CD38 Deficiency Protects the Heart from Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury through Activating SIRT1/FOXOs-Mediated Antioxidative Stress Pathway.

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury induces irreversible oxidative stress damage to the cardiac muscle. We previously observed that CD38 deficiency remarkably protects mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from oxidative stress-induced injury. However, whether CD38 deficiency protects from I/R injury in the heart is not explored. Here, we showed that the hearts of CD38 deficient mice or wild type mice supplied with exogenous NAD were significantly protected from ischemia/reperfusion injury, seen as reduction of the myocardial infarct sizes when the mice were subjected to 30 min ischemia followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. Consistently, the protection of CD38 deficiency on hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury was confirmed with a CD38 knockdown H9c2 stable cell line. Furthermore, we observed that knockdown of CD38 remarkably inhibited ROS generation and intracellular Ca(2+) overloading induced by H/R in H9c2 cells. The FOXO1 and FOXO3 expressions were significantly elevated by H/R injury in CD38 knockdown cells compared with normal H9c2 cells. The cell immunofluorescence assay showed that FOXO1 nuclear translocation was significantly increased in CD38 knockdown H9c2 cells. In addition, we demonstrated that the increase of FOXO1 nuclear translocation was associated with the increased expressions of antioxidant catalase and SOD2 and the attenuated expression of the ROS generation enzyme NOX4. In conclusion, our results provide new evidence that CD38 deficiency protects the heart from I/R injury through activating SIRT1/FOXOs-mediated antioxidative stress pathway.

CD157 plays a pivotal role in neutrophil transendothelial migration.

Paracellular diapedesis, a key step in leukocyte recruitment to the site of inflammation, occurs at endothelial junctions and is regulated by highly coordinated interactions between leukocytes and endothelium. We found that CD157, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored ectoenzyme belonging to the NADase/ADP-ribosyl cyclase family, plays a crucial role for neutrophil diapedesis, because its ligation with specific monoclonal antibodies (both on neutrophils or endothelial cells) results in altered neutrophil movement on the apical surface of endothelium and, ultimately, in loss of diapedesis. Real-time microscopy revealed that CD157 behaves as a sort of compass during the interaction between neutrophils and endothelial cells; indeed, following CD157 ligation, neutrophils appear disoriented, meandering toward junctions where they eventually stop without transmigrating. These findings are relevant in vivo because CD157-deficient neutrophils obtained from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria are characterized by a severely impaired diapedesis.

Deficit of CD38/cyclic ADP-ribose is differentially compensated in hearts by gender.

To elucidate whether myocardial CD38/cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) signaling plays a physiological role, we investigated the heart of CD38 knockout mice (CD38KO). In CD38KO, the myocardial cADPR content was reduced by 85% compared with wild-type mice (WT). Cardiac hypertrophy developed only in males. At 36 degrees C, none of the parameters for Ca(2+) transients and forces of the papillary muscles differed between WT and CD38KO. In contrast, at 27 degrees C, at which cADPR does not work, the peak [Ca(2+)](i) was increased and the decline in [Ca(2+)](i) was accelerated in CD38KO compared with WT. In CD38KO, the protein expression of SR Ca(2+) ATPase type2 (SERCA2) and the SERCA2-to-phospholamban ratio were increased compared with WT. The ryanodine receptor protein was increased only in female CD38KO compared with WT. These data suggest that the CD38/cADPR signaling plays an important role in intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis in cardiac myocytes in vivo. Its deficiency was compensated differentially according to gender.

Spatio-temporal propagation of Ca2+ signals by cyclic ADP-ribose in 3T3 cells stimulated via purinergic P2Y receptors.

The role of cyclic ADP-ribose in the amplification of subcellular and global Ca2+ signaling upon stimulation of P2Y purinergic receptors was studied in 3T3 fibroblasts. Either (1) 3T3 fibroblasts (CD38- cells), (2) 3T3 fibroblasts preloaded by incubation with extracellular cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), (3) 3T3 fibroblasts microinjected with ryanodine, or (4) 3T3 fibroblasts transfected to express the ADP-ribosyl cyclase CD38 (CD38+ cells) were used. Both preincubation with cADPR and CD38 expression resulted in comparable intracellular amounts of cyclic ADP-ribose (42.3 +/- 5.2 and 50.5 +/- 8.0 pmol/mg protein). P2Y receptor stimulation of CD38- cells yielded a small increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration and a much higher Ca2+ signal in CD38-transfected cells, in cADPR-preloaded cells, or in cells microinjected with ryanodine. Confocal Ca2+ imaging revealed that stimulation of ryanodine receptors by cADPR or ryanodine amplified localized pacemaker Ca2+ signals with properties resembling Ca2+ quarks and triggered the propagation of such localized signals from the plasma membrane toward the internal environment, thereby initiating a global Ca2+ wave.

Innate immunity is regulated by CD38, an ecto-enzyme with ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity.

Through its production of cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose, the ecto-enzyme CD38 regulates calcium mobilization in neutrophils responding to some, but not all, chemoattractants. This signaling defect results in reduced chemotaxis of CD38-deficient neutrophils to bacterial peptides and increased susceptibility of CD38-deficient mice to bacterial infections.

CD38 gene disruption inhibits the contraction induced by alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation in mouse aorta.

CD38 is an ectoenzyme with ADP-ribosyl cyclase and hydrolase activities, which synthesizes cyclic ADP-ribose from NAD and hydrolyzes cyclic ADP-ribose to ADP-ribose. It has been shown that cyclic ADP-ribose is a potent Ca(2+) mobilizing messenger in many cells. To know the physiological role of cyclic ADP-ribose in vascular smooth muscle, we examined the effects of various agonists in the aorta isolated from CD38 knockout (CD38(-/-)) mouse. Western blot analysis showed that CD38 protein was detected in the aorta isolated from wild-type (CD38(+/+)) mouse, but not from CD38(-/-) mouse. In the aortae isolated from both CD38(+/+) and CD38(-/-) mice, KCl, phenylephrine and norepinephrine induced concentration-dependent contraction. KCl produced similar concentration-dependent responses in the aortae from both CD38(+/+) and CD38(-/-) mice. Maximum force of contraction induced by KCl (65 mM) was same in the size. Phenylephrine- and norepinephrine-induced contractions were, however, significantly smaller in the aortae from CD38(-/-) mice than in those from CD38(+/+) mice. 5-Hydroxytryptamine, endothelin-1, caffeine and thapsigargin-induced contractions were not significantly different in these two aortae. These results suggest that CD38 gene disruption inhibits alpha-adrenoceptor-induced vascular contractions and cyclic ADP-ribose-mediated signal transduction system is committed in these responses.