Plasma Sphingomyelins and Carnitine Esters of Infants Consuming Whole Goat or Cow Milk-Based Infant Formulas or Human Milk.

BACKGROUND: Infant formulas are typically manufactured using skimmed milk, whey proteins, and vegetable oils, which excludes milk fat globule membranes (MFGM). MFGM contains polar lipids, including sphingomyelin (SM). OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was comparison of infant plasma SM and acylcarnitine species between infants who are breastfed or receiving infant formulas with different fat sources. METHODS: In this explorative study, we focused on SM and acylcarnitine species concentrations measured in plasma samples from the TIGGA study (ACTRN12608000047392), where infants were randomly assigned to receive either a cow milk-based infant formula (CIF) with vegetable oils only or a goat milk-based infant formula (GIF) with a goat milk fat (including MFGM) and vegetable oil mixture to the age ≥4 mo. Breastfed infants were followed as a reference group. Using tandem mass spectrometry, SM species in the study formulas and SM and acylcarnitine species in plasma samples collected at the age of 4 mo were analyzed. RESULTS: Total SM concentrations (∼42 µmol/L) and patterns of SM species were similar in both formulas. The total plasma SM concentrations were not different between the formula groups but were 15 % (CIF) and 21% (GIF) lower in the formula groups than in the breastfed group. Between the formula groups, differences in SM species were statistically significant but small. Total carnitine and major (acyl) carnitine species were not different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The higher total SM concentration in breastfed than in formula-fed infants might be related to a higher SM content in human milk, differences in cholesterol metabolism, dietary fatty acid intake, or other factors not yet identified. SM and acylcarnitine species composition in plasma is not closely related to the formula fatty acid composition. This trial was registered at Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12608000047392.

Comparative chemical and biological hydrolytic stability of homologous esters and isosteres.

Esters are one of the major functional groups present in the structures of prodrugs and bioactive compounds. Their presence is often associated with hydrolytic lability. In this paper, we describe a comparative chemical and biological stability of homologous esters and isosteres in base media as well as in rat plasma and rat liver microsomes. Our results provided evidence for the hydrolytic structure lability relationship and demonstrated that the hydrolytic stability in plasma and liver microsome might depend on carboxylesterase activity. Molecular modelling studies were performed in order to understand the experimental data. Taken together, the data could be useful to design bioactive compounds or prodrugs based on the correct choice of the ester subunit, addressing compounds with higher or lower metabolic lability.

Identification and structure-activity relationship exploration of uracil-based benzoic acid and ester derivatives as novel dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Our previously reported carboxyl-containing DPP-4 inhibitors were highly potent but were poorly bioavailable. Esters of the carboxyl analogs exhibited a significant DPP-4 potency loss albeit with enhanced oral absorption. Herein, we described identification and structure-activity relationship (SAR) exploration of a novel series of benzoic acid and ester derivatives as low single-digit nanomolar DPP-4 inhibitors. Importantly, the esters displayed comparable activities to the acids counterparts. Molecular simulation revealed that ester adopts a similar binding mode to acid. Moreover, the selected esters and acids demonstrated high selectivity and low cytotoxicity, as well as good metabolic stability. And more importantly, the esters possessed excellent pharmacokinetic profiles for oral administration. The best compound ester 19b demonstrated long DPP-4 inhibition in vivo, and robustly improved the glucose tolerance in normal and db/db mice while ensuring glucose-lowering potency in chronic treatment. Our results supported that the compound 19b can be served as a potential candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Determination of camostat and its metabolites in human plasma - Preservation of samples and quantification by a validated UHPLC-MS/MS method.

OBJECTIVES: Camostat mesilate is a drug that is being repurposed for new applications such as that against COVID-19 and prostate cancer. This induces a need for the development of an analytical method for the quantification of camostat and its metabolites in plasma samples. Camostat is, however, very unstable in whole blood and plasma due to its two ester bonds. The molecule is readily hydrolysed by esterases to 4-(4-guanidinobenzoyloxy)phenylacetic acid (GBPA) and further to 4-guanidinobenzoic acid (GBA). For reliable quantification of camostat, a technique is required that can instantly inhibit esterases when blood samples are collected. DESIGN AND METHODS: An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) using stable isotopically labelled analogues as internal standards was developed and validated. Different esterase inhibitors were tested for their ability to stop the hydrolysis of camostat ester bonds. RESULTS: Both diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and paraoxon were discovered as efficient inhibitors of camostat metabolism at 10 mM concentrations. No significant changes in camostat and GBPA concentrations were observed in fluoride-citrate-DFP/paraoxon-preserved plasma after 24 h of storage at room temperature or 4 months of storage at -20 °C and -80 °C. The lower limits of quantification were 0.1 ng/mL for camostat and GBPA and 0.2 ng/mL for GBA. The mean true extraction recoveries were greater than 90%. The relative intra-laboratory reproducibility standard deviations were at a maximum of 8% at concentrations of 1-800 ng/mL. The trueness expressed as the relative bias of the test results was within ±3% at concentrations of 1-800 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS: A methodology was developed that preserves camostat and GBPA in plasma samples and provides accurate and sensitive quantification of camostat, GBPA and GBA by UHPLC-MS/MS.

[Determination of 16 organophosphate esters in human blood by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction].

Measurement of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in human body fluids is important for understanding human internal exposure to OPEs and for assessing related health risks. Most of the current studies have focused on the determination of OPE metabolites in human urine, as OPEs are readily metabolized into their diester or hydroxylated forms in the human body. However, given the existence of one metabolite across multiple OPEs or multiple metabolites of one OPE, as well as the low metabolic rates of several OPEs in in vitro studies, the reliability of urinary OPE metabolites as biomarkers for specific OPEs is needs to be treated with caution.Human blood is a matrix that is in contact with all body organs and tissues, and the blood levels of compounds may better represent the doses that reach target tissues. Currently, only a few studies have investigated the occurrence of OPEs in human blood by different analytical methods, and the variety of OPEs considered is limited. In this study, a method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 16 OPEs in human blood, and the extraction efficiency of the solid phase extraction (SPE) column for OPEs was verified. To human blood samples, 10 ng of an internal standard was added, followed by mixing and aging for 30 min. The samples were extracted three times with acetonitrile using a shaker, and then purified on ENVI-18 cartridges with acetonitrile containing 25% dichloromethane as the eluent. Finally, the OPEs were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. After optimization of the analytical column and mobile phases, the analytes were separated on a BEH C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) by gradient elution using methanol and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate in water as the mobile phase. Then, the analytes were ionized in electrospray ionization positive (ESI+) mode and detected in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The mass spectral parameters, including the precursor ion, product ion, declustering potential, entrance potential, and collision cell exit potential, were optimized. The results were quantified by the internal standard method. The limits of detection (LOD, S/N=3) of the OPEs were in the range of 0.0038-0.882 ng/mL. The calibration curves for the 16 OPEs showed good linear relationships in the range of 0.1-50 ng/mL, and the correlation coefficients were >0.995. The extraction efficiency of the ENVI-18 column for the 16 OPEs was validated, and the average recoveries of the target compounds were 54.6%-104%. The average recoveries (n=3) of 15 OPEs, except trimethyl phosphate (TMP), in whole blood at three spiked levels were in the range of 53.1%-126%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were in the range of 0.15%-12.6%. The average recoveries of six internal standards were in the range of 66.8%-91.6% except for TMP-d9 (39.1%), with RSDs of 3.52%-6.85%. The average matrix effects of the OPEs in whole blood were 56.4%-103.0%. Significant matrix effects were found for resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) (75.8%±1.4%), trimethylphenyl phosphate (TMPP) (68.4%±1.0%), 2-ethylhexyl di-phenyl phosphate (EHDPP) (56.4%±12.4%), and bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BABP) (58.5%±0.4%). However, these effects could be corrected by similar signal suppressions of the corresponding internal standard (TPHP-d15, 77.4%±7.5%). This method is simple, highly sensitive, and suitable for the determination of OPEs in human blood. Fifteen human whole blood samples were collected to quantify the 16 OPEs using the developed method. The total concentrations of the OPEs ranged from 1.50 to 7.99 ng/mL. The detection frequencies of eight OPEs were higher than 50%. Tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tri(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) were the dominant OPEs, with median concentrations of 0.813, 0.764, and 0.690 ng/mL, respectively. These results indicated widespread human exposure to OPEs, which should be of concern.

New approach to derivatisation for oestradiol esters detection in animal blood plasma using negative chemical ionisation GC-MS.

In 1996, the EU prohibited the use of substances with anabolic action for food-producing animals (EU Directive 96/22/EC). In cases of illegal use of steroid hormones, these substances are usually applied to the animals in the form of esters. The reliable determination of intact steroid esters in animal tissues or body fluids is an unequivocal proof of illegal treatment of animals with EU prohibited anabolic substances. Previously our laboratory developed a sensitive method for determination of oestradiol benzoate and other steroid esters in blood plasma using LC-MS/MS, validated according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. This study describes a GC-MS method which has been developed for five oestradiol esters in blood plasma. The sample preparation procedure consisted of protein precipitation, phospholipids removal and cleaning on an alumina column. Oestradiol esters were derivatised with 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-pentafluorobenzoyl chloride (PFBCl) and pyridine in dichloromethane. The measurement of oestradiol esters was carried out by GC-MS/NCI with Cool On-Column injection. Methane was used as a negative chemical ionisation reagent gas. The method for determination of oestradiol esters in blood plasma has been validated according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Decision limits for all analytes were observed below 0.05 ng mL-1. The method is robust for bovine and porcine plasma analyses and can be applied both for screening and confirmatory determination in routine residue monitoring.

Thiamine and phosphate esters concentrations in whole blood and serum of patients with alcohol use disorder: a relation with cognitive deficits.

Background: In this study, we investigated (1) the effect of chronic and excessive alcohol consumption on whole blood (WB) and serum concentrations of thiamine and its metabolites after supplementation, and (2) the relationship between the perturbations of thiamine metabolism and neuropsychological abilities.Methods: WB and serum samples were collected in patients with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) and in healthy control subjects (after oral thiamine supplementation, or without supplementation). Thiamine (Th), thiamine monophosphate (TMP) and thiamine diphosphate (TDP) were quantified. The Brief Evaluation of Alcohol-Related Neuropsychological Impairments (BEARNI) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were performed by each AUD participant. Based on the BEARNI score, two groups of AUD patients were studied: AUD patients with no or mild cognitive impairment (AUD COG+), and AUD patients with moderate-to-severe cognitive impairment (AUD COG-).Results: In WB, Th concentrations were significantly higher, and percentages of phosphate esters of thiamine were significantly lower in AUD COG- patients compared to controls. In serum, Th concentrations were significantly higher in AUD COG- patients compared to controls. The percentage of Th in serum was significantly higher in AUD COG- patients compared to AUD COG+ patients, and to the groups of controls. When adjusted on education level, the percentage of Th in serum in AUD patients negatively correlated with the scores at BEARNI and MoCA, and Th concentration in serum negatively correlated with MoCA.Conclusions: These data support an impairment of metabolism and/or distribution of thiamine in AUD patients, and a relationship with the development of alcohol-related cognitive deficits.

Sensitive analysis of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids in biological lipid extracts by shotgun lipidomics after one-step derivatization.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are an important family of endogenous lipids, possessing antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory functions. Therefore, analysis of FAHFAs in biological samples obtained under healthy and disease states can uncover underlying mechanisms of various relevant disorders (e.g., diabetes and autoimmune diseases). Up to now, due to their extremely low abundance, the determination of the changed levels of these species is still a huge challenge, even though great efforts have been made by utilizing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with or without derivatization. Herein, we described a novel method for analysis of FAHFAs present in lipid extracts of biological examples after solid-phase extraction and chemical derivatization with one authentic FAHFA specie as an internal standard based on the principles of multi-dimensional mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics. The approach possessed marked sensitivity, high specificity, and broad linear dynamic range of over 3 orders without obvious matrix effects. Moreover, after chemical derivatization, the molecular masses of FAHFAs shift from an overlapped region with ceramide species to a new region without overlaps, removing these contaminating signals from ceramides, and thereby reducing the false results of FAHFAs. Finally, this novel method was successfully applied for determining FAHFAs levels in varieties of representative biological samples, including plasma from lean and overweight/obese individuals of normoglycemia, and tissue samples (such as liver and white adipose tissue from diabetic (db/db) mice). We revealed significant alterations of FAHFAs in samples under patho(physio)logical conditions compared to their respective controls. Taken together, the developed method could greatly contribute to studying altered FAHFA levels under a variety of biological/biomedical conditions, and facilitate the understanding of these lipid species in the patho(physio)logical process.

Organophosphate esters in human serum in Bohai Bay, North China.

Organophosphate esters (OPEs), as a class of emerging flame retardant and plasticizers, have attracted particular attention due to their ubiquitous existence in the environment and potential effects on human health. Here, we investigated the levels of OPEs in human serum and examined the role of demographic variables on the body burden of such compounds. Of 11 OPEs screened, 8 were detected in human serum samples collected from a population (n = 89) in Bohai Bay, North China. The ∑OPE concentrations ranged from 4.7 to 948 ng/g lipid weight (lw), with a median concentration of 243 ng/g lw. Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP) was identified as the most abundant OPEs with a median concentration of 214 ng/g lw. The concentrations of the triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) in older adults were higher than those in young adults (p < 0.05), and lower concentrations of tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TIBP) were observed in female samples compared to males. Furthermore, significant differences were observed in tri-n-propyl phosphate (TPrP) concentrations between urban and rural residence groups (p < 0.05). This study provides important information on the accumulation potential of OPEs in human bodies and suggests the need for further investigation to understand the potential human health risk.

Levels of phthalate acid esters and sex hormones and their possible sources in traffic-patrol policemen in Chongqing.

To investigate the correlation between the air phthalate acid ester (PAE) exposure and serum PAE concentration and the effects of PAE exposure on reproductive health among Chongqing traffic-patrol policemen. In 2013, 32 traffic-patrol policemen working in an area with poor air quality in Chongqing and 28 traffic-patrol policemen working in an area with good air quality were selected. Their blood levels of 14 PAEs and six reproductive hormones were determined. Air samples were collected from four traffic-patrol platforms. The concentrations of 14 PAEs in the air samples were evaluated. All 14 PAEs were detected in the blood samples. The concentrations of seven PAEs in the total suspended particulate, namely, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, bis (2-ethox-yethyl) phthalate, dihexyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, and bis (2-n-butoxyethyl) phthalate, were positively and significantly associated with the blood levels of these PAEs in the participants. All the sex hormone levels measured here were significantly different between the participants from the two areas. The PAE concentrations in the blood samples were correlated with the reproductive hormone levels in the participants. Air PAE pollution may be a major source of PAE exposure in the traffic-patrol policemen of Chongqing.

Pregn-5-en-3ß-ol and androst-5-en-3ß-ol dicarboxylic acid esters as potential therapeutics for NMDA hypofunction: In vitro safety assessment and plasma stability.

Neurosteroids are endogenous steroidal compounds that can modulate neuronal receptors. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated, calcium-permeable ion channels that are of particular interest, as they participate in synaptic transmission and are implicated in various processes, such as learning, memory, or long-term neuronal potentiation. Positive allosteric modulators that increase the activity of NMDARs may provide a therapeutic aid for patients suffering from neuropsychiatric disorders where NMDAR hypofunction is thought to be involved, such as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, or schizophrenia. We recently described a new class of pregn-5-ene and androst-5-ene 3ß-dicarboxylic acid hemiesters (2-24) as potent positive modulators of NMDARs. Considering the recommended guidelines for the early stage development of new, potent compounds, we conducted an in vitro safety assessment and plasma stability screening to evaluate their druglikeness. First, compounds were screened for their hepatotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity in a HepG2 cell line. Second, toxicity in primary rat postnatal neurons was estimated. Next, the ability of compounds 2-24 to cross a Caco-2 monolayer was also studied. Finally, rat and human plasma stability screening revealed an unforeseen high stability of the C-3 hemiester moiety. In summary, by using potency/efficacy towards NMDARs data along with toxicity profile, Caco-2 permeability and plasma stability, compounds 14 and 15 were selected for further in vivo animal studies.

Serum retinyl esters are positively correlated with analyzed total liver vitamin A reserves collected from US adults at time of death.

Background: Minimal human data exist on liver vitamin A (VA) compared with serum biomarkers. Cutoffs of 5% and 10% total serum VA as retinyl esters (REs) suggest a VA intoxication diagnosis. Objectives: We compared total liver VA reserves (TLRs) with the percentage of total serum VA as REs to evaluate hypervitaminosis with the use of US adult autopsy samples. Secondary objectives evaluated serum retinol sensitivity, TLRs among lobes, and hepatic α-retinol concentrations, an α-carotene cleavage product. Design: Matched serum and liver samples were procured from cadavers (n = 27; mean ± SD age: 70.7 ± 14.9 y; range: 49-101 y). TLRs and α-REs were quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Pearson correlations showed liver and serum associations. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for >5%, 7.5%, and 10% total serum VA as REs to predict TLRs and for serum retinol <0.7 and 1 µmol/L to predict deficiency. Results: Serum RE concentrations were correlated with TLRs (r = 0.497, P < 0.001). Nine subjects (33%) had hypervitaminosis A (≥1.0 µmol VA/g liver), 2 of whom had >7.5% total serum VA as REs; histologic indicators corroborated toxicity at 3 µmol/g liver. No subject had >10% total serum VA as REs. Serum retinol sensitivity to determine deficiency (TLRs <0.1 µmol VA/g) was 83% at 0.7 and 1 µmol/L. Hepatic α-retinol was positively correlated with age (P = 0.047), but removing an outlier nullified significance. Conclusions: This study evaluated serum REs as a biomarker of VA status against TLRs (gold standard), and abnormal histology suggested that 7.5% total serum VA as REs is diagnostic for toxicity at the individual level in adults. The long-term impact of VA supplements and fortificants on VA status is currently unknown. Considering the high prevalence of hypervitaminotic TLRs in this cohort, and given that many countries are adding preformed VA to processed products, population biomarkers diagnosing hypervitaminosis before toxicity are urgently needed. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.govas NCT03305042.

Analysis of lanthionine ketimine ethyl ester in mouse serum, whole blood and tissues using ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

RATIONALE: Preclinical studies in the search for treatments for several neurodegenerative diseases have identified lanthionine ketimine (LK) and its monoethyl ester derivative (LKE) as potential candidates. An ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS) assay was developed to evaluate bioavailability by measuring these compounds in mouse serum, whole blood and brain tissue. METHODS: Following administration of LKE to mice for 3 days in chow at 300 ppm, the animals were sacrificed, and LKE was extracted from serum, whole blood and brain tissues through protein precipitation using cold methanol. To enhance chromatographic separation and electrospray ionization, LK was methylated using diazomethane. Separations were carried out using C18 reversed-phase UHPLC, and quantitative measurements were obtained using on-line triple-quadruple mass spectrometry with positive ion electrospray ionization, collision-induced dissociation and selected reaction monitoring. Tolbutamide was used as internal standard. RESULTS: LKE showed good recovery ranging from 77-90% in serum and 82-88% in brain tissue. An eight-point standard curve ranging from 0.005 to 4.6 µM was linear (R2 0.998). The average LKE detected in mouse serum was 277.42 nM, while the concentration in whole blood was 38 nM. Neither LK nor LKE was detected in brain tissues. CONCLUSIONS: A rapid quantitative method to measure LKE in mouse serum, whole blood and brain tissues using UHPLC/MS/MS was developed and validated following FDA guidelines. This method is suitable for bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies.

Preparation of carboxylatocalix[4]arene functionalized magnetic polyionic liquid hybrid material for the pre-concentration of phthalate esters.

In this work, we designed a novel hybrid material based on the polymerization of an ionic liquid on a magnetic core and further functionalized with carboxylatocalix[4]arene. Scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric-derivative thermogravimetric analysis, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, and vibrating sample magnetometer were utilized to examine the physicochemical properties of the hybrid material obtained. The material was used as the adsorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction of phthalate esters. To obtain the maximum pre-concentration efficiency, a series of parameters influencing the extraction efficiency, including sample pH, adsorbent amount, adsorption time, eluent type as well as salt addition, was examined systematically. Under the optimum conditions, a fast and feasible pre-concentration protocol for phthalate esters was established with satisfactory enrichment factors between 158.7 and 191.3. The limits of detection from high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis for the target analytes were in the range of 0.02-0.31 ng mL-1. The wide linear ranges varying from 0.1 to 100 ng mL-1 were achieved with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9977. To evaluate the feasibility of this method, it was successfully applied to analyse phthalate esters in multiple kinds of real samples including tap water, lake water, drinks, tonic lotions, and human serum samples. The results obtained demonstrated that the synthesized magnetic material had potential as a candidate in the pre-concentration field for phthalate esters due to the special properties stemming from its structure and components.

Confirmation of the Cardiac Safety of PGF2α Receptor Antagonist OBE022 in a First-in-Human Study in Healthy Subjects, Using Intensive ECG Assessments.

OBE022, a new orally active prostaglandin F2α  receptor antagonist (OBE022) with myometrial selectivity is being developed to reduce uterine contractions during preterm labor. This first-in-human study evaluated the effect of OBE022 following multiple doses on the QT interval in 23 healthy postmenopausal women, using the effect of a meal on QTc to demonstrate assay sensitivity. We report the cardiac safety outcome performed during the multiple ascending part of this trial. OBE022 was administered after a standardized breakfast on day 1 and in the fasted state from day 3 to day 9 wth a standardized lunch 4 hours after administration. Concentration-effect modeling was used to assess the effect of prodrug OBE022 and parent OBE002 on QTc after a single dose (days 1 and 3) and multiple doses (day 9). The concentration-response analysis showed the absence of QTc prolongation at all doses tested. Two-sided 90% confidence intervals of the geometric mean Cmax  for estimated QTc effects of OBE022 and OBE002 of all dose groups were consistently below the threshold of regulatory concern. The sensitivity of this study to detect small changes in the QTc was confirmed by a significant shortening of the QTc on days 1, 3, and 9 after standardized meals. This study establishes that neither prodrug OBE022 nor parent OBE002 prolong the QTc interval. The observed food effect on the QT interval validated the assay on all assessment days. Both the change from predose, premeal and the change from premeal, postdose demonstrated the specificity of the method.

The level of 24-hydroxycholesteryl esters decreases in plasma of patients with Parkinson's disease.

24-hydroxycholesterol (24OH-C) is synthesized almost exclusively in neurons. This oxysterol is mostly present as ester form in both cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. The enzyme lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase esterifies 24OH-C in the brain, and the level of 24OH-C esters in cerebrospinal fluid was found to be correlated with the level of 24OH-C esters in plasma. Decreased levels of 24OH-C esters levels were previously found in Alzheimer's disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. This finding was attributed to the inhibitory effect of oxidative stress on lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity in neurodegenerative conditions. Data reported here show that the plasma level of 24OH-C esters is decreased also in Parkinson's disease. ROC analysis identified 69.0% of 24OH-C esterification as the threshold (AUC = 0.98) discriminating patients (N = 19) from healthy subjects (N = 19) with 100% specificity vs controls, 89.5% sensitivity, 94.7% accuracy, and 100% precision. The level of 24OH-C esters was not correlated with UPDRS I or UPDRS III when evaluated at the time of blood sampling. By contrast, it was negatively correlated with UPDRS I (r = -0.4984, p = 0.0299) after one year of follow up. Therefore, this level might represent a novel biomarker of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. The biomarker level is here proposed as a measure to evaluate the severity of disease, as well as to monitor the progression of this pathology.

Serum Carnitine Metabolites and Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Patients With Suspected Stable Angina Pectoris.

Context: Carnitine and its metabolites are centrally involved in fatty acid metabolism. Although elevated circulating concentrations have been observed in obesity and insulin resistance, prospective studies examining whether these metabolites are associated with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are sparse. Objective: We performed a comprehensive evaluation of metabolites along the carnitine pathway relative to incident T2D. Design: A total of 2519 patients (73.1% men) with coronary artery disease, but without T2D, were followed for median 7.7 years until the end of 2009, during which 173 (6.9%) new cases of T2D were identified. Serum levels of free carnitine, its precursors trimethyllysine (TML) and γ-butyrobetaine, and the esters acetyl-, propionyl-, (iso)valeryl-, octanoyl-, and palmitoylcarnitine were measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Risk associations were explored by logistic regression and reported per (log-transformed) standard deviation increment. Results: Median age at inclusion was 62 years and median body mass index (BMI) 26.0 kg/m2. In models adjusted for age, sex, fasting status, BMI, estimated glomerular filtration rate, glycated hemoglobin A1c, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and study center, serum levels of TML and palmitoylcarnitine associated positively [odds ratio (95% confidence interval), 1.22 (1.04 to 1.43) and 1.24 (1.04 to 1.49), respectively], whereas γ-butyrobetaine associated negatively [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 0.81 (0.66 to 0.98)] with T2D risk. Conclusion: Serum levels of TML, γ-butyrobetaine, and the long-chained palmitoylcarnitine predict long-term risk of T2D independently of traditional risk factors, possibly reflecting dysfunctional fatty acid metabolism in patients susceptible to T2D development.

Determination of testosterone esters and nortestosterone esters in animal blood serum by LC-MS/MS.

A sensitive and robust confirmatory method for determination of steroid esters in blood serum is essential for reliable monitoring of possible illegal use of steroid hormones as growth promoters in meat production. A previously used sample preparation methodology was improved. The procedure consists of protein precipitation and removal of phospholipids by dispersive SPE Supel™ QuE Z-Sep (Sigma-Aldrich) followed by clean-up on alumina column and LC-MS/MS measurement. The modified method has been validated according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Validation parameters for determination of six testosterone esters and five nortestosterone esters in bovine and porcine blood serum are presented in this article. Decision limits for all analytes were observed in the range 10-20 pg mL-1. The method described is considerably robust for bovine and porcine serum analyses and can be applied both for screening and confirmatory determination in routine residue monitoring.

Pharmacokinetic studies of naproxen amides of some amino acid esters with promising colorectal cancer chemopreventive activity.

Naproxen (nap) is belonging to Non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) group of drugs that characterized by their free carboxylic group. The therapeutic activity of nap is usually accompanied by GI untoward side effects. Recently synthesized naproxen amides of some amino acid esters prodrugs to mask the free carboxylic group were reported. Those prodrugs showed a promising colorectal cancer chemopreventive activity. The current study aims to investigate the fate and hydrolysis of the prodrugs kinetically in different pH conditions, simulated gastric and intestinal fluids with pHs of 1.2, 5.5 and 7.4 in vitro at 37 °C. The effect of enzymes on the hydrolysis of prodrugs was also studied through incubation of these prodrugs at 37 °C in human plasma and rat liver homogenates. The pharmacokinetic parameters of selected prodrugs and the liberated nap were studied after oral and intraperitoneal administration in male wistar rats. The results showed the hydrolysis of naproxen amides of amino acid esters to nap through two steps first by degradation of the ester moiety to form the amide of nap with amino acid and the second was through the degradation of the amide link to liberate nap. The two reactions were followed and studied kinetically where K1 and K2 (rate constants of degradation) is reported. The hydrolysis of prodrugs was faster in liver homogenates than in plasma. The relative bioavailability of the liberated nap in vivo was higher in case of prodrug containing ethyl glycinate moiety than that occupied l-valine ethyl ester moiety. Each of nap. prodrugs containing ethyl glycinate and l-valine ethyl ester moieties appears promising in liberating nap, decreasing direct GI side effect and consequently their colorectal cancer chemopreventive activity.

Pectin Esterification Degree in the Bioavailability of Non-heme Iron in Women.

Pectins are a type of soluble fiber present in natural and processed foods. Evidence regarding the effect of esterification degree of pectins on iron absorption in humans is scarce. In the present study, the effect of pectins with different degrees of esterification on non-heme iron absorption in women was evaluated. A controlled experimental study was conducted with block design, involving 13 apparently healthy, adult women. Each subject received 5 mg Fe (FeSO4) without pectin (control) or accompanied by 5 g citrus pectin, two with a low degree of esterification (27 and 36%), and one with a high degree of esterification (67 to 73%), each on different days. Each day, the 5 mg Fe doses were marked with radioactive 59Fe or 55Fe. Radioactivity incorporated into erythrocytes was determined in blood samples 14 days after the marked Fe doses were consumed. On days 18 and 36 of study, 30 and 20 mL blood samples were obtained, respectively, and blood sample radioactivity incorporated into erythrocytes was determined. Body iron status was determined from blood taken on day 18. Whole body blood volume was estimated for calculate iron bioavailability; it was assumed that 80% of absorbed radioactivity was incorporated into the Hb. All women participants signed an informed consent of participation at baseline. Iron bioavailability (mean geometric ±1 SD) alone (control) was 18.2% (12.3-27.1%), iron + pectin27 was 17.2% (10.2-29.2%), iron + pectin36 was 15.3% (9.5-24.6%), and iron + pectin67 was 19.5% (10.0-38.0%). No statistically significant differences between iron bioavailability (repeated measures ANOVA, p = 0.22) were observed. Pectin esterification degree does not influence the bioavailability of non-heme iron in women.