Estructura de la vegetación leñosa en tres áreas con Selva Baja Caducifolia en el Istmo-Costa de Oaxaca, México / Woody vegetation structure in three areas with Tropical Dry Forest in the Isthmus-Coastal of Oaxaca, Mexico

Resumen La Selva Baja Caducifolia (SBC) es de gran importancia por su biodiversidad. En el Istmo-Costa de Oaxaca, México, se encuentran áreas con SBC y distinta categoría de protección (legislación mexicana): (1) Área Natural Protegida (ANP), (2) Área Destinada Voluntariamente para la Conservación (ADVC) y (3) Área de Uso Común (ADUC). En cada una de ellas se analizó la estructura de vegetación leñosa, plantas con DAP ≥ 2.5 cm, muestreando 15 parcelas de 100 m2. La riqueza observada fue de 90 especies incluidas en 36 familias y corresponde al 80 % (Jackknife) y 85 % (ICE) de la esperada. El análisis de agrupamiento identificó dos grupos con 90 % de disimilitud: el primero (G1) incluyó a todas las parcelas muestreadas del ANP; y el segundo (G2) aglomeró las del ADVC y ADUC. Los índices de Shannon, dominancia de Simpson y diversidad verdadera de Jost para el G1 fueron H'= 2.43, D= 0.21 y qD= 11 y para el G2, H'= 2.76, D= 0.28 y qD= 15, sin diferencias entre grupos (P < 0.05). Las especies con Valor de Importancia Relativa más elevado, en ambos grupos, corresponden a vegetación secundaria. La densidad de especies del G1 fue de 1 829 ind/ha y en el G2 de 2 370 ind/ha. Los promedios de altura (6.8 m) y área basal (19.7 m2/ha) del G1 no variaron significativamente (P < 0.05) con los del G2 (7.9 m y 22.1 m2/ha). Las ADVC y ADUC, semejantes en composición y estructura, difieren del ANP. Se sugiere seguir monitoreando la SBC.

Abstract Tropical dry forest (TDF) is important due to its biodiversity. In the Isthmus-Coastal region of the state of Oaxaca, in Southeast Mexico, there are many areas of TDF with varying categories of legal protection (1) Protected Natural Areas (PNA), (2) Voluntarily Designated Conservation Areas (VDCA) and (3) Areas of Common Use (ACU). In each of these, tree vegetation structure was analysed, recording plants with a DBH ≥ 2.5 cm and sampling 15 plots of 100 m2. Observed richness was 90 species, belonging to 36 families and corresponding to 80 % (Jackknife) and 85 % (ICE) of expected richness. A cluster analysis identified two groups with 90 % dissimilitude: the first (G1) included all the sampled plots in the PNA; and the second (G2), grouped together those from the VDCA and the ACU. The Shannon, Simpson dominance and Jost true diversity indices for G1 were H'= 2.43, D= 0.21 and qD= 11 and for G2, H'= 2.76, D= 0.28 and qD= 15 respectively, with no differences between groups (P < 0.05). The species that presented the highest relative importance value (RIV) in both groups, corresponded to secondary vegetation. Species density of G1 was 1 829 ind/ha and 2 370 ind/ha for G2. Mean height (6.8 m) and basal area (19.7 m2/ha) of G1 did not vary significantly (P < 0.05) when compared to G2 (7.9 m y 22.1 m2/ha). The VDCA and ACU presented similar composition and structure, differing from the PNA. Continual monitoring of the TDF is suggested. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 863-879. Epub 2018 June 01.

Multiple-factor classification of a human-modified forest landscape in the Hsuehshan Mountain Range, Taiwan.

Human actions drive landscape heterogeneity, yet most ecosystem classifications omit the role of human influence. This study explores land use history to inform a classification of forestland of the Tayal Mrqwang indigenous people of Taiwan. Our objectives were to determine the extent to which human action drives landscape heterogeneity. We used interviews, field sampling, and multivariate analysis to relate vegetation patterns to environmental gradients and human modification across 76 sites. We identified eleven forest classes. In total, around 70 % of plots were at lower elevations and had a history of shifting cultivation, terrace farming, and settlement that resulted in alder, laurel, oak, pine, and bamboo stands. Higher elevation mixed conifer forests were least disturbed. Arboriculture and selective harvesting were drivers of other conspicuous forest patterns. The findings show that past land uses play a key role in shaping forests, which is important to consider when setting targets to guide forest management.

When is a forest a forest? Forest concepts and definitions in the era of forest and landscape restoration.

We present a historical overview of forest concepts and definitions, linking these changes with distinct perspectives and management objectives. Policies dealing with a broad range of forest issues are often based on definitions created for the purpose of assessing global forest stocks, which do not distinguish between natural and planted forests or reforests, and which have not proved useful in assessing national and global rates of forest regrowth and restoration. Implementing and monitoring forest and landscape restoration requires additional approaches to defining and assessing forests that reveal the qualities and trajectories of forest patches in a spatially and temporally dynamic landscape matrix. New technologies and participatory assessment of forest states and trajectories offer the potential to operationalize such definitions. Purpose-built and contextualized definitions are needed to support policies that successfully protect, sustain, and regrow forests at national and global scales. We provide a framework to illustrate how different management objectives drive the relative importance of different aspects of forest state, dynamics, and landscape context.

The sensitivity of current and future forest managers to climate-induced changes in ecological processes.

Climate vulnerability of managed forest ecosystems is not only determined by ecological processes but also influenced by the adaptive capacity of forest managers. To better understand adaptive behaviour, we conducted a questionnaire study among current and future forest managers (i.e. active managers and forestry students) in Austria. We found widespread belief in climate change (94.7 % of respondents), and no significant difference between current and future managers. Based on intended responses to climate-induced ecosystem changes, we distinguished four groups: highly sensitive managers (27.7 %), those mainly sensitive to changes in growth and regeneration processes (46.7 %), managers primarily sensitive to regeneration changes (11.2 %), and insensitive managers (14.4 %). Experiences and beliefs with regard to disturbance-related tree mortality were found to particularly influence a manager's sensitivity to climate change. Our findings underline the importance of the social dimension of climate change adaptation, and suggest potentially strong adaptive feedbacks between ecosystems and their managers.

Diversidad, composición y estructura de un hábitat altamente amenazado: los bosques estacionalmente secos de Tarapoto, Perú / Diversity, composition, and structure of a highly endangered habitat: the seasonally dry forests of Tarapoto, Peru

Entre marzo y abril de 2006, la flora de los bosques estacionalmente secos en Tarapoto, San Martín fue estudiada en diez localidades. En cada una de estas localidades se estableció una parcela de 0,1 ha; cada tallo mayor de 2,5 cm de diámetro fue medido, contado e identificado a especie. Se encontraron 146 especies en 2814 individuos. En toda la zona de estudio, Myrtaceae fue la familia más diversa con 14 especies, seguida por Leguminosae con 12 especies. Igualmente, Annonaceae y Myrtaceae fueron las familias más abundantes en numero de tallos en toda la zona de estudio (461, y 412 tallos totales), mientras que Sapotaceae, con sólo 160 tallos totales, tuvo el valor más alto en área basal, debido a la Quinilla, Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) A. Chev., el árbol más importante en la estructura de los bosques estacionalmente secos de Tarapoto. Dos especies estuvieron presentes en todos los sitios de estudio: Coccoloba sp. 1, (Polygonaceae) y Oxandra espintana (Spruce ex Benth.) Baill. (Annonaceae), mientras que 53 especies ocurrieron en un solo sitio. Los bosques estacionalmente secos de Tarapoto presentan una diversidad intermedia comparada con otros bosques secos del Neotrópico y similar diversidad a los bosques secos del Pacífico Peruano. La comunidad de árboles en estos bosques pertenece a especies de amplia distribución comparada con las especies de arbustos que tienen distribución restringida a los hábitats de bosques secos. En términos generales las áreas localizadas cerca de la carretera Tarapoto-Juanjui tienen el grado más alto de amenaza y perturbación debido a la extracción maderera y destrucción de hábitat para la creación de campos de cultivos agrícolas. Los bosques más representativos y mejor conservados de esta región se encuentran al Oeste y Sur de Picota, en el Área de Conservación Municipal El Quinillal, y en la cuenca del Río Bombonajillo y Ponasillo.

Between March and April 2006, I studied ten localities with seasonally dry forests located along the Tarapoto-Juanjui road, San Martin. At each site ten 50×2 m transects totalling 1000 m² (0,1 ha) were laid out along a 180 m baseline where all standing trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) greater than 2,5 cm were measured, counted and identified to species. I found a total of 146 species and 2814 individuals with DBH e¼ 2,5 cm. Within the study area, Myrtaceae was the most species rich family with 14 species followed closely by Leguminosae with 12 species. Annonaceae and Myrtaceae had the highest number of individuals (461 and 412, respectively), whereas Sapotaceae, with only 160 stems, had the highest basal area. The latter was mainly due to Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) A. Chev. ("Quinilla"), the most important tree species in the seasonally dry forests of Tarapoto. Two species were present at all sites: Coccoloba sp. 1 (Polygonaceae) and Oxandra espintana (Spruce ex Benth.) (Annonaceae), whereas 53 species occurred only at one site. The seasonally dry forests of Tarapoto have an intermediate diversity compared to the other dry forests in the Neotropics and similar diversity compared to the Peruvian dry forests of the Pacific coast. Most of the tree community in these forests belong to geographically widespread species compared to shrubs that are mostly restricted to dry forests habitats. The areas located near the Tarapoto-Juanjui road ("carretera marginal") have the most disturbed forests. The best representations of Tarapoto's seasonally dry forests are located west and south of the locality of Picota, in the Area de Conservación Municipal "El Quinillal", and in the Bombonajillo and Ponasillo basins.

The epidemiology of forestry work-related injuries in New Zealand, 1975-88: fatalities and hospitalisations.

AIM: This paper presents a detailed investigation of the injury experience of New Zealand forestry workers, including loggers and silviculture workers. METHODS: Record linkage of multiple data sources. RESULTS: During the period 1975-88, there were 81 work-related fatalities among loggers and 10 fatalities among silviculture workers, yielding fatality rates of 2.03 and 0.15 per 1000 workers/year, respectively. These figures were substantially higher than the fatal injury rate among the overall New Zealand workforce of 0.07 deaths per 1000 workers/year. In addition there were 1068 work-related injuries resulting in hospitalisation among loggers, and 478 among silviculture workers, yielding hospitalisation rates of 38.93 and 9.58 per 1000 workers/year, respectively. The types of injury contact involved in each incident were analysed. Contact with falling trees was the leading cause of death in forestry, accounting for over half of the fatal injuries among loggers and a third among silviculture workers. For loggers, the three commonest types of contact resulting in hospitalisation were: chainsaw injuries (n = 351; 33%), falling trees (n = 269; 25%), and rolling logs (n = 82; 8%). Among silviculture workers, the three commonest types of contact resulting in hospitalisation were: chainsaw injuries (n = 108; 23%), falling trees (n = 96; 20%), and falls/slips and trips (n = 94; 20%) CONCLUSION: There is clear need for continued efforts to improve the overall safety of forestry work in New Zealand.