La mujer en Cirugía: una exploración de las barreras en la carrera laboral / Women in surgery: an exploration of career barriers

Antecedentes: las cirujanas en la Argentina experimentan barreras en el ámbito laboral y personal tratando de lograr sus objetivos profesionales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue explorar las barreras que enfrentan las cirujanas en su carrera laboral en las tres principales ciudades de la República Argentina. Material y métodos: estudio exploratorio transversal. Se utilizaron encuestas anónimas a cirujanas durante un período de 6 meses. Resultados: un 59% de las cirujanas son solteras y no viven en pareja. Aquellas con hijos son las principales encargadas de la crianza. Los esposos o convivientes aparecen en tercer lugar, con un muy bajo porcentaje de responsabilidad en la tarea. En la mayoría de los espacios laborales no existe un sistema que facilite el cuidado de hijos en su trabajo. El 65% afirma haber dejado de presentar trabajos científicos luego de la maternidad. Solo un 26% de los pacientes ha rechazado sus servicios en favor de ser intervenido por un cirujano hombre. Por el contrario, un 42% de los jefes ha rechazado ser acompañado en cirugías por cirujanas. Casi un 85% de las cirujanas ha recibido comentarios alusivos a su sexualidad durante su trabajo. Conclusión: las estructuras organizacionales quirúrgicas operan como un marco normativo estructurador de prácticas y discursos que han construido, en el nivel simbólico, subjetivo e institucional, las desigualdades entre mujeres y varones en el ámbito de la actuación médica. La feminización del sector en los últimos tiempos y la salida de la mujer al ámbito laboral no implican necesariamente la equidad de género.

Background: Women surgeons in Argentina face barriers in the workplace and in their personal life when trying to achieve their professional goals. The aim of this investigation was to explore the career barriers women surgeons face in the three main cities of Argentina. Material and methods: We conducted an exploratory cross-sectional study. Anonymous surveys were administrated to women surgeons during a six-month period. Results: Among survey respondents, 59% were single and did not live with a partner. Those with children are the primary carers. Spouses or partners appear in third place, with a very low percentage of responsibility as carers. Most workplaces where female surgeons work do not have childcare facilities. Sixty-five percent of the survey respondents had not presented scientific papers after having children. Only 26 percent of patients had rejected their services in favor of a male surgeon and 42% of head surgeons had refused to be assisted by female surgeons. Almost 85% of women surgeons have received comments about their sexuality during their work. Conclusions: The organizational structures of surgery departments work as a structured regulatory framework of practices and speeches that have constructed the inequalities between women and men in the field of medical action at the symbolic, subjective and institutional level. The recent feminization of the surgical field and the entrance of women in the workplace do not necessarily imply gender equality.

Verbal abuse and mobbing in pre-hospital care services in Chile.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the perception of verbal abuse and mobbing and the associated factors of paramedic technicians (nursing assistants) and professionals (nurses, midwives, kinesiologists) in the pre-hospital care areas of three regions in the south of Chile. METHODS: descriptive and correlational study was performed within the professional community and a two-stage sample of the paramedic technician population in three regions. The questionnaire "workplace violence in the health sector" (spanish version) was applied after signing the informed consent. RESULTS: 51.4% of professionals and 46.6% of paramedic technicians consider they have been verbally abused during last year. 17.6% of paramedic technicians and 13.5% of professionals perceived mobbing. A low percentage of these events are reported. In only one case of mobbing, the aggressor was legally penalized. No significant differences were found between the job categories and the studied regions. CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of participants in each group perceived verbal abuse and non-minor percentage perceived mobbing, but most of these events are not reported.

[Experiences of street harassment and associations with perceptions of social cohesion among women in Mexico City]. / Acoso en la calle y su asociación con percepciones de cohesión social entre mujeres en la Ciudad de México.

OBJECTIVE:: To document the frequency and forms of street harassment and examine the association between street harassment experiences and perceptions of social cohesion. MATERIALS AND METHODS:: Baseline survey data collected among women seeking care in public health clinics in Mexico City were used for analysis. RESULTS:: Nearly two-thirds (62.8%) of women reported experiencing some form of street harassment in the prior month; women with street harassment experiences reported significantly lower perceived social cohesion (b=-0.46; 95%CI: -0.69,-0.22). CONCLUSIONS:: Findings indicate reducing street harassment may have important implications for improving women's perceived social cohesion and their safety in Mexico City.

Acoso en la calle y su asociación con percepciones de cohesión social entre mujeres en la Ciudad de México / Experiences of street harassment and associations with perceptions of social cohesion among women in Mexico City

Resumen: Objetivo: Documentar frecuencia y tipos de acoso en la calle (AC) y la asociación entre experiencias de AC y percepción de cohesión social (CS). Material y métodos: Análisis de encuesta a mujeres que solicitan servicios en clínicas de la Secretaría Salud del Gobierno de la Ciudad de México. Resultados: 62.8% reportó algún tipo de AC el mes previo a la encuesta; aquéllas con experiencias de AC reportaron índices significativamente menores de CS (b = -0.46; IC95%: -0.69, -0.22). Conclusiones: Reducir el AC puede tener implicaciones importantes para mejorar la percepción de CS y la seguridad de las mujeres en la Ciudad de México.

Abstract: Objective: To document the frequency and forms of street harassment and examine the association between street harassment experiences and perceptions of social cohesion. Materials and methods: Baseline survey data collected among women seeking care in public health clinics in Mexico City were used for analysis. Results: Nearly two-thirds (62.8%) of women reported experiencing some form of street harassment in the prior month; women with street harassment experiences reported significantly lower perceived social cohesion (b=-0.46; 95%CI: -0.69,-0.22). Conclusions: Findings indicate reducing street harassment may have important implications for improving women’s perceived social cohesion and their safety in Mexico City.

Verbal abuse and mobbing in pre-hospital care services in Chile / Abuso verbal e assédio moral em serviços de atendimento pré-hospitalar no Chile / Abuso verbal y acoso laboral en servicios de atención prehospitalaria en el Chile

ABSTRACT Objective: to determine the perception of verbal abuse and mobbing and the associated factors of paramedic technicians (nursing assistants) and professionals (nurses, midwives, kinesiologists) in the pre-hospital care areas of three regions in the south of Chile. Methods: descriptive and correlational study was performed within the professional community and a two-stage sample of the paramedic technician population in three regions. The questionnaire "workplace violence in the health sector" (spanish version) was applied after signing the informed consent. Results: 51.4% of professionals and 46.6% of paramedic technicians consider they have been verbally abused during last year. 17.6% of paramedic technicians and 13.5% of professionals perceived mobbing. A low percentage of these events are reported. In only one case of mobbing, the aggressor was legally penalized. No significant differences were found between the job categories and the studied regions. Conclusions: A high percentage of participants in each group perceived verbal abuse and non-minor percentage perceived mobbing, but most of these events are not reported.

RESUMO Objetivo: determinar a percepção de abuso verbal, assédio moral e fatores associados por técnicos paramédicos (auxiliares de enfermagem) e profissionais (enfermeiros, parteiras, cinesiologistas) das áreas de atendimento pré-hospitalar de três regiões no sul do Chile. Métodos: estudo descritivo e correlacional foi realizado com a comunidade profissional, em dois estágios, com a população de paramédicos de três regiões. O questionário "Violência no Ambiente de Trabalho no Setor de Saúde" (Workplace Violence in the Health Sector) foi aplicado após a assinatura de um termo de consentimento informado. Resultados: 51,4% dos profissionais e 46,6% dos técnicos paramédicos consideram que sofreram abuso verbal no último ano. Um total de 17,6% dos técnicos paramédicos e 13,5% dos profissionais perceberam assédio moral. Uma baixa porcentagem desses eventos é reportada. Somente em um caso de assédio moral, o agressor foi penalizado legalmente. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as categorias de trabalho e as regiões estudadas. Conclusões: Uma alta porcentagem de participantes em cada grupo percebeu abuso verbal e uma porcentagem não menor percebeu assédio moral, mas a maioria desses eventos não são reportados.

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar la percepción del abuso verbal y el acoso laboral y los factores asociados de los técnicos paramédicos (auxiliares de enfermería) y profesionales (enfermeras, parteras, kinesiólogos) en las áreas de atención prehospitalaria de tres regiones del sur de Chile. Métodos: estudio descriptivo y correlacional dentro de la comunidad profesional en dos etapas con la población de paramédicos de tres regiones. El cuestionario "workplace violence in the health sector" (version español) se aplicó después de firmar el consentimiento informado. Resultados: El 51,4% de los profesionales y el 46,6% de los técnicos paramédicos consideran haber sido abusados verbalmente durante el año pasado. El 17,6% de los técnicos paramédicos y el 13,5% de los profesionales percibieron el acoso laboral. Un bajo porcentaje de estos eventos son reportados. En solo un caso de acoso laboral, el agresor fue penalizado legalmente. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las categorías de empleo y las regiones estudiadas. Conclusiones: Un alto porcentaje de participantes en cada grupo percibió abuso verbal y un porcentaje no menor percibió el acoso laboral, pero la mayoría de estos eventos no se reportan.

[A systematic review of mistreatmen in medical students]. / Una revisión sistemática del maltrato en el estudiante de medicina.

Mistreatment of medical students is an international problem that has been reported for decades in different countries, but its conceptualization and registration form are very heterogeneous. This review aims to identify the main features of this mistreatment from a systematic analysis of the literature published between 1980 and 2016. Using databases, 118 published papers were obtained under the selected criteria. Most widely accepted definitions are presented and structuring of the following categories: directionality, types, perpetrators, scenarios, vulnerable groups, consequences, complaints, and the way they justify mistreatment. Concluding, in order to bring down abuse in medical students, it is proposed to replace the verticality and submission by teamwork and collaboration among all, and promote strategies of complaint and admonition of the perpetrator.