Detection of Helicobacter pylori in city water, dental units' water, and bottled mineral water in Isfahan, Iran.

Helicobacter pylori infection in human is one of the most common infections worldwide. However, the origin and transmission of this bacterium has not been clearly explained. One of the suggested theories is transmission via water. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence rate of H. pylori in tap water, dental units' water, and bottled mineral water in Iran. In the present study, totally 200 water samples were collected in Isfahan province and tested for H. pylori by cultural method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by the detection of the ureC (glmM) gene. Using cultural method totally 5 cultures were positive. Two out of 50 tap water samples (4%), 2 out of 35 dental units' water (5.8%) samples, and 1 out of 40 (2.5%) from water cooler in public places were found to be contaminated with H. pylori. H. pylori ureC gene was detected in 14 (7%) of water samples including 5 tap water (10%), 4 dental units' water (11.4%), 1 refrigerated water with filtration, and 4 (10%) water cooler in public places samples. This may be due to the coccoid form of bacteria which is detected by PCR method.

[The Bahía 2008 Study: hydration barometer in the Spanish population]. / Estudio Bahía 2008: barómetro de la hidratación de la población española.

BACKGROUND: Vital functions require a balance between the loss and ingestion of liquids. There are no studies about hydration on Spanish population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 6,508 questionnaires were applied to a randomly selected Spanish population, together with a 24-hour recall in order to measure liquid consumption and variables related to it. RESULTS: The average consumption of liquids was 2,089.5 +/- 771.4 and 6.05 drinking times/day. 3,423 persons (52.6% of the studied people, CI 95% 51.3%-53.8%) were well-hydrated when considering their individual intake. The frequency and volume of drinking decreased with age. 61% (CI 95% 58.64%-64.01%) of the population older than 65 years were badly hydrated. The greatest bottled water consumption corresponded to the youngest population (18-29 years). The greater the physical activity, the greater the beverages consumption (1,987.6 +/- 705.5 ml vs 2,345.8 +/- 928.1 ml, low vs. intense physical activity, respectively). With regard to the intake frequency and volume, mineral and tap water were the most consumed. Those who drank mineral water exceeded the 2 l-recommendation in order to maintain a good hydration status. 59.8% (CI 95% 57.83%-61.76%) of those who preferred mineral water drank more than 2 l/day and drank more times/day and in greater amounts. There was a greater frequency and amount of beverage consumption when people lived in the same house, and particularly more in houses where children were living (2,197.4 +/- 767.8 ml vs 2,055.7 +/- 769.86 ml and 6.4 +/- 2.2 times vs 5.9 +/- 1,9 times, in homes with or without children, respectively). Bottled water was preferred at home (79.07%) and at work (15.61%). CONCLUSIONS: Only half of the Spanish population is well hydrated. Sixty-one percent of people over the age of 65 years were poorly hydrated, consequence it is imperative to promote its consumption.

An investigation of bottled water use and caries in the mixed dentition.

OBJECTIVES: Bottled water consumption in the United States has greatly increased in the past decade. Because the majority of commercial bottled water is low in fluoride, there is the potential for an increase in dental caries. In these secondary data analyses, associations between bottled water use and dental caries were explored. METHODS: Subjects (n = 413) are in the Iowa Fluoride Study, which included dental examinations of the primary (approximately aged 5) and early erupting permanent (approximately aged 9) dentitions by trained dentist examiners. Permanent tooth caries and primary second molar increments were related to bottled water use using logistic and negative binomial regression models. All models were adjusted for age and the frequency of toothbrushing. RESULTS: Bottled water use in this cohort was fairly limited (approximately 10 percent). While bottled water users had significantly lower fluoride intakes, especially fluoride from water, there were no significant differences found in either permanent tooth caries (P = 0.20 and 0.91 for prevalence and D(2+)FS, respectively) or primary second molar caries (P = 0.94 and 0.74 for incidence and d(2+)fs increment, respectively). Results for smooth surfaces differed somewhat from those for pit and fissure surfaces, but neither showed significant differences related to bottled water use. CONCLUSION: While bottled water users had significantly lower fluoride intakes, this study found no conclusive evidence of an association with increased caries. Further study is warranted, preferably using studies designed specifically to address this research question.

Consumption of bottled water by children in the city of Bauru, State of São paulo, Brazil -- a brief communication.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the consumption of bottled water by children in the city of Bauru, State of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A stratified sample of the 17 areas established by the city plan was used to identify a total of 1,000 homes for visitation. Information was collected using a questionnaire concerning the type of water consumed and population demographics. RESULTS: Overall, around 30 percent of all residences used bottled water. Among all households where bottled water was consumed, about 26 percent had children residing. For those with children and bottled water, 81 percent reported to use bottled water for the preparation of the children's foods and beverages. CONCLUSIONS: An important percentage of children consume bottled water in the city of Bauru, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Considering previous studies showing that fluoride concentrations vary in bottled water, public health measures should be implemented in order to guarantee adequate levels of fluoride in commercialized water.

Measurement of natural radioactivity in bottled drinking water in Pakistan and consequent dose estimates.

Natural radioactivity was determined in 11 different brands of commonly sold bottled drinking water in the federal capital Islamabad and Rawalpindi city of Pakistan using gamma spectrometry technique. Mean concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and (40)K were found to be 11.3 +/- 2.3, 5.2 +/- 0.4 and 140.9 +/- 30.6 mBq l(-1), respectively. The annual cumulative effective doses due to all three natural radionuclides for different age groups of 1-5 y, 5-10 y, 10-15 y and adults (>or=18 y) were estimated to be 4.0, 3.4, 3.1 and 4.1 microSv y(-1), respectively. Among the three natural radionuclides, annual effective doses for all age groups from 226Ra were significant. Children in the age group of 1-5 y appeared to be at risk with respect to the annual effective doses from 226Ra as compared to the other age groups. Results obtained in this study are compared with the reported values from other countries of the world and it was observed that measured activity concentrations of three natural radionuclides in the bottled drinking water were lower than these values. Annual estimated effective doses for all four age groups from the intake of natural radionuclides in bottled drinking water were also found below the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommended limit of 0.1 mSv y(-1) as well as the average radiation dose of 0.29 mSv y(-1) received per head worldwide due to ingestion of natural radionuclides assessed by UNSCEAR (2000).

A microbiological study of bottled mineral water marketed in Ludhiana.

The microbiological quality of bottled mineral water marketed in Ludhiana was examined, Twenty three brands were analyzed for presumptive coliform count by multiple tube tests, and E. coli count was confirmed by Eijkman test. Bacterial and fungal loads were tested by membrane filtration test. Out of 23 only one sample (4.4%) showed the presumptive coliform count to be 460 most probable number (MPN)l 1 00ml,and 1 was found to be positive when tested by Eijkman test for Ecoli. In the membrane filtration test three samples (13%) showed more than two types of bacteria. Different types of bacteria isolated included Bacillus sp (19/23). Pseudomonas spp (13123), Ecoli, Klebsiella sp and S.albus one each Fungi was isolated from five of twenty three. (22%) samples. Only one brand of mineral water was unfit for human consumption. The rest of the samples were contaminated with non pathogenic flora.

Age-dependent dose assessment of 226Ra from bottled water intake.

Water may present a source of prolonged exposure to naturally occurring radionuclides. One of the most frequently occurring radionuclides in natural mineral and spring waters is 226Ra and its decay products. The contribution of drinking water to the total exposure is very small, at about 5% of the average effective dose attributable annually to natural background radiation, but that exposure contributes to the risk of adverse health consequences. In this study the mean values of 226Ra concentration determined in natural mineral and spring bottled waters range from 6 to 412 mBq L(-1), which is in accord with Croatian legislation. 226Ra effective doses per year from spring water consumption range up to 86 microSv, while 226Ra effective doses per year from mineral water consumption show much higher values. The highest 226Ra effective doses per year from mineral waters consumption, which are up to seven times higher than the dose recommended by WHO (100 microSv), were found in infants and teens. Based on this study, drinking of certain brands of bottled mineral water is not recommended for these age groups because assessed 226Ra effective doses per year exceed the recommended limits. From other research it is known that testosterone appears in elevated concentration during these life periods and affects bone calcification. Therefore, testosterone could affect the retention of 226Ra into the bone. To make more precise conclusions further research is necessary. Adults and especially elderly people are much less susceptible to the presence of 226Ra. According to the results obtained in this study, 226Ra effective doses per year assessed for these age groups were considerably lower (i.e., 10 microSv).

Calidad bacteriológica del agua mineral envasada expendida en la ciudad de Mérida: estudio transversal julio-agosto año 1998 / Quality bacteriologic of the water mineral: study transverse july-august year 1998

Diversos investigadores han alertado sobre el riesgo que representa para la salud de los niños, ancianos y personas inmunosuprimidas, el consumo de agua mineral embotellada contaminada con microorganismos. Se evaluaron 11 lotes de marcas comerciales de aguas minerales expendidas en supermercados y establecimientos comerciales de la ciudad de Mérida, durante los meses de julio y agosto del año 1998, a fin de conocer su calidad bacteriológica. A cada muestra seleccionada al azar se le determinó el número de Bacterias Aeróbicas Mesófilas de acuerdo a la metodología recomendada por la APHA. (1992), el número de Bacterias Coliformes y Escherichia coli por la técnica de Petrifilm (AOAC, 1991) y la cuantificación de Pseudomonas aeruginosa por el Método del Número Más Probable (APHA., 1992). De los 11 lotes analizados, 6(54.54 por ciento) resultaron positivos para la presencia de células de Pseudomonas aeruginosa. La presencia de Coliformes y Escherichia coli no se detectó en las muestras analizadas. En lo que respecta al contaje de Bacterias Aeróbicas Mesófilas se obtuvieron valores entre menos de 1 UFC/ml a más de 6.4 x 10 elevado a la 5 UFC/ml. Al comparar los valores obtenidos con los señalados en los estándares microbiológicos nacionales e internacionales, se encuentra que 6(54.54 por ciento) marcas no cumplen con las normas sanitarias de la Comunidad Económica Europea y Venezuela; 9(81.8 por ciento) serían rechazadas por la normativa sanitaria Norteamericana, y 11(100 por ciento) consideradas no aptas en base a la reglamentación Canadiense. Se recomienda a las industrias envasadas de agua mineral, establecer sistemas de control microbiológico antes, durante y después del envasado, a fin de obtener un producto con una calidad sanitaria aceptable

[Determination of selenium in mineral waters by the ASA method]. / Oznaczenie selenu w wodach mineralnych metoda ASA.

The selenium was determined in therapeutic and table waters by means of ASA method. All the experiments were carried out in argon atmosphere. The element levels in the examined waters compared to Polish standards were relatively low and do not exceed the drinkable water standards. The determined content of selenium was in the range of 0.30-0.48 ppb. Evaluation of the method of selenium determination was carried out divine its preciseness, accuracy and linearity. Statistical analysis has shown that the coefficient of variation varies between 0.34 and 1.86% recovery is from 95.17 to 96.83%. The method can be used for controlling of the waters in the food technology.

[The classification of weakly mineralized therapeutic waters by the biological response of bile secretion and urination functions using multivariate assessment]. / Klassifikatsiia slabomineralizovannykh lechebnykh vod po biologicheskomu otvetu funktsii zhelche- i mocheotdeleniia s primeneniem mnogomernogo otsenivaniia.

A scheme is proposed for the evaluation of the efficacy of the effect of those kinds of water containing little of mineral natural substances and having medicinal value, on the functions of bile secretion and urination. Using discriminant and component analyses, there has been formed a pragmatic classification of under-mineralized medicinal waters of Ukraine to be introduced into widespread use in practical public health care.

[Analytical data on the aquifer strata in the city of Iasi]. / Date analitice ale unor panze acvifere din municipiul Iasi.

In this paper are presented the results of the analytical study of some sources of water from Botanic Garden, Iasi, Romania. This sources contained a distinguished water, hypo and hypertonic, which can be used as curative magnesiene water.