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1.
J Nanobiotechnology ; 22(1): 91, 2024 Mar 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38443975

RESUMEN

The primary factors that restrict agricultural productivity and jeopardize human and food safety are heavy metals (HMs), including arsenic, cadmium, lead, and aluminum, which adversely impact crop yields and quality. Plants, in their adaptability, proactively engage in a multitude of intricate processes to counteract the impacts of HM toxicity. These processes orchestrate profound transformations at biomolecular levels, showing the plant's ability to adapt and thrive in adversity. In the past few decades, HM stress tolerance in crops has been successfully addressed through a combination of traditional breeding techniques, cutting-edge genetic engineering methods, and the strategic implementation of marker-dependent breeding approaches. Given the remarkable progress achieved in this domain, it has become imperative to adopt integrated methods that mitigate potential risks and impacts arising from environmental contamination on yields, which is crucial as we endeavor to forge ahead with the establishment of enduring agricultural systems. In this manner, nanotechnology has emerged as a viable field in agricultural sciences. The potential applications are extensive, encompassing the regulation of environmental stressors like toxic metals, improving the efficiency of nutrient consumption and alleviating climate change effects. Integrating nanotechnology and nanomaterials in agrochemicals has successfully mitigated the drawbacks associated with traditional agrochemicals, including challenges like organic solvent pollution, susceptibility to photolysis, and restricted bioavailability. Numerous studies clearly show the immense potential of nanomaterials and nanofertilizers in tackling the acute crisis of HM toxicity in crop production. This review seeks to delve into using NPs as agrochemicals to effectively mitigate HM toxicity and enhance crop resilience, thereby fostering an environmentally friendly and economically viable approach toward sustainable agricultural advancement in the foreseeable future.


Asunto(s)
Arsénico , Producción de Cultivos , Humanos , Agricultura , Agroquímicos/toxicidad , Aluminio
2.
Neotrop Entomol ; 53(3): 480-489, 2024 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38358646

RESUMEN

The growing concern with the decline of pollinators worldwide is centered on honey bees, due to their wide distribution, economic, and ecological importance. This type of concern remained less evident for stingless bees, which are widely distributed in the Neotropics, until recently. Since exposure to agrochemicals has been identified as one of the potential threats to bees, the present systematic review compiled information from toxicological evaluations in stingless bees in Brazil, home to a considerable portion of the existing species. This systematic review was performed considering species, research institutions, scientific journals, metrics, experimental set ups, and agrochemicals. The first article in this topic was published in 2010. Since then, 93 scientific papers were published, which showed that there are few species of stingless bees used for toxicological evaluations and Brazilian institutions lead these evaluations. Only 1.5% of the stingless bees' species that occur in Brazil were assessed through chronic exposure in the larval stage. The Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) is responsible for 37% of the total publications. The main route of exposure was acute, using adults in laboratory conditions. The main group of agrochemicals studied were insecticides, in particular the neonicotinoids. The current results reveal the advances achieved and point out the gaps that still need to be filled considering toxicological evaluations in stingless bees.


Asunto(s)
Agroquímicos , Abejas/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Brasil , Agroquímicos/toxicidad , Insecticidas/toxicidad
3.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 31(8): 12371-12386, 2024 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38228952

RESUMEN

In the modern fast-paced lifestyle, time-efficient and nutritionally rich foods like corn and oat have gained popularity for their amino acids and antioxidant contents. The increasing demand for these cereals necessitates higher production which leads to dependency on agrochemicals, which can pose health risks through residual present in the plant products. To first report the phytotoxicity for corn and oat, our study employs QSAR, quantitative Read-Across and quantitative RASAR (q-RASAR). All developed QSAR and q-RASAR models were equally robust (R2 = 0.680-0.762, Q2Loo = 0.593-0.693, Q2F1 = 0.680-0.860) and find their superiority in either oat or corn model, respectively, based on MAE criteria. AD and PRI had been performed which confirm the reliability and predictability of the models. The mechanistic interpretation reveals that the symmetrical arrangement of electronegative atoms and polar groups directly influences the toxicity of compounds. The final phytotoxicity and prioritization are performed by the consensus approach which results into selection of 15 most toxic compounds for both species.


Asunto(s)
Relación Estructura-Actividad Cuantitativa , Zea mays , Avena , Agroquímicos/toxicidad , Consenso , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Medición de Riesgo
4.
Chemosphere ; 350: 141089, 2024 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38163465

RESUMEN

The European honey bee, Apis mellifera, serves as the principle managed pollinator species globally. In recent decades, honey bee populations have been facing serious health threats from combined biotic and abiotic stressors, including diseases, limited nutrition, and agrochemical exposure. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying xenobiotic adaptation of A. mellifera is critical, considering its extensive exposure to phytochemicals and agrochemicals present in the environment. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive structural and functional characterization of AmGSTD1, a delta class glutathione S-transferase (GST), to unravel its roles in agrochemical detoxification and antioxidative stress responses. We determined the 3-dimensional (3D) structure of a honey bee GST using protein crystallography for the first time, providing new insights into its molecular structure. Our investigations revealed that AmGSTD1 metabolizes model substrates, including 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNA), phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), propyl isothiocyanate (PITC), and the oxidation byproduct 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). Moreover, we discovered that AmGSTD1 exhibits binding affinity with the fluorophore 8-Anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (ANS), which can be inhibited with various herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and their metabolites. These findings highlight the potential contribution of AmGSTD1 in safeguarding honey bee health against various agrochemicals, while also mitigating oxidative stress resulting from exposure to these substances.


Asunto(s)
Fungicidas Industriales , Insecticidas , Abejas , Animales , Agroquímicos/toxicidad , Glutatión Transferasa/metabolismo , Insecticidas/metabolismo , Estructura Molecular
5.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol ; 146: 105543, 2024 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38081574

RESUMEN

Multiple in vitro eye irritation methods have been developed and adopted as OECD health effects test guidelines. However, for predicting the ocular irritation/damage potential of agrochemical formulations there is an applicability domain knowledge gap for most of the methods. To overcome this gap, a retrospective evaluation of 192 agrochemical formulations with in vivo (OECD TG 405) and in vitro (OECD TG 437, 438, and/or 492) data was conducted to determine if the in vitro methods could accurately assign United Nations Globally Harmonized System for Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) eye irritation hazard classifications. In addition, for each formulation the eye irritation classification was derived from the classification of the contained hazardous ingredients and their respective concentration in the product using the GHS concentration threshold (CT) approach. The results herein suggest that the three in vitro methods and the GHS CT approach were highly predictive of formulations that would not require GHS classification for eye irritation. Given most agrochemical formulations fall into this category, methods that accurately identify non-classified agrochemical formulations could significantly reduce the use of animals for this endpoint.


Asunto(s)
Agroquímicos , Irritantes , Animales , Agroquímicos/toxicidad , Agroquímicos/química , Estudios Retrospectivos , Alternativas a las Pruebas en Animales , Ojo
6.
Cutan Ocul Toxicol ; 43(1): 58-68, 2024 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37905558

RESUMEN

Many sectors have seen complete replacement of the in vivo rabbit eye test with reproducible and relevant in vitro and ex vivo methods to assess the eye corrosion/irritation potential of chemicals. However, the in vivo rabbit eye test remains the standard test used for agrochemical formulations in some countries. Therefore, two defined approaches (DAs) for assessing conventional agrochemical formulations were developed, using the EpiOcularTM Eye Irritation Test (EIT) [Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guideline (TG) 492] and the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (OECD TG 437; BCOP) test with histopathology. Presented here are the results from testing 29 agrochemical formulations, which were evaluated against the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) pesticide classification system, and assessed using orthogonal validation, rather than direct concordance analysis with the historical in vivo rabbit eye data. Scientific confidence was established by evaluating the methods and testing results using an established framework that considers fitness for purpose, human biological relevance, technical characterisation, data integrity and transparency, and independent review. The in vitro and ex vivo methods used in the DAs were demonstrated to be as or more fit for purpose, reliable and relevant than the in vivo rabbit eye test. Overall, there is high scientific confidence in the use of these DAs for assessing the eye corrosion/irritation potential of agrochemical formulations.


Asunto(s)
Opacidad de la Córnea , Epitelio Corneal , Humanos , Animales , Bovinos , Conejos , Ojo , Epitelio Corneal/patología , Agroquímicos/toxicidad , Irritantes/toxicidad , Opacidad de la Córnea/inducido químicamente , Opacidad de la Córnea/patología , Permeabilidad , Alternativas a las Pruebas en Animales
7.
São Paulo; s.n; 2024. 70 p.
Tesis en Portugués | LILACS | ID: biblio-1553846

RESUMEN

A utilização de agrotóxicos ao redor do mundo é elevada, estimada em mais 2 milhões de toneladas e somente o continente americano emprega 1,2 milhão de toneladas de produtos. O Brasil possui na agricultura a sua principal atividade econômica e utilizou em 2021 aproximadamente 700 mil toneladas de agrotóxicos. O tomate é um dos vegetais mais cultivados e consumidos no mundo e o Brasil figura como o 10º maior produtor. O consumo anual médio de tomate do brasileiro é de 4,2 kg, é um vegetal nutritivo e com propriedades associadas à prevenção de câncer. O tomate é uma das culturas com maior uso de agrotóxicos e durante o período desse estudo, era autorizado o uso de 123 agrotóxicos. Os resíduos desses produtos nos alimentos podem acarretar em diversos problemas à saúde, mesmo em curta exposição (< 24h). Desse modo, uma das maneiras de garantir a segurança alimentar da população é a realização da avaliação de risco de contaminação dietética. No processo de validação 73 ingredientes ativos respeitaram os critérios do protocolo adotado. Para a realização da estimativa de risco de exposição dietética aguda, foram coletadas 30 amostras de tomate in natura e 11 de tomate pelado, entre setembro de 2021 e março de 2022. Para a extração dos compostos de interesse foi utilizado o método QuEChERS e para avaliação dos resíduos, a cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas. Das amostras de tomate in natura, somente seis (20 %) estavam isentas dos compostos pesquisados; 18 (60 %) apresentaram resíduo(s) abaixo do limite (LMR) estabelecido e seis amostras (20 %) foram consideradas impróprias ao consumo. Das amostras de tomate pelado, três estavam isentas dos agrotóxicos pesquisados e oito (72 %) apresentaram resíduo de carbendazim abaixo do LMR. Nenhuma das amostras mostrou potencial de contaminação aguda por agrotóxicos, apesar disso não é possível afirmar que não há risco, pois não há como estimar os potenciais efeitos adversos provenientes do consumo de um alimento com múltiplos compostos.


More than 2 million tons of pesticide products are used annually through the world and only the America continent was used 1,2 million tons of these products. The agriculture is the main economic activity in Brazil, this way in 2021 approximately 700 thousand tons of pesticide were applied in its crops. Tomato is one of the most cultivated and consumed vegetables in the world and Brazil is the 10th largest producer. The Brazilian people consumes an average of 4.2 kg of tomatoes by year, it is a nutritious vegetable with anti-cancer properties. Tomato crop is one of the which highest pesticide usages, during this study 123 compounds were permitted for this crop. Pesticide residues in food may causes several health problems, even in short-term exposition (< 24h), thus one of the ways to ensure the food safety to population is performing the dietary contamination risk assessment. In the validation process 73 active ingredients were within the established criteria. To perform the acute risk assessment of dietary exposure, were collected samples of: fresh tomato (30) and whole peeled tomato (11) in between September of 2021 and March of 2022. To extraction of interest substances was used the QuEChERS method and to residue evaluation the liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Of the fresh tomato samples, only six (20 %) were free of searched analytes; 18 (60 %) showed residue(s) bellow the established limits (MRL) and six (20 %) were considered unfit to consumption. Of the whole peeled tomato samples, three were free of searched substances and eight (72 %) showed residue of carbendazim bellow the MRL. None of the samples showed potential for acute contamination by pesticide, however it is not possible to say that there is no risk, as there is no way to estimate the potential adverse effects on health arising from the consumption of a food with several compounds.


Asunto(s)
Espectrometría de Masas , Agroquímicos/toxicidad , Solanum lycopersicum , Medición de Riesgo
8.
Sci Total Environ ; 904: 167320, 2023 Dec 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37748613

RESUMEN

The increased use of agrochemicals raises concerns about environmental, animal, and mainly human toxicology. The development of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) for toxicological risk assessment including new in vitro tests and in silico protocols is encouraged. Although agrochemical mutagenicity testing is well established, a complementary alternative approach may contribute to increasing reliability, with the consequent reduction of false-positive results that lead to unnecessary use of animals in follow-up in vivo testing. Additionally, it is unreasonable to underestimate the phototoxic effects of an accidental dermal exposure to agrochemicals during agricultural work or domestic application in the absence of adequate personal protection equipment, especially in terms of photomutagenicity. In this scenario, we addressed the integration of in vitro and in silico techniques as NAMs to assess the mutagenic and phototoxic potential of agrochemicals. In the present study we used the yno1 S. cerevisiae strain as a biomodel for in vitro assessment of agrochemical mutagenicity, both in the absence and in the presence of simulated sunlight. In parallel, in silico predictions were performed using a combination of expert rule-based and statistical-based models to assess gene mutations and phototoxicity. None of the tested agrochemicals showed mutagenic potential in the two proposed approaches. The Gly and 2,4D herbicides were photomutagenic in the in vitro yeast test despite the negative in silico prediction of phototoxicity. Herein, we demonstrated a novel experimental approach combining both in silico and in vitro experiments to address the complementary investigation of the phototoxicity and (photo)mutagenicity of agrochemicals. These findings shed light on the importance of investigating and reconsidering the photosafety assessment of these products, using not only photocytotoxicity assays but also photomutagenicity assays, which should be encouraged.


Asunto(s)
Mutágenos , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Humanos , Animales , Agroquímicos/toxicidad , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Medición de Riesgo , Técnicas In Vitro
9.
PLoS One ; 18(8): e0290263, 2023.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37611047

RESUMEN

To determine whether exposure to occupational levels of agrochemicals is associated with a range of low- (contrast and colour) and higher-level visual functions, particularly the detection of global form and motion coherence. We compared the performance of workers exposed to occupational levels of pesticides and non-exposed individuals on visual tasks that measured colour discrimination (Farnsworth Munsell 100 and Lanthony D15 desaturated) and the contrast sensitivity function (1-16 cpd). Global form and motion detection thresholds were measured using Glass-pattern and global dot motion stimuli. Neurotoxicity symptoms and biological markers associated with pesticide exposure were quantified using the Q16 modified questionnaire and via tests for levels of acetylcholinesterase in blood and substance P from the tear film, respectively. Workers exposed to pesticides had significantly more neurotoxic symptoms than non-exposed workers. No significant difference between groups for acetylcholinesterase levels was found, but there was a significant group difference in Substance P. The exposed group also had significantly poorer contrast sensitivity, colour discrimination and higher coherence detection thresholds for global form and motion perception. Exposure to occupational levels of agrochemicals in workers with signs of neurotoxicity is associated with low and high visual perception deficits.


Asunto(s)
Agroquímicos , Síndromes de Neurotoxicidad , Visión Ocular , Humanos , Acetilcolinesterasa , Agroquímicos/toxicidad , Sensibilidad de Contraste , Visión Ocular/efectos de los fármacos
10.
Ecotoxicology ; 32(4): 544-551, 2023 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37165294

RESUMEN

Environmental transport and deposition of particulate matter (PM) associated with toxic chemicals has begun to receive attention as a source of risk to pollinators. For example, dust arising from manipulations of insecticide-treated seed has potential to exert toxic effects among non-target insects. Similarly, synthetic steroid growth promoters, antibiotics and multiple insecticides and parasiticides detected in fugitive beef cattle feedyard PM may also negatively impact pollinators since many of these chemicals have been detected on wildflowers and pollinators collected near beef cattle feedyards. Therefore, there is a need to assess risk to pollinators posed by deposition of agrochemical-laden PM, both in the field and the laboratory. Unfortunately, established laboratory methods for simulating PM exposure or toxicity associated with contaminated PM are few and highly situation-specific. Herein we describe development and use of a PM circulation system that can be employed to evaluate toxicity of agrochemical-contaminated PM in the laboratory under controlled conditions. Two model organisms (honeybees (Apis mellifera) and mason bees (Osmia lignaria)) were exposed to agrochemical-free PM in the circulator system, and post-exposure mortality was compared with controls. No significant differences in mortality between exposed and control bees were observed. Next, honeybees and mason bees were exposed to PM spiked with an insecticide known to exert toxic effects to pollinators (thiamethoxam). Bees experienced significantly higher mortality when exposed to thiamethoxam-laden PM at environmentally relevant concentrations as compared to bees exposed to agrochemical-free PM. These results confirm the validity of these methods for use in controlled laboratory PM toxicity tests and offer a source of positive and negative control groups for laboratory and field experiments examining exposure of pollinators to potentially toxic agrochemical-laden PM. This method facilitates generation of more realistic toxicity data than standard contact toxicity tests when pollinator exposure scenarios involve particulate-based agrochemicals or other toxic chemicals.


Asunto(s)
Insecticidas , Bovinos , Abejas , Animales , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Tiametoxam , Agroquímicos/toxicidad , Material Particulado/toxicidad , Insectos , Neonicotinoides
11.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 30(27): 70713-70721, 2023 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37155099

RESUMEN

Agrochemicals used for treating and preventing aquaculture diseases are usually present in combination with other compounds, and the toxicity resulting from their chemical interactions presents an important reason to assess the ecotoxicity of compound mixtures in view to better understanding the joint action of chemicals and avoiding their environmental impacts. In this study, we evaluated the acute aquatic ecotoxicity of several compounds used in Brazilian fish farming (Oxytetracycline [OXT], Trichlorfon [TRC], and BioFish® [BIO]), both individually and in binary and ternary mixtures. Initial test concentrations were prepared according to the recommended concentrations for aquaculture application, and from these, a geometric dilution series was tested on two important fresh water quality indicator species, the microcrustacean Daphnia magna and the bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri. At the recommended pond application rate, TRC and BIO applied individually showed toxicity to the tested organisms in terms of the lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC), and D. magna was always more sensitive than A. fischeri. For the two test organisms, the results obtained with the binary mixtures showed that the TRC and BIO mixture was more toxic than TRC and OXT, which in turn was more toxic than OXT and BIO. The toxicity from all agrochemicals in the ternary mixture was more than that of the agrochemical combinations in the binary mixtures. Given the results presented in this study, it is evident that the mode of action and availability of the tested compounds undergo changes that increase toxicity when they are present in combination, and therefore, aquaculture wastewater treatment should be adopted to ensure decontamination of agrochemical residues.


Asunto(s)
Oxitetraciclina , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Agroquímicos/toxicidad , Brasil , Acuicultura , Oxitetraciclina/toxicidad , Daphnia , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Aliivibrio fischeri
12.
ALTEX ; 40(3): 534-540, 2023.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36888967

RESUMEN

Progress in developing new tools, assays, and approaches to assess human hazard and health risk provides an opportunity to re-evaluate the necessity of dog studies for the safety evaluation of agrochemicals. A workshop was held where partic­ipants discussed the strengths and limitations of past use of dogs for pesticide evaluations and registrations. Opportunities were identified to support alternative approaches to answer human safety questions without performing the required 90-day dog study. Development of a decision tree for determining when the dog study might not be necessary to inform pesticide safety and risk assessment was proposed. Such a process will require global regulatory authority participation to lead to its acceptance. The identification of unique effects in dogs that are not identified in rodents will need further evaluation and determination of their relevance to humans. The establishment of in vitro and in silico approaches that can provide critical data on relative species sensitivity and human relevance will be an important tool to advance the decision process. Promising novel tools including in vitro comparative metabolism studies, in silico models, and high-throughput assays able to identify metabolites and mechanisms of action leading to development of adverse outcome pathways will need further development. To replace or eliminate the 90-day dog study, a collaborative, multidisciplinary, international effort that transcends organi­zations and regulatory agencies will be needed in order to develop guidance on when the study would not be necessary for human safety and risk assessment.


Asunto(s)
Rutas de Resultados Adversos , Plaguicidas , Animales , Perros , Humanos , Agroquímicos/toxicidad , Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Medición de Riesgo , Simulación por Computador
13.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol ; 137: 105301, 2023 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36436696

RESUMEN

The rodent cancer bioassay has been the standard approach to fulfill regulatory requirements for assessing human carcinogenic potential of agrochemicals, food additives, industrial chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Decades of research have described the limitations of the rodent cancer bioassay leading to international initiatives to seek alternatives and establish approaches that modernize carcinogenicity assessment. Biologically relevant approaches can provide mechanistic information and increased efficiency for evaluating hazard and risk of chemical carcinogenicity to humans. The application of human-relevant mechanistic understanding to support new approaches to carcinogenicity assessment will be invaluable for regulatory decision-making. The present work outlines the challenges and opportunities that authorities should consider as they come together to build a roadmap that leads to global acceptance and incorporation of fit-for-purpose, scientifically defensible new approaches for human-relevant carcinogenicity assessment of agrochemicals.


Asunto(s)
Agroquímicos , Carcinógenos , Animales , Humanos , Pruebas de Carcinogenicidad , Agroquímicos/toxicidad , Carcinógenos/toxicidad , Bioensayo , Roedores , Medición de Riesgo
14.
Sci Total Environ ; 861: 160701, 2023 Feb 25.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36481145

RESUMEN

Numerous agrochemicals, including pesticides and herbicides, are applied in modern agriculture, resulting in concerns for the ecosystem and human safety as humans are easily exposed to these compounds. Many agrochemicals, and their transformation products or metabolites, have shown toxicity in in vitro and in vivo studies. However, given the rapid development of novel agrochemicals, for many there is no information about their effects nor about metabolic transformations when ingested by humans. Tracing biomarkers may be the best method for assessing the impacts of agrochemicals. A combination of in vitro metabolism study and suspect screening of human samples (e.g., urine, blood) can be utilized to efficiently find biomarkers for agrochemical exposure. In the work reported here, we determined the in vitro metabolic profiling of six prioritized pesticides and synergists, namely boscalid, carbendazim, piperonyl butoxide, spiroxamine, dimethomorph and fludioxonil, in human liver microsomes. 17 major metabolites were structurally elucidated by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Major metabolic transformation processes (e.g., hydroxylation, demethylation and oxidation) were proposed for each pesticide. Individual in silico toxicity assessments showed that some metabolites had the same or even enhanced toxicity compared to parent compounds. Information about these metabolites obtained from HRMS was used for suspect screening in human activities related samples. Carbendazim and a metabolite of fludioxonil were identified in wastewater and laboratory urine samples, respectively. Our findings provide concrete evidence for the use of in vitro metabolites as biomarkers in biomonitoring studies of potential exposure to toxic chemicals.


Asunto(s)
Agroquímicos , Plaguicidas , Humanos , Agroquímicos/toxicidad , Ecosistema , Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Biomarcadores
16.
Artículo en Inglés | LILACS | ID: biblio-1511467

RESUMEN

Introduction: The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is one of the most widely used pesticides in the world. There is evidence that this herbicide can induce deleterious effects in non-target organisms, including impairment of reproduction function. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive effects of the chronic consumption of contaminated feed with 2,4-D in rats using food environmental spraying simulation. Methods: Animals orally exposed received nebulized chow with 2,4-D solution in different concentrations for 180 days: 0 (control - CG), 20.69 (LCG), 34.63 (MCG), or 51.66 ppm day−1 (HCG). Results: Sperm quality was impaired to 2,4-D. The percentage of sperm with progressive movement, number of sperm in the testis and daily sperm production were decreased in all exposed groups to the herbicide compared to CG. Sperm counts in the caput/corpus and cauda epididymis were reduced in MCG and HCG, and sperm transit time was delayed in the epididymis of LCG. There was a negative impact on sperm morphology and plasma membrane integrity in MCG and HCG, respectively. Germ cell exfoliation within the lumen of the seminiferous tubules and epithelial vacuolization in epididymis were found in the HCG. Conclusion: This is the first study to describe the negative impact on male reproductive morphophysiology after chronic exposure to 2,4-D using food nebulization in environmentally relevant concentrations, based on agronomic use of the herbicide. The reproductive injuries identified raise concerns about the impacts of wide population exposure to 2,4-D (AU).


Introdução: O herbicida 2,4- ácido diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) é um dos agrotóxicos mais utilizados no mundo. Há evidências de que este herbicida pode induzir efeitos deletérios em organismos não-alvo, incluindo prejuízo na função reprodutiva. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos reprodutivos do consumo crônico de ração contaminada com 2,4-D em ratos, utilizando simulação de pulverização ambiental de alimentos. Métodos: Animais expostos oralmente receberam ração nebulizada com solução de 2,4-D em diferentes concentrações por 180 dias: 0 (controle - GC), 20,69 (LCG), 34,63 (MCG) ou 51,66 ppm dia−1 (HCG). Resultados: A qualidade espermática foi prejudicada pelo 2,4-D. A porcentagem de espermatozoides com movimento progressivo, número de espermatozoides no testículo e produção diária de espermatozoides foram menores em todos os grupos expostos ao herbicida, quando comparados ao GC. A contagem de espermatozoides na cabeça/corpo e cauda do epidídimo foi reduzida em MCG e HCG, e o tempo de trânsito espermático atrasou no epidídimo em LCG. Houve impacto negativo na morfologia espermática e na integridade da membrana plasmática em MCG e HCG, respectivamente. Esfoliação de células germinativas no lúmen dos túbulos seminíferos e vacuolização epitelial no epidídimo foram encontradas em HCG. Conclusão: Este é o primeiro estudo a descrever o impacto negativo na morfofisiologia reprodutiva masculina após exposição crônica ao 2,4-D, utilizando nebulização de alimentos em concentrações ambientalmente relevantes, com base no uso agronômico do herbicida. As lesões reprodutivas identificadas levantam preocupações sobre os impactos da ampla exposição da população ao 2,4-D (AU).


Asunto(s)
Animales , Ratas , Reproducción , Espermatozoides , Agroquímicos/toxicidad , Exposición a Plaguicidas , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales
17.
Physis (Rio J.) ; 33: e33014, 2023. tab, graf
Artículo en Portugués | LILACS | ID: biblio-1431067

RESUMEN

Resumo Este estudo ecológico teve por objetivo analisar a associação entre a quantidade de comercialização de agrotóxicos e alguns agravos e causas de mortalidade no estado do Paraná no período de 2013 a 2017. Desta forma, realizou-se um comparativo entre as 22 regiões de saúde, identificando a relação entre a taxa de comercialização de agrotóxicos por habitante com as seguintes variáveis: taxa de intoxicações exógenas relacionadas ao trabalho, taxa de intoxicações exógenas por agrotóxicos relacionadas ao trabalho, taxa de tentativas de suicídio e taxas de mortalidade por neoplasias, malformação congênita e suicídio. Para estes três últimos desfechos de saúde, os modelos não lineares selecionados tiveram seus R-quadrado acima de 0,500. A Regional de Saúde de Cascavel se destacou com mais municípios com altas taxas de comercialização de agrotóxicos e desfechos de saúde, ao contrário da Regional de saúde Metropolitana. Observa-se que o perfil dos municípios que têm maiores taxas dos agravos estudados é rural e com produção majoritariamente de soja, milho, trigo, fumo, pastagens e feijão. Dessa forma, ressalta-se a necessidade de rever o modelo agroalimentar convencional e promover políticas públicas rigorosas para controle dos agrotóxicos, além de prevenção de agravos à saúde, fortalecendo os serviços de Vigilância Epidemiológica.


Abstract This ecological study aimed to analyze the association between the amount of pesticide commercialization and some diseases and causes of mortality in the state of Paraná from 2013 to 2017. In this way, a comparison was made between the 22 health regions, identifying the relationship between the rate of commercialization of pesticides per inhabitant with the following variables: rate of exogenous intoxication related to work, rate of exogenous intoxication by pesticides related to work, rate of suicide attempts and mortality rates from neoplasms, congenital malformation and suicide. For these last three health outcomes, the selected nonlinear models had their R-squared above 0.500. The Cascavel Health Region stood out with more municipalities with high rates of pesticide marketing and health outcomes, unlike the Metropolitan Health Region. It is observed that the profile of the municipalities that have the highest rates of the diseases studied is rural and with production mainly of soy, corn, wheat, tobacco, pastures, and beans. Thus, the need to review the conventional agri-food model and promote rigorous public policies to control pesticides, in addition to preventing health problems, strengthening Epidemiological Surveillance services is highlighted.


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Contaminación de Alimentos , Medio Rural , Agroquímicos/toxicidad , Servicios de Vigilancia Epidemiológica , Abastecimiento de Alimentos , Brasil , Industria de Plaguicidas , Agricultura
18.
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol ; 96: 104002, 2022 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36273709

RESUMEN

The aim of this study was to carry out a pilot investigation, using a buccal micronucleus cytome assay, with the population of Vila Rural Água Viva (Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil), environmentally exposed to agrochemicals. The data shows statistically differences between the control group (not exposed) and the population of Vila Rural regarding the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity. There was no significant change between the average relative frequencies of these data whether divided between smokers and non-smokers, or practitioners of physical activities or not. It was also observed that age or time of exposure to agrochemicals did not show a linear relationship with the average relative frequencies of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity data. The work shows the presence of 2,4-D herbicide in water sample of community, then it is hoped that the results will assist in guiding the dangers to health and the environment from exposure to agrochemicals.


Asunto(s)
Agroquímicos , Exposición Profesional , Humanos , Agroquímicos/toxicidad , Brasil , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Exposición Profesional/análisis , Mucosa Bucal , Pruebas de Micronúcleos/métodos , Daño del ADN , Mutágenos/toxicidad , Agua
19.
Sci Rep ; 12(1): 16045, 2022 09 26.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36163367

RESUMEN

Different pollutants usually co-exist in the natural environment, and the ecological and health risk assessment of agrochemicals needs to be carried out based on the combined toxicological effects of pollutants. To examine the combined toxicity to aquatic organisms, the effects of cadmium (Cd) and five pesticides (acetamiprid, carbendazim, azoxystrobin, chlorpyrifos, and bifenthrin) mixture on zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae were assessed. The data from the 96-h toxicity test indicated that bifenthrin possessed the highest toxicity to D. rerio with the LC50 value of 0.15 mg L-1, followed by chlorpyrifos (0.36 mg L-1) and azoxystrobin (0.63 mg L-1). Cd (6.84 mg L-1) and carbendazim (8.53 mg L-1) induced the intermediate toxic responses, while acetamiprid (58.39 mg L-1) presented the lowest toxicity to the organisms. Pesticide mixtures containing chlorpyrifos and bifenthrin or acetamiprid and carbendazim showed synergistic impacts on the zebrafish. Besides, two binary combinations of Cd-acetamiprid and Cd-chlorpyrifos also displayed a synergistic effect on D. rerio. Our results offered a better idea of the mixed ecological risk assessment of Cd and different agricultural chemicals to aquatic organisms. Our findings better interpreted how the interaction between Cd and various agrochemicals changed their toxicity to aquatic vertebrates and provided valuable insights into critical impacts on the ecological hazard of their combinations.


Asunto(s)
Cloropirifos , Contaminantes Ambientales , Plaguicidas , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Agroquímicos/toxicidad , Animales , Bencimidazoles , Cadmio/toxicidad , Carbamatos , Cloropirifos/toxicidad , Contaminantes Ambientales/farmacología , Larva , Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Piretrinas , Pirimidinas , Estrobilurinas , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Pez Cebra
20.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol ; 135: 105250, 2022 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36007800

RESUMEN

Phototoxicity testing is required by European regulations for agrochemicals with UV/visible molar extinction/absorption coefficient (MEC) higher than 10 L x mol-1 x cm-1 in the 290-700 nm wavelength range. Furthermore, regulations identify a need of considering human exposure in case of positive results. While in vitro OECD test guidelines are available for hazard characterisation, there is no guidance on how to utilise positive results in human exposure risk assessments. Our goal was to take a first step towards developing a NAM based tiered testing approach and a framework for non-dietary acute human dermal risk assessment for phototoxicity to agrochemicals. The proposed framework can be divided into a few steps: 1) use the OECD updated MEC values of 1000 L x mol-1 x cm-1 as trigger for phototoxicity testing; 2) establish a reference concentration (RfC) from in vitro phototoxicity studies using BMC approach, 3) estimate potential exposure to skin, target organ for phototoxicity, using EFSA exposure models, product specific labels and skin penetration values, and 4) phototoxicity risk assessment; 5) refinement to RfC and/or exposure estimates can be considered. Finally, case studies of a nematicide and an herbicide active substance are provided to illustrate the proposed framework.


Asunto(s)
Dermatitis Fototóxica , Herbicidas , Agroquímicos/toxicidad , Dermatitis Fototóxica/etiología , Humanos , Medición de Riesgo , Piel
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