarkers. LDLr knockout adult mice received a high-fat diet and were simultaneously supplemented with water (CON), algae oil (ALG), fish oil (FIS) and Echium oil (ECH) by gavage for 4 weeks. The animals supplemented with Echium oil presented higher reduction of TG and VLDL. Besides, Echium oil inhibited hepatic steatosis caused by high-fat diet. However, unlike of marine oils, this hypotriglyceridemic effect did not involve activation of transcription factors associated to lipid metabolism, such as PPARα and LXRα. At the second step of this study, weaning LDLr knockout mice were supplemented with emulsions prepared with soybean oil (CON), Echium oil (ECH), algae oil (ALG), isolated phytosterols (PHY), algae oil + phytosterols (ALG + PHY) and Echium oil + phytosterols (PHY + ECH) for 2 months. Thereafter, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress were induced by a high fat diet for 2 months more. All animals showed fatty streaks in the aorta artery. The lesion area was greatest in mice supplemented with isolated phytosterol (PHY). However, this negative effect was completely reversed by co-supplementation with n-3 FA. It was observed that isolated phytosterols acted as LXRα agonists, and that the reversal provided by the N-3 FA involved the increase of PPARα and reduction of LXRα expression. Furthermore, the Echium oil reduced oxidative stress in liver through mechanisms associated with modulation of antioxidant enzymes activity and expression. Our results suggest that the best alternative to develop functional foods for children, aimed at preventing atherosclerosis in adulthood, was conferred by the N-3 FA from Echium oil

N-3 fatty acids in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity / Ácidos grasos n-3 en el metabolismo de la glucosa y la sensibilidad a la insulina

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the n-3 series are essential for normal growth and development. The health effects of these fatty acids include reduction of cardiovascular risk due to antiarrhythmic, antiinflammatory, anti-thrombotic and lipid lowering actions. An increase in unsaturation of the muscle membrane fatty acids is associated with improved insulin sensitivity. Higher proportion of n-3 fatty acids may have beneficial roles, such as antiobesity effects and protection against the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus through a number of metabolic effects. However, controversy exists on the different effects of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as on the interacting effect of dietary saturated and monounsaturated fat. In addition, some adverse effects have been described concerning the use of fish oil supplements containing high doses of n-3fatty acids. Several studies show Eskimos diabetes risk, while results of nutritional interventions on the influence of consuming diets rich in oily fish or other food rich in n-3 fatty acids is very limited. This article reviews the possible mechanisms through which n-3 PUFA are involved inglucose level control and insulin sensitivity. Intervention and epidemiological studies together with recent findings on the nutrigenomics field related with this subject are also briefly reviewed (AU)

Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGP) de la serie n-3son esenciales para el crecimiento normal y el desarrollo. Los efectos de estos ácidos grasos en la salud incluyen reducción del riesgo cardiovascular debido a acciones antiarrítmicas, antiinflamatorias, antitrombóticas ehipolipemiantes. Un aumento en la insaturación de los ácidos grasos de la membrana muscular se asocia con mejora en la sensibilidad a la insulina. Una mayor proporción de ácidos grasos n-3 puede desempeñar papeles beneficios, tales como efectos antiobesidad y protección frente al síndrome metabólico y la diabetes mellitus tipo2. Sin embargo, existe controversia sobre los diferentes efectos de los ácidos grasos n-6 y n-3, así como con la interacción entre la grasa saturada y monoinsaturada. Además, se han descrito algunos efectos adversos en relación al uso de suplementos de aceite de pescado con altas dosis de ácidos grasos n-3. Algunos estudios muestran el riesgo de diabetes en esquimales, mientras que los resultados de intervenciones nutricionales sobre la influencia del consumo de pescado graso u otros alimentos ricos en ácidos grasos n-3 son muy limitados. Este artículo revisa los posibles mecanismos a través de los cuales los AGP n-3intervienen en el control de la glucosa y la sensibilidad a la insulina. Se revisan los estudios epidemiológicos y de intervención junto con los hallazgos más recientes en el campo de la nutrigenómica relacionados con la sensibilidad y resistencia a la insulina (AU)

Eficacia de los ácidos grasos omega-3 en las enfermedades renales: ¿está justificado su empleo? / Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids on renal diseases: are they justified?

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Composición de carnes vacunas argentinas / Composition of argentinian bovine meat

La carne vacuna magra, libre de grasa externa, producida en sistemas extensivos sobre pasturas contribuye mínimamente a la ingesta lípida total lo que permite su fácil incorporación a cualquier dieta nutricionalmente balanceada. Sus niveles de colesterol son similares o aún menores que los presentes en otro tipo de carnes. El aporte de ácidos grasos hipercolesterrolémicos se reduce a los ácidos mirísticos y palmíticos. Presenta altos niveles de ácido oleico y es una fuente de ácidos grasos n-6 y n-3. (AU)