Implications of depressive mood in OSAHS patients: insights from event-related potential.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a chronic breathing disorder characterized by recurrent upper airway obstruction during sleep. Although previous studies have shown a link between OSAHS and depressive mood, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying mood disorders in OSAHS patients remain poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the emotion processing mechanism in OSAHS patients with depressive mood using event-related potentials (ERPs). METHODS: Seventy-four OSAHS patients were divided into the depressive mood and non-depressive mood groups according to their Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) scores. Patients underwent overnight polysomnography and completed various cognitive and emotional questionnaires. The patients were shown facial images displaying positive, neutral, and negative emotions and tasked to identify the emotion category, while their visual evoked potential was simultaneously recorded. RESULTS: The two groups did not differ significantly in age, BMI, and years of education, but showed significant differences in their slow wave sleep ratio (P = 0.039), ESS (P = 0.006), MMSE (P < 0.001), and MOCA scores (P = 0.043). No significant difference was found in accuracy and response time on emotional face recognition between the two groups. N170 latency in the depressive group was significantly longer than the non-depressive group (P = 0.014 and 0.007) at the bilateral parieto-occipital lobe, while no significant difference in N170 amplitude was found. No significant difference in P300 amplitude or latency between the two groups. Furthermore, N170 amplitude at PO7 was positively correlated with the arousal index and negatively with MOCA scores (both P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: OSAHS patients with depressive mood exhibit increased N170 latency and impaired facial emotion recognition ability. Special attention towards the depressive mood among OSAHS patients is warranted for its implications for patient care.

Improvement in quality of life with continuous positive airway pressure outweighs the treatment burden in children with obstructive sleep apnea.

INTRODUCTION: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may pose a significant burden on families. We assessed the impact of CPAP for children on quality of life (QOL) and caregiver treatment burden. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of children commencing outpatient CPAP in a specialist sleep centre 2020-2022. Questionnaires regarding sleep-related symptoms (PROMIS Pediatric Sleep Disturbance and Sleep-Related Impairment), QOL (OSA-18, QI-Disability), caregiver burden (Caregiver Strain Questionnaire) and overall health impact (Glasgow Children's Benefit Inventory) were completed by caregivers at CPAP commencement and 6 weeks later. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients completed follow-up (7 female; median age 11.4 year, baseline obstructive apnea hypopnea index 10.3/h; 77% overweight or obese, 73% comorbidity other than obesity). OSA-related QOL (OSA-18) significantly improved at follow-up (p < 0.01), as did child general QOL (p < 0.001), sleep disturbance (p < 0.01) and sleep-related impairment (p < 0.001). Caregivers mostly rated CPAP as beneficial to their child's health but 19% rated CPAP as harmful or having no effect. Caregiver strain reduced at follow-up (p < 0.001) and benefit outweighed inconvenience (p < 0.0001) in 81%. CPAP adherence was correlated with overall health impact (r = 0.67, p < 0.01) but not with caregiver rating of inconvenience. CONCLUSIONS: CPAP resulted in improvements in QOL and sleep-related symptoms, and reduced caregiver strain. Perceived benefits outweighed the burden of treatment for most but not all families. CPAP adherence was moderately correlated with family-reported measures of benefit but not related to perceived inconvenience. This study provides reassuring evidence regarding the benefits and impacts of CPAP for children, many of whom already have complex health care needs.

Boosting obstructive sleep apnea therapy by non-pharmacological approaches: A network meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common breathing-related sleep disorder with a considerable economic burden, low diagnosis and treatment rates. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP/PAP) is the principal therapy for OSA treatment; nevertheless, effectiveness is often limited by suboptimal adherence. The present network meta-analysis aims to systematically summarize and quantify different interventions' effects on CPAP/PAP adherence (such as mean usage CPAP or PAP in hours per night) in OSA patients, comparing Behavioral, Educational, Supportive and Mixed interventions in Randomized Control Trials (RCT). METHODS: We conducted a computer-based search using the electronic databases of Pubmed, Psycinfo, Scopus, Embase, Chinal and Medline until August 2022, selecting 50 RCT. RESULTS: By means of a random effect model network meta-analysis, results suggested that the most effective treatment in improving CPAP/PAP adherence was the Supportive approach followed by Behavioral Therapy focused on OSA treatment adherence. CONCLUSION: This network meta-analysis might encourage the most experienced clinicians and researchers in the field to collaborate and implement treatments for improving CPAP/PAP treatment adherence. Moreover, these results support the importance of multidisciplinary approaches for OSA treatment, which should be framed within a biopsychological model.

Fatigue and Quality of Life in Children with Hearing Loss or Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the fatigue levels of children with hearing loss (HL) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), hypothesizing that the fatigue experienced by children with HL is under-recognized. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. METHODS: We identified children aged 2-18 with HL, OSA, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), and controls from a pediatric otolaryngology clinic and sleep center. Children and/or parents completed the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (PedsQL MFS), Hearing Environments And Reflection on Quality of Life (HEAR-QL), and OSA-18. RESULTS: Responses of 50 children with HL, 79 with OSA, and 18 with SDB were compared with those of 49 recruited controls (RC) and literature controls (LC). Children with HL or OSA had higher fatigue than controls in the PedsQL MFS self-reported (HL 65.4, OSA 54.7, RC 71.8, LC 80.5, p < 0.001) and parent-reported (HL 64.6, OSA 59.3, RC 75.2, LC 89.6, p < 0.001). Children with HL had Cognitive Fatigue similar to that of children with OSA (self 60.4 vs. 49.5, p = 0.170; parent 56.0 vs. 56.7, p = 0.998), though with decreased Sleep/Rest Fatigue (self 67.8 vs. 56.3, p = 0.033; parent 69.8 vs. 57.5, p = 0.001). Children with HL or OSA had lower disease-related quality of life (QOL) than controls in the HEAR-QL and OSA-18, respectively. Stratification with disease severity revealed no differences in fatigue. CONCLUSION: Children with HL or OSA experience higher fatigue and lower QOL than controls. Similar Cognitive Fatigue in both groups suggests under-recognized fatigue in children with HL. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 134:443-451, 2024.

A systematic review on adherence to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease dementia.

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is highly prevalent in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The gold standard treatment for OSA is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Long-term, well-powered efficacy trials are required to understand whether CPAP could slow cognitive decline in individuals with MCI/AD, but its tolerability in this group remains uncertain. The present review investigates CPAP adherence among individuals with OSA and MCI/AD. Electronic searches were performed on 8 databases. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Six independent studies and four secondary analyses included 278 unique participants (mean age = 72.1 years). In five of the retained studies, around half of participants (45% N = 85 MCI, 56% N = 22 AD) were adherent to CPAP, where ≥4 h use per night was considered adherent. Three of the retained studies also reported average CPAP use to range between 3.2 and 6.3 h/night. CPAP adherence in individuals with MCI and AD is low, albeit similar to the general elderly population. Reporting adherence in future studies as both average duration as well as using a binary cut-off would improve our understanding of the optimum CPAP use in dementia clinical trials and care.

Positive airway pressure adherence among patients with obstructive sleep apnea and cognitive impairment: A narrative review.

Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have increased rates of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). Positive Airway Pressure (PAP) is the first-line treatment for OSA and may have potential benefits for slowing cognitive decline in these individuals. However, adherence is low in PAP users overall and those with cognitive impairment may have unique challenges. Furthermore, there has been little systematic study of the use of PAP or strategies to enhance PAP adherence among those with AD or MCI. The aim of this review is to examine existing observational, quasi-experimental and experimental studies of the effects of PAP on cognitive function. In addition, our goal was to gather evidence about the adherence rates, and support for PAP among adults with MCI and mild to moderate AD. Through searches of electronic databases (University of Utah Library, SAGE Publishing, PubMed, Wiley, EBSCO, Science Direct, ProQuest, and NCBI), we identified 11 articles that fit our study inclusion criteria. Synthesis of data was performed with a focus on cognitive outcomes of PAP interventions and adherence. Findings from the studies showed that multiple indices of memory improved with PAP use. Adherence in MCI and AD populations was largely comparable to adherence reported in general adult populations, but more research is needed to optimize systems for providing support for PAP users and caregivers. Results support PAP as a promising intervention in this population but more research is needed to make definitive conclusions about the relationship between PAP use and improved cognitive function. Furthermore, research is needed to determine if additional interventions are needed to support patients and caregivers.

Adherence to continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in neurodegenerative diseases: A systematic review.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is prevalent in patients with neurodegenerative diseases and is associated with worse outcomes. Positive airway pressure therapy has the potential to benefit these patients but can be challenging in this population. Our primary aim was to describe positive pressure therapy adherence. Secondarily, we aimed at identifying identify predictors of adherence to treatment in adults with neurodegenerative diseases and OSA, and report the effect of PAP adherence on outcomes such as cognitive function, quality of life and patient/caregiver satisfaction. We performed a systematic review of the literature and identified seventeen studies, eight reporting on adults with obstructive sleep apnea and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and/or Alzheimer's disease (AD), 6 with Parkinson's disease (PD), and 3 with multiple system atrophy (MSA). Meta-analyses were not performed due to lack of systematic and standardized reporting of the primary outcome. Study duration ranged from 6 weeks to an average of 3.3 years. PAP adherence definition was widely variable between studies. Attrition rates ranged from 12% to 75%. In MCI/AD, adherence rates ranged from 28% to 61% (study duration range: 3 weeks to 3.3 years). Younger age, race (white) and better CPAP confidence scores at 1 week were associated with more CPAP use while APOE4 positive and unmarried individuals were more likely to abandon CPAP. In most studies, adherent patients had improvement in excessive daytime sleepiness, depressive symptoms, sleep quality, ability to manage daily activities and certain aspects of cognition (composite score or global cognition, psychomotor speed, executive function), as well as less cognitive decline over time. Caregiver satisfaction was also better in PAP adherent patients in one study. In PD, 15-25% of individuals refused treatment with PAP upfront, and attrition ranged from 8 to 75%. Adherent patients used their device for an average of 3h27 to 5h12 per night (study duration range: 6 weeks to 12 months). Longer disease duration, worse motor symptoms or sleep quality and lower % of REM sleep were identified as predictors of lower PAP adherence in a preliminary study, while race (non-white) and sex (women) were linked to lower adherence in a large retrospective study. In the study reporting the highest attrition rate (75%), individuals had lower educational levels. PAP adherence improved daytime sleepiness, anxiety symptoms, sleep architecture and quality and global non-motor symptoms. However, in one short-term (3 weeks) study, there was no improvement in neuropsychological testing composite score. Three studies on MSA patients suffering from sleep-disordered breathing showed that most patients are accepting of PAP (69-72%) with an average nightly use of 4h42 to 6h18. Floppy epiglottis was more frequently seen in patients discontinuing PAP in one study. In one study, four adults with MSA and long-term PAP use reported better sleep and improved vigilance. Survival time was no different between treated and untreated individuals. In conclusion, PAP therapy is challenging in patients with OSA and NDD, as evidenced by the considerable attrition and low adherence rates reported in this systematic review. There is emerging evidence proposing OSA a treatable target to prevent clinical and functional deterioration in patients with neurodegenerative diseases and addressing potential barriers to PAP adherence is paramount to maximize adherence. Our systematic review outlines several of these potential barriers, underscoring the need for future studies to standardize the definition of and explore long-term adherence to PAP therapy and assess interventions that can optimize adherence in this patient population.

Interdisciplinary Weight Loss and Lifestyle Intervention for Daily Functioning and Psychiatric Symptoms in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: The INTERAPNEA Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objective: Impaired daily functioning and psychiatric symptoms are highly prevalent in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); however, the effects of weight loss and lifestyle interventions on these symptoms remain uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an interdisciplinary weight loss and lifestyle intervention on impaired functioning, psychological distress, anxiety, and depression among men with moderate-to-severe OSA and obesity.Methods: This study was a randomized clinical trial conducted from April 2019 to October 2020. Men aged 18-65 years with moderate-to-severe OSA and obesity were randomly assigned to usual care (continuous positive airway pressure) or an 8-week weight loss and lifestyle intervention. Primary outcomes were changes from baseline to intervention endpoint and 6 months after intervention in daily functioning (measured by the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire [FOSQ]); psychological distress (evaluated through the General Health Questionnaire [GHQ]); and anxiety and depression symptoms (measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI], State-Trait Depression Inventory [STDI], and Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]).Results: Eighty-nine participants underwent randomization (mean [± SD] age, 54 ± 8 years; mean apnea-hypopnea index, 41 ± 22 events/h); 49 were assigned to usual care and 40 to the intervention. As compared with usual care, the intervention group had greater improvements in daily functioning (mean between-group difference in FOSQ score, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 3.2), psychological distress (GHQ score, -10.3; -15.3 to -5.1), state anxiety (STAI-State score, -7.0; -11.0 to -3.0), trait anxiety (STAI-Trait score, -6.1; -9.5 to -2.8), state depression (STDI-State score, -2.4; -4.3 to -0.4), trait depression (STDI-Trait score, -3.8; -5.6 to -2.1), and general depression (BDI score, -2.0; -3.2 to -0.8) at intervention endpoint. Similar changes were observed at 6 months after intervention.Conclusions: This study provides the first evidence suggesting that an interdisciplinary weight loss and lifestyle intervention improves OSA-related impaired daily functioning and psychiatric symptoms. These findings should be considered when evaluating the potential benefits of this behavioral approach for OSA.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03851653.

Mentation Tracks Severity but not Oxygenation in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

There is a rough consensus, after decades of research, that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with mild cognitive impairments, especially in areas of executive functioning (EF), attention/working memory (A/WM), episodic memory (EM), and speed of speed of information processing (SIP). However, there is less consensus as to whether apnea severity matters for these impairments, which sleep variables matter most to which cognitive domains, whether common OSA comorbidities contribute to these determinations, or whether the apparent associations are really artifacts of these comorbidities. In this study, 40 participants with OSA submitted to polysomnography and to neuropsychological assessment with an expanded Halstead-Reitan Test Battery. Aggregates of tests to cover the four cognitive domains mentioned above were linearly regressed on the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), the nadir of oxygen saturation (NOS), and hypertension and diabetes mellitus (scored present or absent). The AHI predicted both EF (p = .015; sr2 = .13) and A/WM (p = .023; sr2 = 11) in the primary analyses, and EM (p = .027; sr2 = .10) in the secondary analyses. Thus, AHI may affect EF, A/WM and perhaps EM beyond NOS and beyond two of OSA's most common comorbidities. Implications of these findings are discussed here.

The Effect of Self-Reported Visual Impairment and Sleep on Cognitive Decline: Results of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

BACKGROUND: Visual impairment could worsen sleep/wake disorders and cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE: To examine interrelations among self-reported visual impairment, sleep, and cognitive decline in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Miami-site. METHOD: HCHS/SOL Miami-site participants ages 45-74 years (n = 665) at Visit-1, who returned for cognitive test 7-years later (SOL-INCA). Participants completed the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ), validated sleep questionnaires and test for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) at Visit-1. We obtained verbal episodic learning and memory, verbal fluency, processing speed, and executive functioning at Visit-1 and at SOL-INCA. Processing speed/executive functioning were added to SOL-INCA. We examined global cognition and change using a regression-based reliable change index, adjusting for the time lapse between Visit-1 and SOL-INCA. We used regression models to test whether 1) persons with OSA, self-reported sleep duration, insomnia, and sleepiness have an increased risk for visual impairment, 2a) visual impairment is associated with worse cognitive function and/or decline, and 2b) sleep disorders attenuate these associations. RESULT: Sleepiness (ß= 0.04; p < 0.01) and insomnia (ß= 0.04; p < 0.001) were cross-sectionally associated with visual impairment, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, behavioral factors, acculturation, and health conditions. Visual impairment was associated with lower global cognitive function at Visit-1 (ß= -0.16; p < 0.001) and on average 7-years later (ß= -0.18; p < 0.001). Visual impairment was also associated with a change in verbal fluency (ß= -0.17; p < 0.01). OSA, self-reported sleep duration, insomnia, and sleepiness did not attenuate any of the associations. CONCLUSION: Self-reported visual impairment was independently associated with worse cognitive function and decline.

Validation of the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire of Obstructive Sleep Apnea among Elderly Chinese in the General Population.

PURPOSE: The prevalence of under-diagnosis among individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is alarming, and may be associated with perceptions regarding OSA. To facilitate future studies on OSA, this study validated the revised version of the Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) for OSA in a general population. METHODS: A random anonymous population-based telephone survey interviewed 580 adults aged ≥ 50 years in Hong Kong, who self-reported not having been told by doctors as having OSA, from February 5 to March 19, 2021. RESULTS: The confirmatory factor analysis identified a modified 7-factor model (i.e., timeline chronic, consequence, personal control, treatment control, illness coherence, timeline cyclical, and emotional representation) that showed satisfactory model fit index and internal consistency. Nine items were removed from the original version because of low factor loadings. No floor and ceiling effects were observed. Convergent validity was supported by the positive associations between the consequence subscale with perceived negative outcomes of OSA and between the illness coherence subscale and perceived understanding of OSA symptoms. The participants tended to endorse the items of timeline chronic, treatment control, and illness coherence but not with those of emotional representations. The mean scores of the IPQ-R subscales differed by age and education level. CONCLUSION: The modified IPQ-R of OSA showed acceptable psychometric properties. It is applicable to assessing illness perceptions of OSA in the Chinese general population aged ≥ 50 years not having received OSA diagnosis. The validated tool would support future studies and health practices related to OSA.

Efficacy of CPAP duration and adherence for cognitive improvement in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

PURPOSE: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can impair cognition. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a recommended treatment for OSA but its effectiveness on cognitive improvement is uncertain, a finding which may be biased by various durations and adherence to treatment with CPAP. In a meta-analysis assessing high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs), we estimated whether or not CPAP benefits cognition in patients with OSA. METHODS: PRISMA criteria were followed in the performance of this meta-analysis. The weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of six neuropsychological scores covering eight cognitive domains were used to evaluate the benefit between CPAP and non-CPAP interventions. Subgroups of different therapeutic durations and adherence, which were divided into short-term (< 8 weeks) and long-term (≥ 12 weeks) durations, and poor (nighttime < 4 h/night) and good (nighttime ≥ 4 h/night) adherence were also analyzed. RESULTS: Among 16 RCTs, 1529 participants with OSA were included. Comparing the CPAP group and the control group for all treatment durations and adherence, a mild improvement for digit span forward which reflected short-term memory was observed (WMD[95%CI] = 0.67[0.03,1.31], p = 0.04). Trail making test-part B, which reflected executive function was improved for participants with OSA who had good adherence to CPAP (WMD[95%CI] = - 6.24[- 12.60,0.12], p = 0.05). Patients with OSA who received short-term CPAP treatment (WMD[95%CI] = - 7.20[- 12.57, - 1.82], p = 0.009) had a significant improvement in executive function when compared with controls. There was no statistical difference for all scales between long-term (≥ 12 weeks) CPAP treatment group and control group. CONCLUSION: The effectiveness of CPAP on cognitive improvement in patients with OSA is limited, although good adherence to CPAP can mildly benefit executive function with short-term effectiveness.

Advanced emergency braking system reduces the risk of motor vehicle collisions caused by falling asleep while driving in patients with untreated obstructive sleep apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea leads to excessive daytime sleepiness and cognitive dysfunction, which are risk factors for motor vehicle collisions. We aimed to clarify if vehicles with an advanced emergency braking system could reduce motor vehicle collisions caused by falling asleep while driving among patients with untreated obstructive sleep apnea. We enrolled patients with untreated obstructive sleep apnea who underwent polysomnography. The questionnaires included the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, history of drowsy driving accidents, and use of an advanced emergency braking system. Multivariate analysis was performed, and odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. This study included 1097 patients (mean age, 51.2 ± 12.9 years). Collisions caused by falling asleep while driving were recorded in 59 (5.4%) patients, and were more frequently observed in vehicles without an advanced emergency braking system (p = 0.045). Multivariate analysis showed that these collisions were associated with use of an advanced emergency braking system (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 0.39 [0.16-0.97], p = 0.04), length of driving (2.79 [1.19-6.50], p = 0.02), total sleep time (2.40 [1.62-3.55], p < 0.0001), sleep efficiency (0.94 [0.90-0.98], p = 0.003) and periodic limb movement index (1.02 [1.01-1.03], p = 0.004). The collision risk caused by falling asleep while driving in vehicles with an advanced emergency braking system was significantly lower. This study indicates that advanced emergency braking systems may be a preventive measure to reduce motor vehicle collisions among patients with untreated obstructive sleep apnea.

Improving sleep apnea treatment adherence after traumatic brain injury: A nonrandomized feasibility study.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of a psychological intervention designed to increase Positive Airway Pressure (PAP) adherence, adapted with cognitive accommodations for comorbid obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). RESEARCH METHOD/DESIGN: This was an open-label single arm (nonrandomized) study. Eligibility criteria were moderate-to-severe TBI, OSA diagnosis, prescribed PAP, nonadherent, and able to consent. Participants were recruited from inpatient and outpatient settings at a tertiary care hospital. The four-module manualized intervention was delivered primarily via telehealth. Feasibility aspects measured included eligibility, recruitment, and retention rates; session duration and attendance; and characteristics of outcome and process measures (e.g., completion rates, data distribution). Symptom measures included the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire, Self-Efficacy Measure for Sleep Apnea, OSA Treatment Barriers Questionnaire (OTBQ), and Kim Alliance Scale-Revised. RESULTS: Of 230 persons screened, 14.3% were eligible. Recruitment rate (n = 17) was 51.5%. Retention rate (n = 13) was 76.5%. Treatment completers had no missing data. The OTBQ deviated from normality, but other measures had adequate skew (< 2.0) and kurtosis (< 7.0) and were free from significant floor and ceiling effects (<15%). Change score effect sizes were minimal to moderate (d = .10-.77). There were no adverse events. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS: These results inform ways in which procedures should be modified to enhance the success of a future clinical trial testing the efficacy of this adherence intervention. Inclusion criteria should be reconsidered, and recruitment sites expanded, to capture eligible persons and adequately power an efficacy study. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Quality of Life in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients Who Underwent Maxillomandibular Advancement Surgery.

This study assessed health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and daytime sleepiness in moderate or severe obstructive sleep apnea patients who underwent maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) surgery. We invited patients who had undergone MMA 1 year ago and preoperative patients to answer a self-administered questionnaire to evaluate HRQOL (Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey-SF-36 and Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire-FOSQ) and daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale-ESS). Twenty-two patients who underwent MMA and 28 preoperative patients participated in the present study. Patients who underwent MMA reduced their daytime sleepiness [5.0 (3.00-8.00) versus 16.0 (9.00-21.00), P<0.01] and increased their quality of life in the following domains: physical role functioning [100.0 (50.00-100.00) versus 62.5 (0.00-100.00), P<0.05], vitality [65.0 (58.75-90.00) versus 55.0 (21.25-67.50), P<0.0], mental health [78.0 (67.00-88.00) versus 62.0 (45.00-75.00), P<0.01], and social role functioning [88.0 (75.00-100.00) versus 69.0 (41.00-100.00), P<0.05]. Patients also improved their rates of sleep-related quality of life in general productivity [4.00 (3.63-4.00) versus 2.9 (2.03-3.75), P<0.01], social outcome [4.00 (4.00-4.00) versus 3.2 (2.00-4.00), P<0.01], activity level [3.7 (3.56-3.88) versus 2.8 (1.64-3.53), P<0.01], and vigilance [3.9 (3.55-4.00) versus 2.7 (2.03-3.67), P<0.01] when compared with the control group. The results suggest that moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea patients who undergo MMA have positive impacts on quality of life and daytime sleepiness when compared with preoperative patients.

A comprehensive evaluation of insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea and comorbid insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea in US military personnel.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to characterize the sleep disorders of insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and comorbid insomnia and OSA (COMISA) in active duty military personnel. METHODS: Prospective observational study of 309 military personnel with a mean age of 37.17 years (SD = 7.27). Participants served in four branches of the U.S. military (47.9% Air Force, 38.8% Army, 11.3% Navy, and 1.9% Marines). Sleep diagnoses were rendered after video-polysomnography and a clinical evaluation. Validated self-report measures assessed insomnia severity, excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep quality, disruptive nocturnal behaviors, nightmare disorder, shift work disorder (SWD), sleep impairment, fatigue, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, anxiety, depression, and traumatic brain injury (TBI). General linear models and Pearson chi-square tests were used for between-group differences in data analyses. RESULTS: Insomnia was diagnosed in 32.7%, OSA in 30.4% and COMISA in 36.9%. Compared to military personnel with OSA alone, those with insomnia only and COMISA had significantly greater insomnia severity, disruptive nocturnal behaviors, sleep-related impairment, rates of nightmare disorder, and poorer sleep quality (all Ps < .05). They also reported greater symptoms of fatigue, PTSD, anxiety, and depression (all Ps < .05). There were no significant differences among the three sleep disorder diagnostic groups on sleepiness, SWD, or TBI. CONCLUSIONS: Military personnel with insomnia only and COMISA overall report worsened symptoms of sleep disorders, sleep-related impairment, fatigue, and psychiatric disorders than those with OSA. Results highlight the importance of a comprehensive assessment for sleep-related impairment, sleep, and comorbid disorders in military personnel with clinically significant sleep disturbances.

Barriers to positive airway pressure adherence among veterans with sleep apnea: a mixed methods study.

Rates of adherence to positive airway pressure (PAP) for sleep apnea are suboptimal. Though previous studies have identified individual factors associated with PAP nonadherence, few projects have investigated a wide range of possible barriers directly from the patient perspective. We examined the range of factors that patients identify as barriers to optimal use of PAP as well as the solutions most commonly offered by providers. We employed a mixed methods design including semistructured interviews and medical record review at a US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Thirty patients identified as nonadherent to PAP participated. Patients were asked to report on current sleep problems, reasons for nonadherence, and solutions proposed by providers. Chart review was used to identify untreated apnea severity, Epworth Sleepiness Scale score, therapy hours, and residual apnea severity. Patients described physical and psychological barriers to adherent use at approximately equal rates: Mask leaks and dry throat/nose were common physical barriers, and anxiety/claustrophobia and worsening insomnia were common psychological barriers. Untreated apnea severity, residual apnea severity, and daytime sleepiness were not associated with therapy hours. Solutions offered by providers most frequently addressed physical barriers, and solutions to psychological barriers were rarely proposed. The most common solution offered by providers was trying different masks. We recommend individualized assessment of each patient's barriers to use as well as increased involvement of behavioral health providers in sleep medicine clinics.

Positive airway pressure (PAP) is an effective treatment for sleep apnea, but many patients have trouble tolerating it. We interviewed 30 veterans at a Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center who do not use their PAP every day. We interviewed them to identify the most common barriers to use. We also reviewed their medical records to investigate whether other factors, such as the severity of their apnea or their daytime sleepiness, were associated with number of hours of PAP use. In addition, we asked patients what their providers recommended to improve their PAP adherence. We categorized all reported barriers to PAP use into four main groups: physical, psychological, situational, and knowledge. Physical problems and psychological barriers were most commonly reported and were endorsed at approximately equal rates. None of the factors reviewed during chart review were associated with the number of hours PAP was used. The most common solution providers recommended was trying a different mask. Providers rarely suggested solutions to psychological barriers, such as insomnia or claustrophobia. We recommend that sleep medicine clinics involve behavioral health providers in sleep apnea care to help address psychological barriers to PAP use.

Anxiety and depressive symptoms on continuous positive airway pressure: long-term adherence in patients with sleep apnea syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is often associated to mood disorders and anxiety symptoms that may influence negatively the treatment approach. However, the relationship between anxiety, depression and adherence to treatment is still unclear. We investigate the presence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in newly diagnosed OSA patients and the link between psychological symptoms and acceptance or adherence to CPAP after one year. METHODS: A validated Italian questionnaire for anxiety and depressive symptoms was administered to 249 patients (69F) with a mean age of 57.2±12.2 and a mean AHI of 40.9±21.9 (ev*hr-1). The CPAP use in the first and last night of acclimatization and one year after prescription was 6.4±2.2, 6.9±1.4 and 5.3±2.2 hr, respectively. RESULTS: Anxiety symptoms were reported by 15.6% of patients, depressive symptoms by 6% while 12.5% reported both anxiety and depressive symptoms. Adherence to CPAP in the first night was not adequate in 19.7% of patients with relevant difference between groups: 16.4% in AD-,20.5% in A+,13.3% in D+ and 38.7% in AD+ (χ2=8.6; P=0.03). However, at the end of acclimatization period only 4.4% of patients utilized CPAP<5/h. One-year after prescription the adherence was adequate in 74.7% of patients without difference between groups. A Cox proportional hazard model demonstrated that AHI (OR=0.985, 95% CI: 0.97-0.99; P=0.03) and compliance to CPAP at the first night of use (OR=0.445; 95% CI: 0.246-0.8; P=0.007) are the only predictive factors of long-term compliance. CONCLUSIONS: Presence of anxiety and depressive symptoms should be checked before PAP titration since they may negatively influence the early acclimatization and adherence.

Comorbidities and quality of life in Australian men and women with diagnosed and undiagnosed high-risk obstructive sleep apnea.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: In a population-based survey, we determined sex differences in health profiles and quality of life between individuals who have a confirmed diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and those who are at high risk of OSA yet remain undiagnosed. METHODS: An online survey of Australian adults ≥ 18 years (n = 3,818) identified participants with self-reported diagnosed OSA (n = 460) or high-risk, undiagnosed OSA (OSA50 score ≥ 5, n = 1,015). Ever-diagnosed comorbidities, sociodemographics, and quality of life (EQ-5D-5L, Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire-10) were assessed. RESULTS: Women were more frequently represented in the high-OSA-risk group compared with those with diagnosed OSA (55.5%, n = 563, versus 43%, n = 198; P < .001). In sex-specific logistic regression analyses, diagnosed OSA was associated with increased likelihoods of ≥ 1 cardiovascular condition (odds ratio: 3.0; 95% confidence interval: 2.0-4.5), hypertension (1.9; 1.3-2.8), gout (1.8; 1.1-2.9), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3.8; 2.1-6.9) in men. In women, an association with asthma (2.0; 1.3-3.0) was seen. Diabetes, arthritis, mental health conditions (ever-diagnosed), and all EQ-5D-5L dimensions were associated with an OSA diagnosis regardless of sex, except for EQ-5D-5L anxiety/depression, which was only associated with an OSA diagnosis in women. A diagnosis of OSA was associated with sleepiness-related impairment (lowest quartile of Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire-10) in men (1.6; 1.01-2.5) and women (2.2; 1.4-3.6). CONCLUSIONS: Sex-specific health conditions may drive diagnosis of OSA; however, clinical suspicion of OSA needs to be increased in men and women. The impaired quality of life and persistent sleepiness in participants with diagnosed OSA observed at a population level requires greater clinical attention. CITATION: Krishnan S, Chai-Coetzer CL, Grivell N, et al. Comorbidities and quality of life in Australian men and women with diagnosed and undiagnosed high-risk obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(7):1757-1767.

A psychological view on the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions on positive airway pressure treatment adherence and sleep quality in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

Positive airway pressure treatment (CPAP) is the gold standard for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). CPAP is highly effective, but its issue lays in poor adherence rates mainly caused by its invasive nature and related stigma. In accordance with a biopsychosocial model of CPAP adherence, psychosocial interventions have been implemented to alleviate low rates of adherence with promising results. The increase in the number of psychosocial interventions has highlighted the need to systematically evaluate their effectiveness. This review aims to identify psychosocial interventions used to increase CPAP adherence, to compile available data on their effectiveness, and the reasons why they are effective. Moreover, the review evaluates the impact of the interventions on sleep quality. Experimental and quasi-experimental studies testing psychosocial interventions (excluding educational only interventions) that aimed to increase CPAP adherence in adults with obstructive sleep apnea vs. no intervention or control group were included. A literature search in PsycINFO, MEDLINE, COCHRANE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Web of Science was performed for studies published in English and French between 1980 and January 2020. Risk of bias and methodological quality were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools. Fourteen studies were included involving 1923 participants, six trials tested a motivational intervention, three trials tested a cognitive behavioral intervention and five others tested one of the following: relaxation, exposition therapy, phone coaching, audiotape or stage-matched intervention. Thirteen studies reported a positive effect of the intervention on CPAP adherence, while one reported no effect. Psychosocial interventions for CPAP adherence appear effective at increasing sleep quality, but more studies are needed to test this hypothesis. Reasons for the effectiveness of the interventions were pooled into five categories: time related, the intervention's adaptability, the patient's characteristics, the intervention's nature and characteristics and the intervention's specifics and target. The current review raises a significant gap between the biomedical and psychosocial domains. In fact, even in a psychosocial intervention study, the interpretation of the results revolves around biomedical models and very little consideration is given to biopsychosocial models. Our findings demonstrate the importance of examining the relationship between psychosocial variables and CPAP adherence to better tailor interventions to increase CPAP adherence.