Comentários nas mídias sociais e a banalização da violência psicológica contra as mulheres / Comments on social media and the trivialization of psychological violence against women / Comentarios en las redes sociales y la banalización de la violencia psicológica contra las mujeres

A violência psicológica é frequente, porém, de difícil detecção, muitas vezes presente em relacionamentos abusivos e confundida com ciúmes e cuidado. Nas mídias sociais isso pode ser incentivado através de postagens, assim como pode servir de espaço de suporte e compartilhamento de experiências. Objetivou-se analisar comentários publicados em mídias sociais relacionados à violência contra a mulher e sua associação à violência psicológica. Utilizou--se o método da netnografia, através de análise textual dos comentários de um vídeo publicado na rede social Facebook chamado: "Não confunda amor com abuso". Foram transcritos 571 comentários da publicação, sendo o corpus analisado pelo software Iramuteq. Os comentários analisados mostram que questões culturais contribuem para a banalização da violência contra a mulher, principalmente da violência psicológica, pois geralmente só é considerado como violência quando há agressão física. Percebe-se a importância de um trabalho de psicoeducação, como por exemplo através de vídeos orientativos, visando a conscientização da população e possível redução da violência. (AU)

Psychological violence is frequently encountered but often difficult to detect, as it is commonly present in abusive relationships and can be mistaken for jealousy and care. In the realm of social media, it can either be encouraged through posts or serve as a space for support and the sharing of experiences. The objective of this study was to analyze comments posted on social media platforms related to violence against women and its association with psychological violence. The netnography method was employed, involving textual analysis of comments on a video posted on the social media platform Facebook, titled "Não confunda amor com abuso" (Do Not Confuse Love with Abuse). A total of 571 comments from the post were transcribed and analyzed using the Iramuteq software. The analyzed comments reveal that cultural factors contribute to the trivialization of violence against women, particularly psychological violence, since the term violence is often only recognized when it escalates to physical aggression. The significance of psychoeducational efforts, such as informative videos, becomes apparent in raising awareness among the population and potentially reducing instances of violence. (AU)

La violencia psicológica es frecuente, sin embargo, difícil de detectar, a menudo presente en relaciones abusivas y confundida con celos y cuidados. En las redes sociales, esto se puede fomentar a través de publicaciones, así como un espacio de apoyo e intercambio de experiencias. El objetivo fue analizar los comen-tarios publicados en las redes sociales relacionados con la violencia contra las mujeres y su asociación con la violencia psicológica. Se utilizó el método de la netnografía, mediante el análisis textual de los comentarios de un video publicado en la red social Facebook denominado: "Não confunda amor com abuso". Se transcribieron 571 comentarios de la publicación, siendo analizado el corpus por el software Iramuteq. Los comentarios analizados muestran que las cuestiones culturales contribuyen a la banalización de la violencia contra a mujer, especialmente la psicológica, ya que generalmente solo se considera violencia cuando hay agresión física. Uno se da cuenta de la importancia del trabajo psicoeducativo, por ejemplo, a través de videos de orientación, desti-nados a sensibilizar a la población y posible reducción de la violencia. (AU)

[Prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence among elderly Mexican women]. / Prevalencia y factores asociados con la violencia de pareja en las adultas mayores mexicanas.

Using information from the National Survey on Household Relationship Dynamics (Encuesta Nacional de la Dinámica de las Relaciones en los Hogares 2016), this study examines the prevalence and factors associated with emotional, physical, and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization among a representative sample of elderly Mexican women (n=7,410), using an ecological approach. Prevalence rates and related risk factors for IPV among younger women served as a basis for comparison and were contrasted with data from elderly female participants. Results show that 16.3% of women aged 64 and over had experienced some form of intimate partner violence during the previous year, with emotional violence as the most commonly occurring form. Furthermore, there was a significantly lower prevalence of emotional and sexual IPV among elderly women than among younger women. Some risk factors for IPV victimization were similar across both groups of women, mainly individuals' personal histories and immediate social context. On the other hand, differences were found regarding factors related to the broader social context. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed, specifically with regards to their usefulness in violence prevention and response programs.

Con base en la información de la Encuesta Nacional sobre la Dinámica de las Relaciones en los Hogares 2016 (ENDIREH) y desde un marco ecológico, el presente estudio busca conocer la prevalencia y los factores asociados de la violencia emocional, física y sexual de pareja durante el último año en las mujeres mexicanas mayores de 64 años (n=7.410). Para tener un marco de comparación, se contrastaron los resultados de mujeres de la tercera edad con los de grupos de mujeres más jóvenes. Los resultados muestran que el 16,3% de las mujeres mayores de 64 años han experimentado algún tipo de violencia de pareja durante el último año, siendo el maltrato emocional el más frecuente. Además, dicho grupo de mujeres experimentó la prevalencia más baja de violencia emocional y sexual, comparados con las mujeres más jóvenes. Por otra parte, algunos de los factores asociados con la violencia fueron similares en las adultas mayores y los grupos de mujeres más jóvenes, principalmente, los relacionados con la historia personal y el entorno inmediato. Por el contrario, los factores del entorno social más amplio fueron distintos. Los hallazgos se discuten teóricamente y en virtud de su utilidad para los programas de atención a la violencia.

Depression and Abuse During Medical Internships in Peruvian Hospitals.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of depression and abuse and identify the associated factors in medical interns in Peruvian hospitals. METHODS: We conducted a multicentre, cross-sectional and analytical study during the months of March to May 2016. We included medical interns from 18 Peruvian hospitals, in Lima and provinces. We used a survey that included sociodemographic data and a scale to measure the perception of abuse (psychological, physical and sexual). In addition, we used the Spanish version of the PHQ-9 to evaluate depression. We used Poisson regression with robust variances to calculate prevalence ratios (PRs). RESULTS: A total of 402 medical interns participated in the study, the median age was 25 [IQR: 21-33], and 52.7% were male. Moreover, 25.4% of them suffered from depression. In the adjusted model, the variables associated with depression were age (PRa=1.15), the number of hours they sleep per day (PRa=1.23), being a woman (PRa=3.33), performing the internship in a province (PRa=0.25), studying at a public university (PRa=0.64), living with parents (PRa=0.65) or alone (PRa=0.33), and having perceived some type of abuse (PRa=1.07). CONCLUSIONS: A quarter of surveyed medical interns had depression. Early screening is necessary to identify perceived abuse and other triggering depression factors that may adversely affect work performance and overall mental health during medical internships.

Prevalencia y factores asociados con la violencia de pareja en las adultas mayores mexicanas / Prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence among elderly Mexican women

RESUMEN Con base en la información de la Encuesta Nacional sobre la Dinámica de las Relaciones en los Hogares 2016 (ENDIREH) y desde un marco ecológico, el presente estudio busca conocer la prevalencia y los factores asociados de la violencia emocional, física y sexual de pareja durante el último año en las mujeres mexicanas mayores de 64 años (n=7.410). Para tener un marco de comparación, se contrastaron los resultados de mujeres de la tercera edad con los de grupos de mujeres más jóvenes. Los resultados muestran que el 16,3% de las mujeres mayores de 64 años han experimentado algún tipo de violencia de pareja durante el último año, siendo el maltrato emocional el más frecuente. Además, dicho grupo de mujeres experimentó la prevalencia más baja de violencia emocional y sexual, comparados con las mujeres más jóvenes. Por otra parte, algunos de los factores asociados con la violencia fueron similares en las adultas mayores y los grupos de mujeres más jóvenes, principalmente, los relacionados con la historia personal y el entorno inmediato. Por el contrario, los factores del entorno social más amplio fueron distintos. Los hallazgos se discuten teóricamente y en virtud de su utilidad para los programas de atención a la violencia.

ABSTRACT Using information from the National Survey on Household Relationship Dynamics (Encuesta Nacional de la Dinámica de las Relaciones en los Hogares 2016), this study examines the prevalence and factors associated with emotional, physical, and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization among a representative sample of elderly Mexican women (n=7,410), using an ecological approach. Prevalence rates and related risk factors for IPV among younger women served as a basis for comparison and were contrasted with data from elderly female participants. Results show that 16.3% of women aged 64 and over had experienced some form of intimate partner violence during the previous year, with emotional violence as the most commonly occurring form. Furthermore, there was a significantly lower prevalence of emotional and sexual IPV among elderly women than among younger women. Some risk factors for IPV victimization were similar across both groups of women, mainly individuals' personal histories and immediate social context. On the other hand, differences were found regarding factors related to the broader social context. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed, specifically with regards to their usefulness in violence prevention and response programs.

La violencia doméstica / Domestic violence

El análisis de la violencia doméstica en cualquiera de sus manifestaciones es recurrente en el mundo actual, no porque su existencia sea reciente, sino porque hoy se tiene mayor conciencia de su alcance. Ha comenzado a descorrerse el velo que impidió por mucho tiempo "acceder" a ese espacio "privado" que genera tan altos costos sociales. Esta puede ser física o psíquica y ocurre en todas las clases sociales, culturas y edades; tiende a hacerse cotidiana sobre todo a través de conductas violentas que no son sancionadas como tales. Cuba no escapa a esa realidad, aun cuando el proyecto social contribuye a desterrar muchos de los factores que determinan el ejercicio de la violencia contra la mujer. Concebir a la mujer maltratada como "pobre víctima indefensa" hace recaer todas las decisiones para ponerle fin en manos de la justicia o de la salud, colocándola en una nueva situación de tutelaje que las limita en el desarrollo de sus propias estrategias frente al problema. Dar cuenta de esta experiencia pretende ayudar a las mujeres maltratadas a trascender su condición de víctimas y convertirse en sujetos protagonistas de sus historias personales, para que puedan desde una nueva posición hacer frente a la violencia de la que son objeto.

The analysis of domestic violence in any of its manifestations is recurrent in the world, not because it is recent, but because there is greater conscience of its reach. The veil that impeded for a long time "to access" to that "private" space that generates high social costs, has begun to be drawn. It can be physical or mental and happens in all social classes, cultures and ages; tends to become common through violent behaviors that are not punished. Cuba doesn't escape to that reality, even though the social project contributes to banish many of the factors that determine the violence against the woman. Conceiving mistreated woman as "poor defenceless victim" relapses the decisions to put an end to violence in hands of justice or of health, placing it in a new tutelage situation that limits development their own strategies to address the problem. Giving account for this experience, pretends to help abused women to transcend their status of victims and become the main subjects of their personal histories, so that they can from a new position, cope with the violence they are object of.