Potentially inappropriate prescribing for people with dementia in ambulatory care: a cross-sectional observational study.

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP) is highly prevalent among people with dementia (PwD) and linked to negative outcomes, such as hospitalisation and mortality. However, there are limited data on prescribing appropriateness for PwD in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of PIP and investigate associations between PIP and other patient characteristics among PwD in an ambulatory care setting. METHODS: A cross-sectional, retrospective analysis was conducted at a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia. Patients who were ≥ 65 years old, had dementia, and visited ambulatory care clinics between 01/01/2019 and 31/12/2021 were included. Prescribing appropriateness was evaluated by applying the Screening Tool of Older Persons Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions (STOPP) criteria. Descriptive analyses were used to describe the study population. Prevalence of PIP and the prevalence per each STOPP criterion were calculated as a percentage of all eligible patients. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate associations between PIP, polypharmacy, age and sex; odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Analyses were conducted using SPSS v27. RESULTS: A total of 287 PwD were identified; 56.0% (n = 161) were female. The mean number of medications prescribed was 9.0 [standard deviation (SD) ± 4.2]. The prevalence of PIP was 61.0% (n = 175). Common instances of PIP were drugs prescribed beyond the recommended duration (n = 90, 31.4%), drugs prescribed without an evidence-based clinical indication (n = 78, 27.2%), proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for > 8 weeks (n = 75, 26.0%), and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with concurrent drugs that reduce heart rate (n = 60, 21.0%). Polypharmacy was observed in 82.6% (n = 237) of patients and was strongly associated with PIP (adjusted OR 24.1, 95% CI 9.0-64.5). CONCLUSIONS: Findings have revealed a high prevalence of PIP among PwD in Saudi Arabia that is strongly associated with polypharmacy. Future research should aim to explore key stakeholders' experiences and perspectives of medicines management to optimise medication use for this vulnerable patient population.

COLQ-Congenital myasthenic syndrome in an Iranian cohort: the clinical and genetics spectrum.

BACKGROUND: Congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) is a group of neuromuscular disorders caused by abnormal signal transmission at the motor endplate. Mutations in the collagen-like tail subunit gene (COLQ) of acetylcholinesterase are responsible for recessive forms of synaptic congenital myasthenic syndromes with end plate acetylcholinesterase deficiency. Clinical presentation includes ptosis, ophthalmoparesis, and progressive weakness with onset at birth or early infancy. METHODS: We followed 26 patients with COLQ-CMS over a mean period of 9 years (ranging from 3 to 213 months) and reported their clinical features, electrophysiologic findings, genetic characteristics, and therapeutic management. RESULTS: In our population, the onset of symptoms ranged from birth to 15 years. Delayed developmental motor milestones were detected in 13 patients (∼ 52%), and the most common presenting signs were ptosis, ophthalmoparesis, and limb weakness. Sluggish pupils were seen in 8 (∼ 30%) patients. All patients who underwent electrophysiologic study showed a significant decremental response (> 10%) following low-frequency repetitive nerve stimulation. Moreover, double compound muscle action potential was evident in 18 patients (∼ 75%). We detected 14 variants (eight novel variants), including six missense, three frameshift, three nonsense, one synonymous and one copy number variation (CNV), in the COLQ gene. There was no benefit from esterase inhibitor treatment, while treatment with ephedrine and salbutamol was objectively efficient in all cases. CONCLUSION: Despite the rarity of the disease, our findings provide valuable information for understanding the clinical and electrophysiological features as well as the genetic characterization and response to the treatment of COLQ-CMS.

Pralidoxime Is no Longer Fit for Purpose as an Antidote to Organophosphate Poisoning in the United Kingdom.

Pralidoxime is the only oxime antidote to organophosphate poisoning stocked in the United Kingdom, produced by rational drug design in the 1950s. Typically, it is used alongside atropine, to reverse the effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. However, its efficacy has been questioned by recent meta-analyses of use treating attempted suicides in less economically developed countries, where organophosphate poisoning is more common. This policy analysis assesses the likely efficacy of pralidoxime in the United Kingdom, in scenarios largely different from those evaluated in meta-analyses. In all scenarios, the UK delay in antidote administration poses a major problem, as pralidoxime acts in a time-critical reactivation mechanism before "ageing" of acetylcholinesterase occurs. Additionally, changes in the organophosphates used today versus those pralidoxime was rationally designed to reverse, have reduced efficacy since the 1950s. Finally, the current dosage regimen may be insufficient. Therefore, one must re-evaluate our preparedness and approach to organophosphate poisoning in the United Kingdom.

Myasthenia Gravis Treatment: From Old Drugs to Innovative Therapies with a Glimpse into the Future.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare autoimmune disease that causes debilitating muscle weakness due to impaired neuromuscular transmission. Since most (about 80-90%) MG patients present autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptor, standard medical therapy consists of symptomatic treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., pyridostigmine). In addition, considering the autoimmune basis of MG, standard therapy includes immunomodulating agents, such as corticosteroids, azathioprine, cyclosporine A, and cyclophosphamide. New strategies have been proposed for the treatment of MG and include complement blockade (i.e., eculizumab, ravulizumab, and zilucoplan) and neonatal Fc receptor antagonism (i.e., efgartigimod and rozanolixizumab). The aim of this review is to provide a detailed overview of the pre- and post-marketing evidence on the five pharmacological treatments most recently approved for the treatment of MG, by identifying both preclinical and clinical studies registered in clinicaltrials.gov. A description of the molecules currently under evaluation for the treatment of MG is also provided.

Memantine versus Ginkgo biloba Extract: A Comparative Study on Cognitive Dysfunction Treatment in a Novel Rat Model.

Extracellular senile plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles are two devastating brain proteinopathies that are indicative of Alzheimer's disease, the most prevalent type of dementia. Currently, no effective medications are available to stop or reverse Alzheimer's disease. Ginkgo biloba extract, commonly referred to as EGb 761, is a natural product made from the leaves of the G. biloba tree. It has long been demonstrated to have therapeutic benefits in Alzheimer's disease. The current study assessed the beneficial effects of EGb 761 against Alzheimer's disease in comparison with memantine, a standard treatment for Alzheimer's disease. The scopolamine-heavy metals mixture rat Alzheimer's disease model is a newly created model to study the effects of EGb 761 oral therapy on cognitive performance and other Alzheimer's disease-like changes over a 28-day experimental period. This new Alzheimer's disease model provides better criteria for Alzheimer's disease hallmarks than the conventional scopolamine model. The EGb 761 reversed memory and learning deficits induced by the scopolamine-heavy metals mixture. These outcomes were linked to a more pronounced inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase, caspase-3, hippocampal amyloid-beta protein (Aß1 - 42), phosphorylated tau protein counts, and proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1ß) compared to the memantine-treated group. Furthermore, EGb 761 treatment considerably reduced lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) and improved reduced glutathione levels compared to memantine. Our results suggest EGb 761's potential in treating central nervous system disorders. It's a promising candidate for future Alzheimer's disease therapeutic exploration. This study also highlights the need for future research to focus on the positive benefits of herbal medicines.

Changes in dementia treatment patterns associated with changes in the National Policy in South Korea among patients with newly diagnosed Alzheimer's disease between 2011 and 2017: results from the multicenter, retrospective CAPTAIN study.

BACKGROUND: The South Korean government has been actively involved in plans to combat dementia, implementing a series of national strategies and plans since 2008. In July 2014, eligibility for mandatory long-term care insurance (LTCI) was extended to people with dementia enabling access to appropriate long-term care including the cognitive function training program and home nursing service. This study aimed to investigate changes in treatment patterns for Alzheimer's disease (AD) between July 2011 and June 2017 which spanned the 2014 revision. METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective, observational study of patients with newly diagnosed AD analyzed electronic medical records from 17 general hospitals across South Korea. Based on their time of AD diagnosis, subjects were categorized into Cohort 1 (1 July 2011 to 30 June 2014) and Cohort 2 (1 July 2014 to 30 June 2017). RESULTS: Subjects (N=3,997) divided into Cohorts 1 (n=1,998) and 2 (n=1,999), were mostly female (66.4%) with a mean age of 84.4 years. Cohort 1 subjects were significantly older (P<0.0001) and had a lower number of comorbidities (P=0.002) compared with Cohort 2. Mean Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores in Cohorts 1 and 2 at the time of AD diagnosis or start of initial treatment were 16.9 and 17.1, respectively (P=0.2790). At 1 year, mean MMSE scores in Cohorts 1 and 2 increased to 17.9 and 17.4, respectively (P=0.1524). Donepezil was the most frequently administered medication overall (75.0%), with comparable rates between cohorts. Rates of medication persistence were ≥98% for acetylcholinesterase inhibitor or memantine therapy. Discontinuation and switch treatment rates were significantly lower (49.7% vs. 58.0%; P<0.0001), and mean duration of initial treatment significantly longer, in Cohort 2 vs. 1 (349.3 vs. 300.2 days; P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Comparison of cohorts before and after revision of the national LTCI system for dementia patients found no significant difference in mean MMSE scores at the time of AD diagnosis or start of initial treatment. The reduction in the proportion of patients who discontinued or changed their initial treatment, and the significant increase in mean duration of treatment, were observed following revision of the LTCI policy which enabled increased patient access to long-term care.

Alzheimer Disease Treatment With Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and Incident Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Importance: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a serious and common ophthalmologic disorder that is hypothesized to result, in part, from inflammatory reactions in the macula. Alzheimer disease (AD) treatment, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), have anti-inflammatory effects and it remains unclear if they modify the risk of AMD. Objective: To investigate the association between AChEI medications and the incidence of AMD. Design, Setting, and Participants: This propensity score-matched retrospective cohort study took place at health care facilities within the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system from January 2000 through September 2023. Participants included patients diagnosed with AD between ages 55 and 80 years with no preexisting diagnosis of AMD in the VA database. Exposure: AChEIs prescription dispensed as pharmacologic treatments for AD. Main Outcomes and Measure: The first diagnosis of AMD. Results: A total of 21 823 veterans with AD (mean [SD] age, 72.3 [6.1] years; 21 313 male participants [97.7%] and 510 female participants [2.3%]) were included. Propensity score-matched Cox model reveals each additional year of AChEI treatment was associated with a 6% lower hazard of AMD (hazard ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, (0.89-0.99). Conclusions and Relevance: This observational study reports a small reduction in the risk of AMD among veterans with AD receiving AChEIs. Randomized clinical trials would be needed to determine if there is a cause-and-effect relationship and further research is required to validate these findings across diverse populations.

The effects of different acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on EEG patterns in patients with Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common type of dementia. The early diagnosis of AD is an important factor for the control of AD progression. Electroencephalography (EEG) can be used for early diagnosis of AD. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) are also used for the amelioration of AD symptoms. In this systematic review, we reviewed the effect of different AChEIs including donepezil, rivastigmine, tacrine, physostigmine, and galantamine on EEG patterns in patients with AD. METHODS: PubMed electronic database was searched and 122 articles were found. After removal of unrelated articles, 24 articles were selected for the present study. RESULTS: AChEIs can decrease beta, theta, and delta frequency bands in patients with AD. However, conflicting results were found for alpha band. Some studies have shown increased alpha frequency, while others have shown decreased alpha frequency following treatment with AChEIs. The only difference was the type of drug. CONCLUSIONS: We found that studies reporting the decreased alpha frequency used donepezil and galantamine, while studies reporting the increased alpha frequency used rivastigmine and tacrine. It was suggested that future studies should focus on the effect of different AChEIs on EEG bands, especially alpha frequency in patients with AD, to compare their effects and find the reason for their different influence on EEG patterns. Also, differences between the effects of AChEIs on oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination may be another important factor. This is the first article investigating the effect of different AChEIs on EEG patterns in patients with AD.

Comprehensive multi-omics analysis reveals the core role of glycerophospholipid metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis development.

OBJECTIVES: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease with complex causes and recurrent attacks that can easily develop into chronic arthritis and eventually lead to joint deformity. Our study aims to elucidate potential mechanism among control, new-onset RA (NORA) and chronic RA (CRA) with multi-omics analysis. METHODS: A total of 113 RA patients and 75 controls were included in our study. Plasma and stool samples were obtained for 16S rRNA sequencing, internally transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing and metabolomics analysis. And PBMCs were obtained for RNA sequencing. We used three models, logistic regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and random forest, respectively, to distinguish NORA from CRA, and finally we validated model performance using an external cohort of 26 subjects. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated intestinal flora disturbance in RA development, with significantly increased abundance of Escherichia-Shigella and Proteobacteria in NORA. We also found that the diversity was significantly reduced in CRA compared to NORA through fungi analysis. Moreover, we identified 29 differential metabolites between NORA and CRA. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significant dysregulation of glycerophospholipid metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism pathways in RA patients. Next, we identified 40 differentially expressed genes between NORA and CRA, which acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) was the core gene and significantly enriched in glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway. Correlation analysis showed a strong negatively correlation between glycerophosphocholine and inflammatory characteristics. Additionally, we applied three approaches to develop disease classifier models that were based on plasma metabolites and gut microbiota, which effectively distinguished between new-onset and chronic RA patients in both discovery cohort and external validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: These findings revealed that glycerophospholipid metabolism plays a crucial role in the development and progression of RA, providing new ideas for early clinical diagnosis and optimizing treatment strategies.

[Current status and prospects of using the prokinetic acotiamide in gastroenterology: A review].

Acotiamide is a prokinetic with a novel mechanism of action - an antagonist of muscarinic M1 and M2 receptors and an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Acetylcholine is the central mediator of the tone of the muscular components of the gastrointestinal tract, increasing its motor activity. Blockade of presynaptic M1 and M2 receptors neutralizes the inhibitory effect of the feedback mechanism on the acetylcholine synthesis, while inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft reduces the acetylcholine degradation. Currently, the clinical efficacy of acotiamide in the population of patients with functional dyspepsia is demonstrated in more than 10 clinical studies in different regions of the world, demonstrating a reduction of the symptoms of the disease during treatment with this agent and an improvement in the quality of life of patients. In addition, the combination of acotiamide with proton pump inhibitors optimizes the management of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

ApoE3 Anchored Liposomal Delivery of Rivastigmine for Brain Delivery: Formulation, Characterization, and In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Evaluation.

Rivastigmine hydrogen tartrate (RHT) is an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor used in the management of Alzheimer's disease (AD). RHT is a BCS class-I drug that undergoes significant first-pass metabolism. Permeating a hydrophilic drug through the brain remains a major challenge in brain delivery. In this study, the RHT was incorporated inside the hydrophilic core of liposomes (LPS) and then coated with the ApoE3. ApoE3-coated RHT-loaded liposomes (ApoE3-RHT-LPS) were fabricated through the thin film hydration method using DSPE-PEG. The coating of LPS with ApoE3 enhances brain uptake and improves Aß clearance. The results obtained from the physicochemical characterization demonstrated that ApoE3-RHT-LPS shows a particle size of 128.6 ± 2.16 nm and a zeta potential of 16.6 ± 1.19. The % entrapment efficiency and % drug loading were found to be 75% and 17.84%, respectively. The data obtained from TEM and SEM studies revealed that the particle size of the LPS was less than 200 nm. An in vitro AChE assay was performed, and the results demonstrated the AChE inhibitory potential of ApoE3-RHT-LPS. Through the intravenous route, an in vivo pharmacokinetic study of formulation displayed improved brain uptake of RHT by ~ 1.3-fold than pure RHT due to ApoE3 coating. In vivo, biodistribution studies in vital organs suggested that the biodistribution of RHT to the liver was significantly reduced (p < 0.001), signifying an increase in the drug's half-life and blood circulation time. All research findings suggested that ApoE3 coating and LPS strategy are proven effective for improving the brain uptake of RHT designed for the management of AD.

Galantamine ameliorates experimental pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis is a common and serious inflammatory condition currently lacking disease modifying therapy. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is a potent protective anti-inflammatory response activated by vagus nerve-dependent α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) signaling using splenic CD4+ T cells as an intermediate. Activating the CAP ameliorates experimental acute pancreatitis. Galantamine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) which amplifies the CAP via modulation of central muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs). However, as mAChRs also activate pancreatitis, it is currently unknown whether galantamine would be beneficial in acute pancreatitis. METHODS: The effect of galantamine (1-6 mg/kg-body weight) on caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis was evaluated in mice. Two hours following 6 hourly doses of caerulein (50 µg/kg-body weight), organ and serum analyses were performed with accompanying pancreatic histology. Experiments utilizing vagotomy, gene knock out (KO) technology and the use of nAChR antagonists were also performed. RESULTS: Galantamine attenuated pancreatic histologic injury which was mirrored by a reduction in serum amylase and pancreatic inflammatory cytokines and an increase the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the serum. These beneficial effects were not altered by bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, KO of either choline acetyltransferase+ T cells or α7nAChR, or administration of the nAChR ganglionic blocker mecamylamine or the more selective α7nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine. CONCLUSION: Galantamine improves acute pancreatitis via a mechanism which does not involve previously established physiological and molecular components of the CAP. As galantamine is an approved drug in widespread clinical use with an excellent safety record, our findings are of interest for further evaluating the potential benefits of this drug in patients with acute pancreatitis.

Neuroprotective evaluation of diospyrin against drug-induced Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease linked to memory impairment. A current investigation was performed to assess the neuroprotective effect of Diospyrin, a novel therapeutic agent, for the curing of Alzheimer's disease. For this purpose, in-vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory assays and antioxidant studies were conducted, whereas in-vivo studies involved different behavioral animal models tests such as elevated plus maze (EPM), morris water maze (MWM) and paddling Y-maze test. Results of the in-vitro analysis showed IC50 values of 95 µg/mL for AChE and 110 µg/mL for BChE as compared to the standard drug donepezil (IC50: 95 & 85 µg/mL, respectively). DPPH antioxidant assay showed a maximum of 72.85% inhibition (IC50: 139.74 µg/mL) of DPPH-free radicals at the highest concentration of 1000 µg/mL as compared to the ascorbic acid (IC50: 13.72 µg/mL). Moreover, the in-vivo analysis revealed that diospyrin treatment demonstrated gradual betterment in memory and enhanced motor functionality. On the other hand, the computational analysis also showed that the diospyrin had exceptional binding affinities for both AChE and BChE enzymes. In the net shell, it may be deduced that our compound diospyrin could be a valuable drug candidate in managing neurodegenerative disorders like AD.

Neuroprotective effect of ropinirole against Aß1-42 -induced neurochemical perturbations and cognitive impairments in a rodent model.

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects of ropinirole (ROP) medication given for an extended period following the induction of cognitive decline, oxidative stress, and deterioration of mitochondria in a Wistar rat model by Aß1-42 . This study aimed to examine the neuroprotective efficacy of ROP in a stereotaxis model of AD. The Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups. Group I was considered as a sham, group II served as Aß-infusion alone, Group III was Aß1-42 + ROP (5 mg/kg/i.p.), and Group IV was Aß1-42 + ROP (10 mg/kg/i.p.). Our research revealed that ROP (10 mg/kg, b.wt.) attenuates the cognitive deficits caused by Aß1-42 -infused, which also correlates with the barnes maze, where (10 mg/kg, b.w.t.) shows significant improvement in spatial learning and memory. At the same time, ROP was rescued from oxidative damage, decreased lipid peroxidation rates, and inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity caused, demonstrating antioxidant benefits. In addition, a higher dose of ROP restored mitochondrial membrane potential in Aß1-42 rats. Furthermore, histopathological examination showed that ROP treatment reduced neuronal loss, especially in the hippocampus. We conclude that ROP's protective effects in reducing oxidative stress and modulating mitochondrial function might have a propensity in AD pathogenesis.

Psychiatric Adverse Events of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Dementia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine are commonly used in the management of various forms of dementia. OBJECTIVES: While these drugs are known to induce classic cholinergic adverse events such as diarrhea, their potential to cause psychiatric adverse events has yet to be thoroughly examined. METHODS: We sought to determine the risk of psychiatric adverse events associated with the use of AChEIs through a systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blind randomized controlled trials involving patients with Alzheimer's dementia and Parkinson's dementia. RESULTS: A total of 48 trials encompassing 22,845 patients were included in our analysis. Anorexia was the most commonly reported psychiatric adverse event, followed by agitation, insomnia, and depression. Individuals exposed to AChEIs had a greater risk of experiencing appetite disorders, insomnia, or depression compared with those who received placebo (anorexia: odds ratio [OR] 2.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.29-3.75; p < 0.00001; decreased appetite: OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.33-2.82; p = 0.0006; insomnia: OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.25-1.93; p < 0.0001; and depression: OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.23-2.06, p = 0.0004). Appetite disorders were also more frequent with high-dose versus low-dose therapy. A subgroup analysis revealed that the risk of insomnia was higher for donepezil than for galantamine. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that AChEI therapy may negatively impact psychological health, and careful monitoring of new psychiatric symptoms is warranted. Lowering the dose may resolve some psychiatric adverse events, as may switching to galantamine in the case of insomnia. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was pre-registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021258376).

Oral and Transdermal Rivastigmine for the Treatment of Anticholinergic Delirium: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: Anticholinergic toxicity is a common cause of delirium in emergency department patients. The standard antidotal treatment for anticholinergic toxicity is physostigmine. Physostigmine functions as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that readily crosses the blood-brain barrier. Rivastigmine is another member of this class currently approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Rivastigmine also crosses the blood-brain barrier and has been found to be effective in the management of anticholinergic toxicity in limited case reports. CASE REPORT: A 61-year-old women presented to the emergency department via emergency medical services with altered mental status and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8 out of 15. She was found down near multiple medication bottles, including diphenhydramine and dicyclomine. Her physical examination was consistent with anticholinergic toxicity with mydriasis, obtundation, and warm flushed skin. In addition to standard resuscitation, she received two doses of rivastigmine 3 mg via nasogastric tube. After the second dose she was alert and oriented. She was admitted to the intensive care unit and had a rivastigmine patch applied. She was deemed back to her baseline 27 h after presentation. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Although the standard antidotal treatment for anticholinergic toxicity is physostigmine, there is a national shortage of this medication. In the absence of this standard antidote, it is reasonable for emergency physicians to use rivastigmine as an alternative treatment. This can be delivered orally or via nasogastric tube with dosing each hour until resolution of symptoms. Alternatively, in consultation with toxicology, it may be reasonable to use transdermal rivastigmine, as it provides consistent drug absorption for 24 h.

Lobeline: A multifunctional alkaloid modulates cholinergic and glutamatergic activities.

Developing drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an extremely challenging task due to its devastating pathology. Previous studies have indicated that natural compounds play a crucial role as lead molecules in the development of drugs. Even though, there are remarkable technological advancements in the isolation and synthesis of natural compounds, the targets for many of them are still unknown. In the present study, lobeline, a piperidine alkaloid has been identified as a cholinesterase inhibitor through chemical similarity assisted target fishing method. The structural similarities between lobeline and donepezil, a known acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor encouraged us to hypothesize that lobeline may also exhibit AChE inhibitory properties. It was further confirmed by in silico, in vitro and biophysical studies that lobeline could inhibit cholinesterase. The binding profiles indicated that lobeline has a higher affinity for AChE than BChE. Since excitotoxicity is one of the major pathological events associated with AD progression, we also investigated the neuroprotective potential of lobeline against glutamate mediated excitotoxicity in rat primary cortical neurons. The cell based NMDA receptor (NMDAR) assay with lobeline suggested that neuroprotective potential of lobeline is mediated through the blockade of NMDAR activity.

Zinc improves sexual and erectile function in HAART-treated rats via the upregulation of erectogenic enzymes and maintenance of redox balance.

PURPOSE: HAART has been shown to impair sexual function and penile erection via perturbation of penile redox balance, while zinc has been established to exert antioxidant activity. Therefore, this study focused on the role and associated molecular mechanism of zinc in HAART-induced sexual and erectile dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly grouped into four (n = 5 rats per group); the control, zinc-treated, HAART-treated, and HAART + zinc-treated groups. Treatments were per os daily for eight weeks. RESULTS: Zinc co-administration significantly improved HAART-induced increase in the latencies of mount, intromission, and ejaculations. Zinc also attenuated HAART-induced reduction in the motivation to mate, penile reflex/erection, and frequencies of mount, intromission, and ejaculations. In addition, zinc co-treatment improved HAART-induced decline in penile NO and cGMP, dopamine, and serum testosterone. More so, zinc prevented HAART-induced rise in penile activities of monoamine oxidase, acetylcholinesterase, phosphodiesterase-5, and arginase. Furthermore, concomitant treatment with zinc ameliorated HAART-induced penile oxidative stress and inflammation. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our present findings show that zinc improves sexual and erectile function in HAART-treated rats by upregulating erectogenic enzymes via the maintenance of penile redox balance.

Alzheimer's disease: Molecular aspects and treatment opportunities using herbal drugs.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), also called senile dementia, is the most common neurological disorder. Around 50 million people, mostly of advanced age, are suffering from dementia worldwide and this is expected to reach 100-130 million between 2040 and 2050. AD is characterized by impaired glutamatergic and cholinergic neurotransmission, which is associated with clinical and pathological symptoms. AD is characterized clinically by loss of cognition and memory impairment and pathologically by senile plaques formed by Amyloid ß deposits or neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) consisting of aggregated tau proteins. Amyloid ß deposits are responsible for glutamatergic dysfunction that develops NMDA dependent Ca2+ influx into postsynaptic neurons generating slow excitotoxicity process leading to oxidative stress and finally impaired cognition and neuronal loss. Amyloid decreases acetylcholine release, synthesis and neuronal transport. The decreased levels of neurotransmitter acetylcholine, neuronal loss, tau aggregation, amyloid ß plaques, increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, bio-metal dyshomeostasis, autophagy, cell cycle dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction are the factors responsible for the pathogenesis of AD. Acetylcholinesterase, NMDA, Glutamate, BACE1, 5HT6, and RAGE (Receptors for Advanced Glycation End products) are receptors targeted in treatment of AD. The FDA approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Donepezil, Galantamine and Rivastigmine and N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist Memantine provide symptomatic relief. Different therapies such as amyloid ß therapies, tau-based therapies, neurotransmitter-based therapies, autophagy-based therapies, multi-target therapeutic strategies, and gene therapy modify the natural course of the disease. Herbal and food intake is also important as preventive strategy and recently focus has also been placed on herbal drugs for treatment. This review focuses on the molecular aspects, pathogenesis and recent studies that signifies the potential of medicinal plants and their extracts or chemical constituents for the treatment of degenerative symptoms related to AD.

Neuroprotective effects of photobiomodulation by hormesis on scopolamine induced neurodegenerative diseases of memory disorders in rats a paradigm shift.

The loss and progressive dysfunction of neurons are hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of the current study is to explore the effects of photobiomodulation at 460-660 nm (100-1000 lux units) on the progression of scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunctions in Wistar male rats. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is defined as "the use of monochromatic or quasi-monochromatic light from a low-power laser or light-emitting diode (LED) source to modify or modulate biological functions." Neuroprotective activity was assessed by in vivo models such as the Morris water maze, the elevated plus maze (EPM), and the T-maze. After using scopolamine (1 mg/kg/day) as a dementia induction model for 21 days, the induction was primarily due to impairments in cholinergic transmission, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The in vitro determinations, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1ß), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), were assessed biochemicals and biomarkers. The structural and morphological integrity of the cortex and hippocampus was investigated through histopathology. In vivo studies of exteroceptive behavior models such as the Morris water maze, the EPM, and the T-maze revealed that administration of scopolamine resulted in enhanced escape latency time (ELT), transfer latency (TL), and decreased percentage alternation, respectively. The levels of AChE, BChE, reduced, GSH, SOD, TNF-α, IL-1ß and ALP were increased, while MDA level was decreased. In contrast to normal and control groups with treatment groups, histopathology of the cortex and hippocampus examination revealed the maintenance of structural integrity and densities of CA1 and CA3 neuronal cells. However, network pharmacology predicted Ca+2 modulation of various pathways, among the treatments with red LED light showed highly significant amelioration compared with normal and control groups. Photobiomodulation by hormesis, chromophores in cells, and tissues excitation can influence neuroprotective effect mainly by scavenging of ROS, variation in the level of GSH MDA and SOD mitochondrial electron transfer, the improved abscopal effects on improved in gut microbiome by resembles the of fecal ALP level correlation of intestinal microbiome, cholinergic neurotransmissions, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities.