Paedodontic preformed crowns in primary teeth and relative degree of dental wear.

AIM: Prosthetic rehabilitation of deciduous teeth in paediatric age using pre-formed crowns has been considered one of the best methods of dental restoration since their introduction. Their main advantages are related to durability, longevity and a low rate of recurrent cavities. Since stainless steel crowns do not coincide with aesthetic needs of parents and patients, preformed paedodontic crowns made of zirconia and nano-hybrid composite was introduced. The aim of the study is to evaluate the degree of wear on the enamel and on themselves of the different paedodontic crowns. MATERIALS: Nine bovine teeth and nine paedodontic crowns for deciduous molars were selected for the study, three of which in zirconia, three in nano-hybrid composite and three in stainless steel. Wear test was carried out on the Rtech™ Instruments tribometer applying a force of 50 N. After that, both the bovine teeth and the paedodontic crowns were observed using a stereo microscope (Zeiss Stemi C-500) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM, Cambridge Stereoscan 440). The areas of wear were calculated with a software [ImageJ, version 1x, Wayne Rasband, Maryland, USA]. CONCLUSION: Pre-formed paediatric crowns in zirconia, nano-hybrid composite and stainless steel are a valid aid for the restoration of deciduous teeth and do not compromise the physiological wear characteristic of the phases of the dental exchange. The stainless steel crown is preferable for the restorations in the posterior sectors as its behaviour is the most similar to that of a natural tooth. Zirconia and nano-hybrid composite crowns showed an inversely proportional behaviour between their wear volume and that of the opposing tooth.

Two-body wear of novel monolithic lithium-silicate ceramic materials and their corresponding different antagonists.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of the two-body wear of lithium-silicate ceramics against different antagonists compared to a direct resin composite and human teeth. METHODS: Initial LiSi Block [LISI], IPS e.max CAD [EMA], and CEREC Tessera [TESE] were investigated and compared with direct resin composite [FILL] and human teeth [tooth]. As antagonists were used: steatite, ceramic, and human enamel. The control group tooth was only tested with enamel antagonist. The combinations underwent thermomechanical aging using a chewing simulator. Material losses were calculated using GOM-analysis software. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Kruskal-Wallis H, Mann-Whitney-U-test with Bonferroni correction and Spearman-rho correlation were calculated. A fractographic analysis was performed. RESULTS: Within TESE, enamel antagonists led to lower restoration losses than steatite and ceramic antagonists. Within FILL, enamel and steatite antagonists caused lower material losses compared to ceramic antagonists. Against steatite antagonists, LISI showed lowest material losses. Against ceramic antagonists, the use of LISI led to lower material losses compared to FILL. Against tooth antagonists, TESE showed lower material losses than tooth and FILL and LISI lower than FILL. Within LISI, steatite antagonists showed lower material losses on the antagonist than ceramic. Within EMA, steatite antagonists showed higher material losses than ceramic ones. Within ceramic antagonists, LISI restoration material showed lower material losses than FILL and EMA. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the antagonist material, the material losses of LISI and EMA were comparable. However, the abrasion resistance of LISI tended to be higher than EMA. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: LISI is a fully crystallized lithium-silicate ceramic and no longer needs to be processed after milling. In addition, the abrasion resistance is very good, regardless of the antagonist material chosen.

The accuracy and precision of wear testing and wear facet analyses: The two sides of the story.

A critical examination of the literature for dental wear publications highlighted three distinct areas, clinical data, laboratory data and the simulation of the clinical situation data. The imprecision of the clinical data values from direct and indirect in vivo methods renders the clinical data compromised at best. Laboratory data showed a focus on finding a correlation between simplistic laboratory abrasive wear resistance studies and established materials science laboratory techniques, but with no actual correlation identified. Replication of the masticatory cycle in the mouth in the form of an oral wear simulator has focussed more on the wear testing devices rather than the wear quantification methods. As a result, the data acquisition variables in the x- and y-planes need to be examined to consider how they can influence the accuracy and precision of the laboratory wear measurements recorded in the dental literature. The current approach was undertaken using the teaching tool outlined in "The First Three Questions".

Antagonist enamel tooth wear produced by different dental ceramic systems: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of enamel tooth wear induced by different antagonistic ceramic crown materials in the posterior area within a follow-up period up to 24 months in function. A network meta-analysis was performed to assess the effect of the materials on the mean vertical loss (MVL) of the antagonist enamel tooth surface. DATA: Main search terms used in combination: ceramic, dental materials, metal ceramic, tooth wear and dental enamel. SOURCES: An electronic search was conducted in PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL plus hand-searching. STUDY SELECTION: Eligibility criteria included clinical studies reporting on MVL on antagonist's tooth up to 24 months following the permanent crown placement. From a total of 5697 articles, 7 studies reporting on 261 crowns for 177 subjects with 3 ceramic materials (Lithium disilicate, metal-ceramic, monolithic zirconia) were included. Among all, metal-ceramic and zirconia caused significantly higher enamel tooth wear on antagonist teeth, representing 82.5 µm [54.4; 110.6]) and 40.1 µm [22.2; 58.0]) more MVL than natural teeth group. In contrast, lithium disilicate showed only 5.0 µm [-48.2; 58.1]) more MVL than occurs on opposing natural teeth. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review demonstrated that prosthodontic ceramic materials produced significantly more antagonist enamel tooth wear than opposing natural enamel tooth wear, and ceramic material type was correlated to the degree of enamel tooth wear. Additional well-conducted, randomized controlled trials with homogeneous specimens are required due to inadequate sample size and number of the clinical studies included in the analyses. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The amount of wear caused by different restorative materials has a high influence on the antagonistic natural teeth and should therefore be evaluated intensively by the dentist.

Evaluation of enamel wear by 3 occlusal splint materials: An in vitro study.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Occlusal devices used to manage bruxism have been commonly fabricated from polymethyl methacrylate with the powder-liquid technique. More recently, Vertex ThermoSens (VTS) and the biocompatible high-performance polymer (BioHPP), an optimized material having polyetheretherketone (PEEK) as its basis, have been used, but little is known about the wear of these materials on human enamel. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess via a mastication simulation test how 3 occlusal device materials affected the wear and roughness of enamel antagonists. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A noncontact 3D optical profilometer was used to measure the enamel surface roughness (Ra) against 3 occlusal device materials: vertex regular, VTS, and PEEK high-performance polymer (BioHPP). A dual-axis mastication simulator was used to perform a 2-body wear test on specimens from each group. The test consisted of 10 000 cycles with a 70-N force and 5 to 55 °C thermocycling. Following simulated mastication, the weight of each specimen and the Ra change were compared with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, paired specimens t test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and 1-way analysis of variance (α=.05). RESULTS: The polyamide group caused the lowest amount of enamel wear (P<.05), while the heat-polymerized acrylic resin group induced the largest amount of enamel wear (P<.05). For polyamide and PEEK, the change in enamel surface roughness exhibited a smooth texture, whereas it found a rougher surface for the heat-polymerized acrylic resin. CONCLUSIONS: According to this study, surface roughness and wear on human enamel were not correlated. PEEK is a promising material for the fabrication of occlusal devices.

Method development for the intraoral release of nanoparticles from dental restorative materials.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was the development of a novel in-vitro method to evaluate the intraoral release of wear particles with a diameter< 1 µm from dental restorative materials. METHODS: Test fixtures for a dual-axis chewing simulator (CS-4.8, SD Mechatronik, Feldkirchen-Westerham, Germany), consisting of three components to mount the specimens and a solvent (distilled water) as well as a zirconia antagonist to transfer the masticatory forces onto the specimen was developed. Ceram.x Spectra™ ST HV (CS) and Filtek™ Supreme XTE (FS) specimens (n = 3) were fixed into the mounts and immersed in 25 ml solvent. All specimens were subjected to 500.000 wear cycles with a load of 49 N. The particle size distribution of the suspensions were examined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The collected particles were characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). For wear quantification, the surfaces of the specimens were photo-optically scanned and the wear was measured. For the statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Scheffé tests were applied. RESULTS: DLS showed particle diameters< 1 µm (CS: 18.06 nm-1.64 µm, FS: 72.30 nm-2.31 µm). SEM/EDS indicated an association between the detected elements and the materials' composition. FS showed significantly higher volume loss (p = 0.007) and maximum depth of the wear profile (p = 0.005) than CS, but no significant differences in the surface loss (p = 0.668). SIGNIFICANCE: The novel method is able to detect material dependent particles to the size of nanoscale after in-vitro abrasion.

Wear and fatigue resistance: An in-vitro comparison of three polyethylene terephthalate glycol and thermoplastic polyurethane materials for vacuum-formed retainers.

OBJECTIVE: To test the wear and fatigue resistance of three materials (Essix ACE®, Taglus®, and Zendura A®) for the fabrication of vacuum-formed retainers in an artificial oral environment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Wear resistance was tested by subjecting 21 retainers of each Essix ACE®, Taglus®, and Zendura A® to 12,000 wear cycles at 75N to simulate one year of retainer wear with moderate nighttime bruxing. Post-wear retainer thickness was compared to baseline measurements to calculate wear depth. Fatigue resistance was tested by flexing 15 retainers of each material at an angle of 25 degrees for 1,825 cycles to simulate one year of removing and reinserting a retainer five times per day. Retainers were visually inspected for fractures. Pairwise t-tests with correction using Tukey's method were used to determine significant differences between materials. RESULTS: The mean wear depths were 0.155±0.021mm, 0.168±0.031mm, and 0.096±0.033mm for Essix ACE®, Taglus®, and Zendura A®, respectively. The wear depth of Zendura A® was significantly lower than that of both Essix ACE® (P<0.001) and Taglus® (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in wear depth between Essix ACE® and Taglus® (P=0.312). Under the parameters set for the fatigue resistance test, fractures did not occur on any of the tested materials. CONCLUSIONS: Under the assumption of moderate nighttime bruxing for one year, Zendura A® is the most wear-resistant among the materials tested. With the assumption of retainer removal and reinsertion five times per day for one year, all three materials tested have the same ability to resist fatigue.

Three-dimensional microscopic comparison of wear behavior between immature and mature enamel: an in vitro study.

BACKGROUND: Dental enamel, the hardest outermost layer of a human tooth, is subjected to occlusal forces throughout life during different oral function as talking, mastication etc. Due to this continuous stress, wear causes the loss of this protective shell. This study aimed to detect microscopic differences in enamel's wear behavior among different age groups of adolescents and adults. AIMS AND METHODS: Enamel specimens from immature open-apex and mature closed-apex premolars were subjected to simulated occlusal wear of impact and sliding wear test ISWT. Upper and lower enamel specimens were made to come in contact under controlled conditions. The enamel specimens' surfaces were examined using different microscopes. The upper and lower specimens were subjected to the following tests; pre-test light microscopy examination, enamel specimens' preparation for ISWT, scanning laser confocal microscopy of upper specimens, three-dimensional (3D) colored laser microscope and a Profilometer imaging of the lower specimens. RESULTS: Wear characteristics, including wear areas, crater depths, and relation to enamel microstructures, differed among different age groups. Immature enamel from the upper specimens was more resistant to chipping than mature enamel with no statistically significant wear area difference. The immature enamel craters from the lower specimens were wider and deeper than those in the mature enamel; the wear areas in the mature enamel in the lower specimens were almost flat and smooth. The wear areas in the immature enamel in the lower specimens were significantly larger than those in the mature enamel. CONCLUSIONS: Wear characteristics of the immature enamel are different from those of the mature enamel. Hence, it should be repaired using restorative materials with compatible wear properties.

Comparative Evaluation of Wear of Natural Enamel Antagonist Against Glazed Monolithic Zirconia Crowns and Polished Monolithic Zirconia Crowns: An In Vivo Study.

PURPOSE: To comparatively evaluate the amount of wear of natural enamel against a glazed full coverage monolithic zirconia crown and a polished monolithic zirconia crown at 6 and 12 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty subjects within the age range of 18 to 35 years participated in this study. The subjects received a total of 60 single crowns, which were divided into two groups: (1) 30 glazed monolithic zirconia crowns opposed by natural enamel (group A); and (2) 30 polished monolithic zirconia crowns opposed by natural enamel (group B). Each subject received a crown from both groups, placed bilaterally in endodontically treated maxillary or mandibular first molars. An impression was made of the opposing arch at 24 hours, 6 months, and 12 months. The resulting casts were scanned with a 3D optical scanner. The recall scans were superimposed and compared to baseline scans using 3D AutoCAD software. A control group was included to compare the wear values to natural enamel against natural enamel. RESULTS: No significant difference (P = .855) was found in enamel wear between groups A (42.80 µm) and B (42.50 µm) after 6 months of use. However, a significant difference (P < .05) in enamel wear was found between group A (81.87 µm) and group B (71.43 µm) after 12 months of use. CONCLUSION: Glazed monolithic zirconia crowns cause more wear to the opposing enamel than polished monolithic zirconia crowns after 12 months of clinical use.

Wear of dental ceramics / Desgaste das cerâmicas odontológicas

Com base no desenvolvimento da odontologia adesiva, restaurações minimamente invasivas em cerâmica são utilizadas como alternativas para restaurar um dente. As cerâmicas odontológicas são amplamente aplicadas na área odontológica principalmente devido à sua estética e resistência mecânica. Uma das propriedades da cerâmica a ser bem conhecida antes de seu uso, é a resistência ao desgaste que deve ser compatível com o comportamento de desgaste do antagonista para evitar desempenhos indesejados. Portanto, vários métodos têm sido realizados para avaliar o comportamento do desgaste dos materiais cerâmicos considerando diferentes condições presentes no complexo meio oral. Este estudo teve como objetivo compilar os métodos utilizados para investigar o desgaste das cerâmicas odontológicas e descrever os mecanismos de desgaste envolvidos nos mesmos. A obtenção e análise de dados também é abordada para discutir os resultados obtidos a partir de diferentes métodos, bem como a análise clínica do desgaste e perspectivas futuras sobre esse tema. Em conclusão, muitas metodologias estão disponíveis para medir o desgaste cerâmico. Portanto, os métodos devem ser selecionados com base na relevência clínica de cada estudo e devem seguir parâmetros previamente relatados para padronização, permitindo a comparação da literatura (AU)

Based on the development of adhesive dentistry, minimally invasive restorations in ceramics are used as alternatives to restore a tooth. Dental ceramics are largely applied in the dentistry field mainly due to their esthetic and mechanical strength. One of the ceramic properties to be well known before its use is the wear resistance that should be compatible with the antagonist wear behavior to avoid unwanted performance. Therefore, several methods have been performed to assess the ceramic materials wear behavior considering different conditions present in the complex oral medium. This study aimed to compile the methods used to investigate dental ceramics wear and to describe the wear mechanisms involved on them. Obtaining and analyzing data is also addressed to discuss the results obtained from different methods, as well as the clinical analysis of wear and future perspectives on this topic. In conclusion, many methodologies are available to measure the ceramic wear. Therefore, the methods must be selected based on the clinical significance of each study and should follow previously reported parameters for standardization, allowing literature comparison. (AU)

Análise da resistência ao desgaste de uma resina temporária para impressão 3D frente a diferentes antagonistas / Analysis of the wear resistance of a temporary resin for 3D printing against different antagonists

A impressão 3D surge como uma nova alternativa para confecção de próteses provisórias através do uso de resinas temporárias, visando otimizar e simplificar a técnica de confecção e sua aplicação. Este trabalho analisou o comportamento de uma resina provisória de impressão 3D sob simulação de desgaste frente a três diferentes antagonistas. Para isso, foram confeccionados 60 discos de resina provisória de impressão 3D (Resilab Temp) nas dimensões 12 x 2 mm. Os modelos 3D foram previamente desenhados no software Rhinoceros (Robert McNeel & Associates, Seattle, WA, EUA); versão 5, e processados no software de uma impressora 3D, produzidos utilizando impressora com processamento digital de luz (DLP). Metade das amostras recebeu uma camada de glaze na superfície da resina. Os espécimes foram submetidos à simulação de desgaste em cicladora mecânica com sliding (Byocicle V2, Biopdi, São Carlos, SP). Foram utilizados como antagonistas: esteatita, resina de impressão 3D e resina acrílica termicamente ativada, adaptados a mandris personalizados. O protocolo utilizado para a simulação do desgaste foi de 30 N ‭̸1,7 Hz ‭̸2x103 ciclos ‭̸37ºC, imersos em água. Realizou-se os testes de rugosidade, análise de superfície com microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e análise digital de varredura única de perda de volume de desgaste. O desgaste dos antagonistas foi avaliado através de estereomicroscópio óptico. A análise estatística foi realizada aplicando-se o teste de ANOVA 2 fatores para todos os grupos analisados. Na rugosidade, foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre todos os grupos (p<0,05), exceto Rz do grupo com glaze, em que todas as variáveis foram iguais (p=0,377). Para perda de volume em desgaste, observou-se diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os antagonistas (p=0,015) e para o tratamento com glaze (p=0,001). No desgaste dos antagonistas, observou-se diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre eles (p=0,001) e o tratamento com glaze (p=0,001). A resina em estudo apresenta resistência ao desgaste adequada para uso a curto prazo, sendo essa resistência influenciada pelo material antagonista. A aplicação da camada de glaze sobre a resina diminui a rugosidade superficial média do material e melhora a resistência ao desgaste (AU)

3D printing emerges as a new alternative for making provisional prostheses through the use of temporary resins, aiming to optimize and simplify the manufacturing technique and its application. This work analyzed the behavior of a provisional 3D printing resin under wear simulation against three different antagonists. For this, 60 discs of temporary 3D printing resin (Resilab Temp) in dimensions 12 x 2 mm were made. The 3D models were previously designed in Rhinoceros software (Robert McNeel & Associates, Seattle, WA, USA); version 5, and processed in the software of a 3D printer, produced using a printer with digital light processing (DLP). Half of the samples received a glaze layer on the resin surface. The specimens were submitted to wear simulation in a mechanical cycler with sliding (Byocicle V2, Biopdi, São Carlos, SP). The following antagonists were used: steatite, 3D printing resin and thermally activated acrylic resin, adapted to customized mandrels. The protocol used for the simulation of wear was 30 N ‭̸1.7 Hz ‭̸2x103 cycles ‭̸37ºC, immersed in water. Roughness tests, surface analysis with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and single-scan digital analysis of wear volume loss were performed. The wear of the antagonists was evaluated using an optical stereomicroscope. Statistical analysis was performed by applying the 2-way ANOVA test for all analyzed groups. In terms of roughness, statistically significant differences were observed between all groups (p<0.05), except for the Rz group with glaze, in which all variables were equal (p=0.377). For volume loss in grinding, statistically significant differences were observed between antagonists (p=0.015) and for treatment with glaze (p=0.001). In the wear of the antagonists, statistically significant differences were observed between them (p=0.001) and the treatment with glaze (p=0.001). The resin under study has adequate wear resistance for short-term use, and this resistance is influenced by the antagonist material. The application of the glaze layer over the resin decreases the average surface roughness of the material and improves wear resistance. (AU)

Efeito do envelhecimento hidrotérmico na resistência ao desgaste, topografia superficial, microdureza e tenacidade à fratura de diferentes zircônias / Effect of hydrothermal aging on wear resistance, surface topography, microhardness and fracture toughness of different zirconias

Este estudo propôs avaliar o efeito do envelhecimento hidrotérmico no padrão de desgaste, topografia superficial, microdureza, tenacidade à fratura e composição cristalina das zircônias 3Y-TZP, 5Y-PSZ e multicamadas. Para isso, foram utilizadas as zircônias 3Y-TZP - Zpex e 5Y-TZP - Zpex Smile (Tosoh Corporation) para confecção de discos (Ø= 12 mm e 1,2 mm de espessura) e a ZirCAD Prime (Ivoclar Vivadent) para confecção de blocos (14 x 14 x 1,5 mm). Os espécimes foram divididos em 6 grupos (n=18) entre os fatores "tipo de zircônia" (3Y-TZP, 5Y-TZP e multicamadas) e "envelhecimento hidrotérmico" (com e sem). Exceto para os grupos controle, as amostras passaram por envelhecimento em reator hidrotérmico (134◦C, 20 horas, 2,2 bar). As amostras (n=10) foram submetidas ao desgaste por deslizamento horizontal de 2 mm, com esferas de zircônia 3Y-TZP como antagonistas (150N, 4Hz, 600.000 ciclos). O volume do desgaste e os parâmetros de rugosidade foram quantificados em perfilômetro de contato. A altura do desgaste dos antagonistas foi determinada em estereomicroscópio óptico. Foram realizadas a análise de difração de raios-X, espectroscopia Raman e microscopia eletrônica de varredura para cada grupo experimental, bem como microdureza Vickers e tenacidade à fratura. Os dados de volume de desgaste, altura dos antagonistas e rugosidade foram analisados estatisticamente por meio do ANOVA on Ranks e teste de Dunn. Os dados de microdureza e tenacidade à fratura foram analisados estatisticamente por meio do ANOVA 2 fatores e Tukey 5%. Os dados das análises de difração de raios-X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram submetidos à análise qualitativa. Com os resultados obtidos, foi possível observar que o envelhecimento hidrotérmico afetou o desgaste apenas para as zircônias 3Y-TZP e multicamadas, tendo o grupo 3Y-TZP com envelhecimento o maior volume de desgaste, semelhante estatisticamente à zircônia multicamadas com envelhecimento. Para os parâmetros de rugosidade, o fator "envelhecimento" foi significativo apenas para o parâmetro Ra. O envelhecimento hidrotérmico afetou a dureza e tenacidade à fratura para a zircônia 3Y-TZP e para as diferentes camadas da zircônia multicamadas. As análises microestruturais indicaram que a fase monoclínica é mais sujeita ao desgaste e o envelhecimento hidrotérmico causou mudança de fase para 3Y-TZP. O MEV mostrou que o envelhecimento hidrotérmico causou arrancamento de grãos e desgaste em camadas para a zircônia 3Y-TZP e superfícies mais irregulares e rugosas para a zircônia 5Y-PSZ e multicamadas. Desse modo, podemos concluir que o envelhecimento hidrotérmico aumenta o desgaste para as zircônias 3Y-TZP e multicamadas e produz transformação de fase, sendo a camada monoclínica mais sujeita ao desgaste. Além disso, o envelhecimento hidrotérmico não alterou a incidência do desgaste para a zircônia 5Y-PSZ, mas produziu alterações superficiais vistas por micrografias (AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hydrothermal aging on the wear pattern, surface topography, microhardness, fracture toughness and crystalline composition of 3Y-TZP, 5YPSZ and multilayer zirconia. 3Y-TZP - Zpex and 5Y-TZP - Zpex Smile (Tosoh Corporation, Japão) were used to fabricate discs (Ø= 12 mm x 1,2 mm) and ZirCAD Prime (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein) to fabricate blocks (14 mm x 14 mm x 1,5 mm). The specimens were divided into 6 groups (n=18) according to the following factors "type of zirconia" (3Y-TZP, 5Y-TZP e multilayers) and "hydrothermal aging" (with and without). Except for the control groups, the samples aged in hydrothermal reactor (134◦C, 20 horas, 2,2 bar). The samples were subjected to wear through cyclic load (150N, 4Hz, 600.000 cycles) with horizontal sliding of 2 mm (n=10) under distilled water, using 3Y-TZP zirconia spheres (Ø= 6mm) as antagonist. The wear volume and roughness parameters were quantified using a contact profilometer. The height of the wear of the antagonists was determined by stereomicroscope. X-rays diffraction analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were performed for each experimental group, along with fracture toughness and Vickers microhardness measurements. The data of the wear volume and roughness were analyzed statistically by ANOVA on Ranks and Dunn test. The microhardness and fracture toughness data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (α=0.05). The data of X-rays diffraction analysis and electronic microscope were subjected to the descriptive analysis. The results showed that hydrothermal aging affected the wear of only 3Y-TZP and multilayers zirconia. The 3Y-TZP group with aging had the highest wear volume; however, it was statistically similar to the wear observed in the multilayer zirconia with aging. Regarding the wear of the antagonist, there was no statistical difference between the groups. For the roughness parameters, the "aging" factor was significant only for the Ra parameter. The hydrothermal aging affected the hardness and fracture toughness for 3Y-TZP zirconia and the different layers of zirconia multilayers. The microstructure analyses indicated that the monoclinic phase is more susceptible to wear, and hydrothermal aging caused phase transformation on 3Y-TZP. The scanning electron microscope showed that hydrothermal aging caused grain detachment in 3Y-TZP, resulting in layered wear. For the 5Y-PSZ and multilayers zirconia, the aging caused more irregular and rougher surface. Thus, we can conclude that the hydrothermal aging increases wear in 3-TZP and multilayers zirconia, leading to a phase transformation and formation of a monoclinic layer that is more susceptible to wear. Furthermore, the hydrothermal aging did not alter the incidence of wear for 5Y-PSZ zirconia, but it caused surface alterations seen by micrograph. (AU)

Clinical follow-up at 18 months of two bulk fill occlusal composite resins: a double-blind randomized clinical study / Seguimiento clínico a 18 meses de dos resinas compuestas oclusales bulk fill: estudio clínico aleatorio doble ciego

Objetive: To compare the clinical behavior of two types of Bulk Fill composite resins and a nanohybrid resin at 18 months in occlusal restorations. Material and Methods: Three occlusal restorations were performed in each one of the 55 participants. They were randomly distributed into three groups, TN: Tetric-N-Ceram Bulk-Fill, FK: Filtek Bulk-Fill, and Z350: Filtek Z350XT. Adhesive techniques and restorative procedures were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions for each restorative material used. In TN and FK an increment of 4mm was applied, and in Z350 increments of ≤2mm depth were applied. Two calibrated operators evaluated the restorations at baseline and at 18 months using the FDI World Dental Federations system (1: excellent, 2: good, 3: satisfactory, 4: unsatisfactory, 5: poor) for clinical marginal staining (MS) properties, fracture-retention (FR), superficial texture (ST), marginal integrity (MI), postoperative sensitivity (PS) and caries (C). Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon were used to compare the 3 groups at 18 months (5% significance). Results: 38 patients with a total of 114 restorations were assessed, being evaluated with excellent clinical behavior; MI, 78.9% in Z350, 89.51% in TN and 81.6% in FK; ST 73.5% in Z350, 86.8% in TN, and 84.2% in FK; MS 84.2% in Z350, 84.2% in TN, and 91.2% in FK; PS 100% in Z350 and 97.3% in TN and FK; in C and FR, 100% in the 3 groups. There were no significant differences between the three groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: The three resins studied presented a good clinical performance at 18 months without showing significant differences in the clinical properties evaluated.

Objetivo: Comparar el comportamiento clínico a 18 meses en restauraciones oclusales entre dos tipos de resinas compuestas Bulk Fill y una resina nanohíbrida. Material y Métodos: En 55 participantes se realizaron 3 restauraciones oclusales en cada paciente, distribuidas aleatoriamente en 3 grupos, TN: Tetric-N-Ceram Bulk-Fill, FK: Filtek Bulk-Fill y Z350: Filtek Z350XT. Las técnicas adhesivas y procedimientos restauradores fueron realizados según las instrucciones de los fabricantes de cada material restaurador utilizado. En TN y FK se aplicó un incremento de 4mm y en Z350 se aplicó incrementos ≤ 2 mm de profundidad. Dos operadores calibrados evaluaron las restauraciones al baseline y a los 18 meses mediante el sistema FDI World Dental Federations (1: excelente, 2: aceptable, 3: suficiente, 4: insatisfactorio, 5: inaceptable) en las propiedades clínicas de tinción marginal (TM), fractura-retención (FR), textura superficial (TS), integridad marginal (IM), sensibilidad postoperatoria (SP) y caries (C). Se utilizó Kruskal-Wallis y Wilcoxon para la comparación de los 3 grupos a 18 meses (significancia de 5%). Resultados: Se controlaron 38 pacientes con un total de 114 restauraciones, siendo evaluados con comportamiento clínico excelente; IM, 78.9% en Z350, 89.51% en TN y 81.6% en FK; TS 73.5%, en Z350, 86.8% en TN y 84.2% en FK; TM, 84.2% en Z350, 84.2% en TN y 91.2% en FK; SP 100% en Z350 y 97,3% en TN y FK; en C y FR 100% en los 3 grupos. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los 3 grupos (p>0,05). Conclusión: Las 3 resinas estudiadas presentaron un buen desempeño clínico a 18 meses sin mostrar diferencias significativas en las propiedades clínicas evaluadas.

Does the level of knowledge of denture hygiene affect their maintenance? / ¿El nivel de conocimiento de higiene protésica afecta el mantenimiento de estas prótesis?

Introduction: The lack of knowledge about denture hygiene can negatively affect their maintenance. On the other hand, good oral hygiene can reduce the chances of plaque accumulation. Objetive: To determine if there is a relationship between knowledge of hygiene and denture maintenance. Material and Methods: A questionnaire was applied to 67 patients who wore partial and/or total removable prostheses daily to evaluate their knowledge of denture hygiene. For the evaluation of denture maintenance, clinical inspection of the removable prosthesis was carried out using the Vigild criterion to observe the amount of plaque that was adhered to it. Data were statistically processed with Spearman's correlation test to determine the relationship between hygiene knowledge and denture maintenance. Results: The patients presented a medium (37.3%) and low (56.7%) denture hygiene knowledge; and fair (68.7%) and poor (11.9%) maintenance of their prosthesis. There is a statistically significant relationship between hygiene knowledge and denture maintenance (p<0.001). Conclusion: There is little knowledge of denture hygiene. This level of knowledge has a statistically significant relationship with the maintenance of the prostheses.

Introducción: El desconocimiento sobre la higiene de prótesis, de los pacientes portadores de estas, puede afectar negativamente en el mantenimiento protésico, una correcta higiene puede disminuir las probabilidades de acúmulo de placa. Objetivo: Determinar si existe relación entre el conocimiento de higiene y el mantenimiento protésico. Material y Métodos: Para la evaluación del conocimiento en higiene protésica se aplicó un cuestionario a 67 pacientes que utilizaban diariamente prótesis removibles parciales y/o totales; y para la valoración del mantenimiento protésico se realizó la inspección clínica de la prótesis removible mediante el criterio de Vigild, observando la cantidad de placa que se encontraba adherida. Se procesaron los datos estadísticamente con la prueba de correlación de Spearman para determinar la relación entre el conocimiento de higiene y el mantenimiento protésico. Resultados: Los pacientes presentaron un conocimiento de higiene protésica medio (37,3%) y bajo (56,7%); y un mantenimiento de la prótesis de forma regular (68,7%) y malo (11,9%). Existiendo relación estadísticamente significativa entre el conocimiento de higiene y el mantenimiento protésico (p<0, 0 01). Conclusión: Existe un bajo conocimiento de higiene protésica, teniendo este nivel de conocimiento una relación estadísticamente significativa con el mantenimiento que evidenciaban las prótesis.

Linear and volumetric wear of conventional and milled denture teeth.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the linear and volumetric wear of conventional and milled double-cross-linked polymethyl methacrylate, nano-composite, and nano-ceramic infused resin posterior denture teeth. METHODS: Double-cross-linked polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) premolar teeth were scanned and used to mill denture teeth from a double-cross-linked PMMA resin disc and a nano-composite with nano-ceramic infused resin disc. The specimens (n = 8: conventional double-cross-linked PMMA resin teeth-DCL, milled double-cross-linked PMMA resin teeth-DCL-CAM, conventional nano-composite infused resin teeth with four layers composed of composite and PMMA resin teeth-NC, and milled nano-composite and nano-ceramic infused resin teeth-NC-CAM) underwent chewing simulation in the biaxial fatigue testing machine at 1.53 Hz frequency, thermocycling between 5 and 55°C, and 49 N force against a Ø6mm steatite. After 250,000 cycles, the linear changes on the occlusal surfaces of the specimens were analyzed with pairwise comparison with Bonferroni post hoc test, and the volumetric changes of the specimens were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The linear wear of the conventional and milled denture teeth was linearly correlated with the number of cycles between 50,000 and 250,000 cycles. After 250,000 cycles, NC had significantly more linear and volumetric wear (0.52 ± 0.10 mm and 4.29 ± 0.94 mm3 ) than DCL (0.18 ± 0.03 mm and 0.74 ± 0.14 mm3 ; p < 0.001) and NC-CAM (0.15 ± 0.03 mm and 0.35 ± 0.21 mm3 ; p < 0.001). DCL-CAM and NC-CAM had linearly and volumetrically equivalent wear to DCL (p > 0.05). NC-CAM had significantly less linear and volumetric wear (0.15 ± 0.03 mm and 0.35 ± 0.21 mm3 ) than DCL-CAM (0.24 ± 0.07 mm and 1.22 ± 0.61 mm3 ; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The conventional NC wore more than DCL, DCL-CAM, and NC-CAM. Both milled denture teeth wore an equivalent amount to conventional DCL. The wear between the conventional and milled DCL was equivalent. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Denture teeth selection can prolong the retreading process and decrease the occurrences of prosthetic complications. Milled denture teeth are good alternatives to conventional denture teeth with regards to their wear resistance.

Considerations for the selection of interim restoration materials using wear test results.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the wear of resin materials using two-body wear tests and to verify a selection method for optimal interim restoration materials from findings of a diagnostic occlusal device. METHODS: Specimens were prepared from nine different resins used for diagnostic occlusal devices (soft resin) and interim restorations. Wear tests were conducted using an abrasion testing machine. The resulting wear on resin specimens and antagonist stainless-steel styluses was measured using a laser confocal scanning microscope, and the surface conditions were observed through a scanning electron microscope. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison test. The findings of the previous study on diagnostic occlusal devices were referred to in order to verify the selection method of optimal interim restoration materials. RESULTS: The maximum wear depth of the soft resin specimens was significantly greater than that of the other specimens (p<0.05) and was equivalent to the wear depth of a diagnostic occlusal device used for 14 nights. The wear of bis-acryl resin material was shallower than that of the other materials (Polymethyl methacrylate and polyethyl methacrylate), and its antagonist stylus was significantly worn (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The findings of the previous and present studies showed a relationship among the parameters of Electromyography, wear depth of the diagnostic occlusal device, and wear of materials used for interim restorations. Findings related to bruxism can guide in the selection of interim restoration material and the determination of a suitable duration of wear.

Evaluation of Wear Properties of Four Bulk-Fill Composites: Attrition, Erosion, and Abrasion.

PURPOSE: Wear and increased surface roughness are among the reasons for failure of posterior composite restorations. Considering the widespread use of bulk-fill composites in the posterior region, information about their wear resistance is imperative. The aim of this study was to compare the wear and surface roughness of four bulk-fill composite resins with a conventional composite. METHODS: Thirty composite discs (4 mm × 10 mm) were fabricated from EverX Posterior (GC), X-tra fil (Voco), Filtek Bulk-Fill Posterior (3M, USA), SonicFill 2 (Kerr), and Z250 (3M) composites. The baseline weight and surface roughness of specimens were measured. For the assessment of the attrition wear, the specimens were placed in a chewing simulator (Mechatronik). pH cycling was performed to erode the composite discs. They were then placed in a tooth brushing simulator machine (Dorsa) for abrasion wear. Finally, the weight and surface roughness of the specimens were measured. Data were compared using one-way ANOVA (alpha ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: One-way ANOVA showed that the mean weight changes were significant after attrition, abrasion, and erosion (P = 0.019), but changes in surface roughness were not significant (P ≥ 0.05). The results of Tukey's test showed no significant difference between the bulk-fill composites and Z250 regarding weight loss (P ≥ 0.05), but the weight loss of X-tra fil was significantly greater than that of EverX (P = 0.007) and Filtek Bulk-Fill (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the limitations of this study, it appears that the wear and surface roughness of bulk-fill composites are within the acceptable range and are not different from those of a conventional composite.

Effect of Different Restorative Materials on Primary Tooth Wear: A Quantitative Evaluation Using Microcomputed Tomography.

Purpose: The wear properties of restorative materials used in the primary dentition must be compatible with primary tooth wear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the wear rate of primary teeth opposing composite resin and different prefabricated crown materials. Methods: The study specimens were divided into four groups: (1) composite resin (CR) group; (2) stainless steel group (SS); (3) monolithic zirconia (MZ) group; and (4) fiberglass (FG) group. Ten specimens were prepared from each group, and primary canines were used as antagonist teeth. The wear test was conducted with a vertical load of 50 N and 240,000 cycles using a chewing simulator. The volume losses of antagonist teeth and the weight losses of restorative materials were calculated with microcomputed tomography and a digital scale, respectively. The worn surfaces of restorative materials were examined via scanning electron microscopy. Results: The amount of enamel wear was highest in the MZ group (1.551±0.859 [standard deviation] mm 3 ) group, followed by the FG group (1.028±0.854 mm 3 ), SS group (0.480±0.324 mm 3), and CR group (0.310±0.341 mm 3). The volume losses in the MZ group were significantly greater than those in the SS and CR groups (P<0.05). The weight loss amount of restorative materials was highest in the CR group (8±2 mg), followed by the FG (6±3 mg), SS (4±3 mg), and MZ (2±1 mg) groups. Conclusions: Prefabricated monolithic zirconia crowns caused greater wear on opposing primary teeth. The amount of weight loss in the composite resins was highest while causing minor primary tooth wear.