Synthetic aporphine alkaloids are potential therapeutics for Leigh syndrome.

Mitochondrial diseases are mainly caused by dysfunction of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and have a variety of genetic variants or phenotypes. There are only a few approved treatments, and fundamental therapies are yet to be developed. Leigh syndrome (LS) is the most severe type of progressive encephalopathy. We previously reported that apomorphine, an anti- "off" agent for Parkinson's disease, has cell-protective activity in patient-derived skin fibroblasts in addition to strong dopamine agonist effect. We obtained 26 apomorphine analogs, synthesized 20 apomorphine derivatives, and determined their anti-cell death effect, dopamine agonist activity, and effects on the mitochondrial function. We found three novel apomorphine derivatives with an active hydroxy group at position 11 of the aporphine framework, with a high anti-cell death effect without emetic dopamine agonist activity. These synthetic aporphine alkaloids are potent therapeutics for mitochondrial diseases without emetic side effects and have the potential to overcome the low bioavailability of apomorphine. Moreover, they have high anti-ferroptotic activity and therefore have potential as a therapeutic agent for diseases related to ferroptosis.

Nuciferine Inhibits Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Partially through Suppressing the STAT3 Signaling Pathway.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) poses a significant obstacle to the worldwide healthcare system. Discovering efficient and non-toxic medications is crucial for managing OSCC. Nuciferine, an alkaloid with an aromatic ring, is present in the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera. It has been proven to play a role in multiple biological processes, including the inhibition of inflammation, regulation of the immune system, formation of osteoclasts, and suppression of tumors. Despite the demonstrated inhibitory effects of nuciferine on different types of cancer, there is still a need for further investigation into the therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of nuciferine in OSCC. Through a series of in vitro experiments, it was confirmed that nuciferine hindered the growth, movement, and infiltration, while enhancing the programmed cell death of OSCC cells. Furthermore, the administration of nuciferine significantly suppressed the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway in comparison to other signaling pathways. Moreover, the activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway by colivelin resulted in the reversal of nuciferine-suppressed OSCC behaviors. In vivo, we also showed the anti-OSCC impact of nuciferine using the cell-based xenograft (CDX) model in nude mice. Nonetheless, colivelin diminished the tumor-inhibiting impact of nuciferine, suggesting that nuciferine might partially impede the advancement of OSCC by suppressing the STAT3 signaling pathway. Overall, this research could offer a fresh alternative for the pharmaceutical management of OSCC.

Boldine Alters Serum Lipidomic Signatures after Acute Spinal Cord Transection in Male Mice.

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in wide-ranging cellular and systemic dysfunction in the acute and chronic time frames after the injury. Chronic SCI has well-described secondary medical consequences while acute SCI has unique metabolic challenges as a result of physical trauma, in-patient recovery and other post-operative outcomes. Here, we used high resolution mass spectrometry approaches to describe the circulating lipidomic and metabolomic signatures using blood serum from mice 7 d after a complete SCI. Additionally, we probed whether the aporphine alkaloid, boldine, was able to prevent SCI-induced changes observed using these 'omics platforms'. We found that SCI resulted in large-scale changes to the circulating lipidome but minimal changes in the metabolome, with boldine able to reverse or attenuate SCI-induced changes in the abundance of 50 lipids. Multiomic integration using xMWAS demonstrated unique network structures and community memberships across the groups.

An Overview of Chemistry, Kinetics, Toxicity and Therapeutic Potential of Boldine in Neurological Disorders.

Boldine is an alkaloid obtained from the medicinal herb Peumus boldus (Mol.) (Chilean boldo tree; boldo) and belongs to the family Monimiaceae. It exhibits a wide range of pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-diabetic properties. There is a dearth of information regarding its pharmacokinetics and toxicity in addition to its potential pharmacological activity. Boldine belongs to the aporphine alkaloid class and possesses lipophilic properties which enable its efficient absorption and distribution throughout the body, including the central nervous system. It exhibits potent free radical scavenging activity, thereby reducing oxidative stress and preventing neuronal damage. Through a variety of neuroprotective mechanisms, including suppression of AChE and BuChE activity, blocking of connexin-43 hemichannels, pannexin 1 channel, reduction of NF-κß mediated interleukin release, and glutamate excitotoxicity which successfully reduces neuronal damage. These results point to its probable application in reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Moreover, its effects on serotonergic, dopaminergic, opioid, and cholinergic receptors were further investigated in order to determine its applicability for neurobehavioral dysfunctions. The article investigates the pharmacokinetics of boldine and reveals that it has a low oral bioavailability and a short half-life, requiring regular dosage to maintain therapeutic levels. The review studies boldine's potential therapeutic uses and mode of action while summarizing its neuroprotective benefits.  Given the favorable results for boldine as a potential neurotherapeutic drug in laboratory animals, more research is required. However, in order to optimise its therapeutic potential, it must be more bioavailable with fewer detrimental side effects.

Structure-activity relationship, bioactivities, molecular mechanisms, and clinical application of nuciferine on inflammation-related diseases.

Nuciferine aporphine alkaloid mainly exists in Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn and is a beneficial to human health, such as anti-obesity, lowering blood lipid, prevention of diabetes and cancer, closely associated with inflammation. Importantly, nuciferine may contribute to its bioactivities by exerting intense anti-inflammatory activities in multiple models. However, no review has summarized the anti-inflammatory effect of nuciferine. This review critically summarized the information regarding the structure-activity relationships of dietary nuciferine. Moreover, biological activities and clinical application on inflammation-related diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, liver, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, as well as their potential mechanisms, involving oxidative stress, metabolic signaling, and gut microbiota has been reviewed. The current work provides a better understanding of the anti-inflammation properties of nuciferine against multiple diseases, thereby improving the utilization and application of nuciferine-containing plants across functional food and medicine.

Possible therapeutics for Pseudomyxoma peritonei: a rare, lethal, and the least investigated disease

Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) refers to a growth disorder characterized by glycoprotein neoplasm in the peritoneum, where mucin oversecretion occurs. The tumors of the appendix region are well associated with PMP; however, ovarian, colon, stomach, pancreas, and urachus tumors have also been linked to PMP. Other mucinous tumors in the pelvis, paracolic gutters, greater omentum, retrohepatic space, and Treitz ligament can be the reason for PMP. Despite being rare and having a slow growth rate, PMP can be lethal without treatment. It is treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy with the option of cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy. In the current study, we hypothesize that there may be novel gentle ways to inhibit or eliminate the mucin. Dr. David Morris has used mucolytics - such as bromelain and N-acetyl cysteine to solubilize mucin. In the present review, we aimed to study the regulation of mucin expression by promoter methylation, and drugs that can inhibit mucin, such as boldine, amiloride, naltrexone, dexamethasone, and retinoid acid receptors antagonist. This review also explored some possible pathways, such as inhibition of Na + , Ca2+ channels and induction of DNA methyltransferase along with inhibition of ten-eleven translocation enzymes, which can be good targets to control mucin. Mucins are strong adhesive molecules that play great roles in clinging to cells or cell to cell. Besides, they have been greatly involved in metastasis and also act as disease markers for cancers. Diagnostic markers may have exclusive roles in disease initiation and progression. Therefore, the present review explores various drugs to control and target mucin in various diseases, specifically cancers. (AU)

Magnoflorine improves cognitive deficits and pathology of Alzheimer's disease via inhibiting of JNK signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive deficit is the main clinical feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the massive death of neuronal cells is the leading cause of cognitive deficits. So, there is an urgent clinical need to discover effective drugs to protect brain neurons from damage in order to treat AD. Naturally-derived compounds have always been an important source of new drug discovery because of their diverse pharmacological activities, reliable efficacy and low toxicity. Magnoflorine is a quaternary aporphine alkaloid, which naturally exist in some commonly used herbal medicines, and has good anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, magnoflorine has not been reported in AD. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: To investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of magnoflorine on AD. METHODS: Neuronal damage was detected by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and western blotting. Oxidative stress was measured by detection of SOD and MDA, as well as JC-1 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining. The APP/PS1 mice were given drugs by intraperitoneal injection (I.P.) every day for one month, and then the new object recognition and Morris water maze were used to detect the cognitive ability of the mice. RESULTS: We demonstrated that magnoflorine reduced Aß-induced PC12 cell apoptosis and intracellular ROS generation. Further studies found that magnoflorine significantly improved cognitive deficits and AD-type pathology. Most interestingly, the efficacy of magnoflorine was better than that of the clinical control drug donepezil. Mechanistically, based on RNA-sequencing analysis, we found that magnoflorine significantly inhibited phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in AD models. This result was further validated using a JNK inhibitor. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that magnoflorine improves cognitive deficits and pathology of AD through inhibiting of JNK signaling pathway. Thus, magnoflorine may be a potential therapeutic candidate for AD.

Nuciferine alleviates intestinal inflammation by inhibiting MAPK/NF-κB and NLRP3/Caspase 1 pathways in vivo and in vitro.

Nuciferine (NCF) is an aporphine alkaloid and a principal bioactive constituent in the lotus plant. Herewith, we investigated the potential anti-inflammatory effect and underlying mechanisms of NCF employing dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in mice, a predominant intestinal inflammatory disease, and mouse RAW 264.7 cells in vitro. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to generate an inflammatory response in the RAW 264.7 cells. The disease activity index (DAI), colon morphology, colonoscopy, and colon histopathology were performed to assess experimental colitis. The biochemical assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunoblot analysis were performed to understand the underlying mechanisms. In RAW 264.7 cells, NCF pretreatment significantly decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), the expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interfered with the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and NOD-like family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathways. The oral treatment of NCF substantially alleviated the DSS-induced DAI, increased colon length, and restored colon morphology and histology. Compared to the DSS-induced mice, the proteins involved in the activation of MAPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways and the cytokines were markedly decreased in the NCF-treated mice. Moreover, the tight junction architecture of the colon was well-maintained in NCF treatment groups by regulating the expression of claudin-1 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) proteins. All these findings suggest that NCF can be a promising molecule to modulate ulcerative colitis.

Advocacy for the Medicinal Plant Artabotrys hexapetalus (Yingzhao) and Antimalarial Yingzhaosu Endoperoxides.

The medicinal plant Artabotrys hexapetalus (synonyms: A.uncinatus and A. odoratissimus) is known as yingzhao in Chinese. Extracts of the plant have long been used in Asian folk medicine to treat various symptoms and diseases, including fevers, microbial infections, ulcers, hepatic disorders and other health problems. In particular, extracts from the roots and fruits of the plant are used for treating malaria. Numerous bioactive natural products have been isolated from the plant, mainly aporphine (artabonatines, artacinatine) and benzylisoquinoline (hexapetalines) alkaloids, terpenoids (artaboterpenoids), flavonoids (artabotrysides), butanolides (uncinine, artapetalins) and a small series of endoperoxides known as yingzhaosu A-to-D. These natural products confer antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties to the plant extracts. The lead compound yingzhaosu A displays marked activities against the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. berghei. Total syntheses have been developed to access yingzhaosu compounds and analogues, such as the potent compound C14-epi-yingzhaosu A and simpler molecules with a dioxane unit. The mechanism of action of yingzhaosu A points to an iron(II)-induced degradation leading to the formation of two alkylating species, an unsaturated ketone and a cyclohexyl radical, which can then react with vital parasitic proteins. A bioreductive activation of yingzhaosu A endoperoxide can also occur with the heme iron complex. The mechanism of action of yingzhaosu endoperoxides is discussed, to promote further chemical and pharmacological studies of these neglected, but highly interesting bioactive compounds. Yingzhaosu A/C represent useful templates for designing novel antimalarial drugs.

Stephalagine, an aporphinic alkaloid with therapeutic effects in acute gout arthritis in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Gout is an inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of monosodium urate crystals (MSU) in the joints, leading to severe pain and inflammation. Stephalagine is a Brazilian Savanna aporphine alkaloid isolated from Annona crassiflora Mart. Fruit peel, that has been popularly used to treat rheumatism and have been described with antinociceptive properties. However, no studies evaluated the possible therapeutic properties of stephalagine in arthritic pain. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the possible antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of stephalagine in an acute gout attack in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult male wild type C57BL/6/J/UFU mice (20-25 g) were used (process number 018/17). The treated group received stephalagine (1 mg/kg, by gavage) and the vehicle group received saline (10 mL/kg, by gavage), both 1 h before the MSU crystals (100 µg/ankle joint) administration. All groups were analyzed for mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, overt pain-like behaviors, and edema development at 2, 4, 6 and 24 h after injections. Synovial fluid and the ankle articulation from the injected joint were collected 4 h after administrations for myeloperoxidase enzyme activity, IL-1ß measurement, and histological analysis. RESULTS: Stephalagine had a significant antinociceptive effect on mechanical allodynia, when compared to vehicle group at 2-24 h after intra-articular injection of MSU and 2 h for spontaneous and cold thermal sensitivity. Stephalagine was also able to significantly reduce the articular edema (45 ± 1%), the activity of the myeloperoxidase enzyme (37 ± 6%), and IL-1ß levels (43 ± 3%). The histological analysis confirms that stephalagine dramatically reduced the number of infiltrating inflammatory cells (75 ± 6%) in MSU injected animals. Also, stephalagine treatment did not alter the uric acid levels, xanthine oxidase activity, AST and ALT activities, urea and creatinine levels, neither cause any macroscopic changes in the mice's weight, deformations, changes in the coat, or feces. CONCLUSION: Stephalagine may be an alternative for the management of gout, once it was able to induce antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects without causing adverse effects on the evaluated parameters.

Nuciferine Inhibits TMEM16A in Dietary Adjuvant Therapy for Lung Cancer.

Lung cancer is a malignant tumor with the highest morbidity and mortality rates. Food therapy is a common adjuvant treatment for lung cancer due to its safety and painlessness. Developing new functional food and exploring novel drug targets is important for lung cancer adjuvant therapy. This study confirmed that the active ingredient nuciferine of the lotus leaf was a novel TMEM16A inhibitor by whole-cell patch clamp experiments and site-directed mutagenesis experiments. CCK8 assay, colony formation assay, wound healing assay, and Annexin-V assay were combined to prove that nuciferine inhibited the proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells and promoted cancer cell apoptosis by targeting TMEM16A. Moreover, the combination of nuciferine and cisplatin significantly enhanced the anti-cancer effect of cisplatin. In addition, the signal transduction pathway of nuciferine regulating LA795 cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis was confirmed by western blot experiments. In vivo experiments showed that nuciferine was a safe and effective natural anti-cancer product for lung cancer. Tissue section pathological detection and pharmacokinetic experiments verified that intragastric administration of nuciferine significantly enhanced the cancer therapy effect of cisplatin and counteracted the toxicity of high concentrations of cisplatin. Therefore, nuciferine is an ideal functional food for adjuvant lung cancer treatment.

Nuciferine, an active ingredient derived from lotus leaf, lights up the way for the potential treatment of obesity and obesity-related diseases.

Obesity, is an increasingly global public health problem associated complications. However, the proven anti-obesity agents are inefficient with adverse side effects; hence attention is being paid to novel drugs from natural resources to manage obesity and obesity-related diseases. Nuciferine (NF) is a high-quality aporphine alkaloid present in lotus leaf. Unlike the chemical drugs, NF elicits anti-obesity, anti-dyslipidemia, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hypouricemic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects, and affinity to neural receptors, and protection against obesity-related diseases. The underlying mechanism of NF includes the regulation of targeted molecules and pathways related to metabolism, inflammation, and cancer and modulation of Ca2+ flux, gut microbiota, and ferroptosis. Besides, the clinical application, availability, pharmacokinetics, pharmaceutics, and security of NF have been established, highlighting the potential of developing NF as an anti-obesity agent. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive summarization, which sheds light on future research in NF.

Oxocrebanine: A Novel Dual Topoisomerase inhibitor, Suppressed the Proliferation of Breast Cancer Cells MCF-7 by Inducing DNA Damage and Mitotic Arrest.

BACKGROUND: DNA topoisomerase (Topo) inhibition plays key role in breast cancer treatment. Stephania hainanensis H. S. Lo et Y. Tsoong (S. hainanensis), a Li nationality plant that has abundant aporphine alkaloids, can inhibit Topo. PURPOSE: To identify a dual Topo inhibitor, a deep and systematic study of active aporphine alkaloids in S. hainanensis and their mechanisms of inhibiting breast cancer proliferation and Topo activity are essential. STUDY DESIGN: This study aimed to assess the anti-breast cancer and Topo inhibitory activities of oxocrebanine and explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: The growth inhibitory activities of 12 compounds in S. hainanensis were screened by MTT assay in MCF-7, SGC-7901, HepG-2 cells, and compared with the effects on human normal mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells as non cancer control cells. The Topo inhibitory activity was assessed by DNA relaxation and unwinding assays, kDNA decatenation assay and western blot. Cell cycle and autophagy analyses were carried out with flow cytometry and staining. Acridine orange staining and α-tubulin morphology were observed by fluorescence microscopy. Western blot was used to examine microtubule assembly dynamics and the expression levels of key proteins associated with DNA damage, autophagy and mitotic arrest. RESULTS: Oxocrebanine was the anti-breast cancer active alkaloid in S. hainanensis. It exhibited the best inhibitory effect on MCF-7 cells with an IC50 of 16.66 µmol/l, and had only weak effect on the proliferation of MCF-10A cells. Oxocrebanine inhibited Topo I and II α in a cell-free system and in MCF-7 cells. The DNA unwinding assay suggested that oxocrebanine intercalated with DNA as a catalytic inhibitor. Oxocrebanine regulated the levels of Topo I and IIα and DNA damage-related proteins. Oxocrebanine led to the mitotic arrest, and these effects occurred through both p53-dependent and p53-independent pathways. Oxocrebanine induced autophagy, abnormal α-tubulin morphology and stimulated enhanced microtubule dynamics. CONCLUSION: Oxocrebanine was the anti-breast cancer active aporphine alkaloid in S. hainanensis. Oxocrebanine was a Topo I/IIα dual inhibitor, catalytic inhibitor and DNA intercalator. Oxocrebanine caused DNA damage, autophagy, and mitotic arrest in MCF-7 cells. Oxocrebanine also disrupted tubulin polymerization. Accordingly, oxocrebanine held a great potential for development as a novel dual Topo inhibitor for effective breast cancer treatment.

Effects of Boldine on Antioxidants and Allied Inflammatory Markers in Mouse Models of Asthma.

Asthma is marked by chronic irritation in the airway lumen of the lungs due to the accretion of inflammatory cells that influence the regular inhalation process. An extended buildup of inflammation leads to oxidative pressure and the repression of antioxidant functions. In the current study, a potential compound, boldine, was tested for the containment of provocative markers along the path of antiasthmatic activity in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mice model. As an effect, the boldine (10 and 20 mg/kg) treatment suppressed inflammatory cells such as eosinophil, macrophage, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and other inflammatory markers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of OVA-induced mice. Likewise, immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were drastically condensed in the serum of boldine-treated animals. Levels of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH), were upregulated in the boldine treatment group compared to the asthmatic control group, which displays the antioxidant effects of boldine on asthmatic animals. Interestingly, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels were repressed in the BALF of boldine-treated mice groups. Therefore, the effects of boldine are significant for the management of asthma, reducing the accrual of inflammatory cells, along with other inflammatory markers, while improving antioxidant markers and containing ROS. Hence, boldine may be an option for clinical trials of chronic asthma management.

Identification and characterization of plant-derived alkaloids, corydine and corydaline, as novel mu opioid receptor agonists.

Pain remains a key therapeutic area with intensive efforts directed toward finding effective and safer analgesics in light of the ongoing opioid crisis. Amongst the neurotransmitter systems involved in pain perception and modulation, the mu-opioid receptor (MOR), a G protein-coupled receptor, represents one of the most important targets for achieving effective pain relief. Most clinically used opioid analgesics are agonists to the MOR, but they can also cause severe side effects. Medicinal plants represent important sources of new drug candidates, with morphine and its semisynthetic analogues as well-known examples as analgesic drugs. In this study, combining in silico (pharmacophore-based virtual screening and docking) and pharmacological (in vitro binding and functional assays, and behavioral tests) approaches, we report on the discovery of two naturally occurring plant alkaloids, corydine and corydaline, as new MOR agonists that produce antinociceptive effects in mice after subcutaneous administration via a MOR-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, corydine and corydaline were identified as G protein-biased agonists to the MOR without inducing ß-arrestin2 recruitment upon receptor activation. Thus, these new scaffolds represent valuable starting points for future chemical optimization towards the development of novel opioid analgesics, which may exhibit improved therapeutic profiles.

The role of resistin on metabolic syndrome-induced erectile dysfunction and the possible therapeutic effect of Boldine.

BACKGROUND: Resistin is known as a potential mediator of obesity-associated insulin resistance. The high resistin level disrupts nitric oxide (NO)-mediated relaxation which is also important in erectile function. An antioxidant alkaloid, Boldine, is known as anti-diabetic and protects endothelial functions. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate resistin expression in penile tissue in the presence of insulin resistance (IR) and the effect of Boldine treatment on erectile functions in the metabolic syndrome (MetS) rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: Control, MetS, and boldine treated MetS group. MetS parameters were assessed by serum triglycerides (TG), uric acid (UA), glucose, insulin levels, HOMA index, and waist circumference (WC)/tibia length (TL) ratio. To evaluate erectile functions, intracavernous pressure (ICP)/mean arterial pressure (MAP) ratio was performed during cavernous nerve stimulation. Protein expressions of resistin, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), p(S1177) eNOS, and insulin receptor-ß were evaluated by Western blotting. RESULTS: TG, glucose, insulin levels, weight, WC/TL ratio, HOMA index and resistin expression in penile tissue were significantly increased and ICP/MAP values, and p (S1177) eNOS expression in penile tissue were decreased in MetS group. Boldine treatment enhanced ICP/MAP values, insulin receptor-ß and p(S1177) eNOS expressions compared with the MetS group. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: MetS caused a deterioration in erectile function accompanied by an increase in resistin expression and a reduction in eNOS enzyme activation in the rat penile tissues. Boldine treatment resulted in an improvement in erectile function, independent of resistin expression.

Nuciferine prevents bone loss by disrupting multinucleated osteoclast formation and promoting type H vessel formation.

Recently, type H vessels were reported to couple angiogenesis and osteogenesis during osteoclastogenesis, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (Trap)+ preosteoclasts were found to secrete increased PDGF-BB to promote type H vessel formation. Therefore, utilization of type H vessels may be a strategy to treat diseases involving bone loss. In the present study, we found that nuciferine, a natural bioactive compound, has various effects, including inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and promoting type H vessel formation. Nuciferine inhibited osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption but increased the relative number of Trap+ preosteoclasts. Nuciferine restrained the expression of osteoclast-specific genes and proteins, promoted PDGF-BB production and potentiated related angiogenic activities by inhibiting the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in vitro. We confirmed the bone-protective effects of nuciferine in ovariectomized mice and found that nuciferine treatment increased the PDGF-BB concentration and the number of type H vessels in the femur. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that nuciferine can decrease multinucleated osteoclast formation and promote type H vessel formation through preservation of Trap+ preosteoclasts via inhibition of the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways and may be an excellent agent for the treatment of diseases involving bone loss.

Hepatoprotective effect of boldine against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in wistar rats.

Discovering the utmost effective and targeted chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma is still a significant challenge. In the present study, diethylnitrosamine was used as a liver carcinogen and boldine a compound of boldo. We anticipated the hypothesis that boldine endow antiproliferative and promote apoptosis on hepatocarcinoma rats. We analyzed that boldine alters the tumor biomarkers and liver markers enzyme levels. Also, we determined boldine modulate the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant activities, as well as messenger RNA and protein expressions of Bcl2, Bax, and cleaved caspase 3 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, respectively. It was also manifested by histopathology studies in liver tissues of HCC rats. Our finding suggested that boldine has antioxidant activity, and moreover, also contributes apoptotic nature by upregulating the protein expression of Bax, and cleaved caspase 3. Our data accomplishes that boldine a candidate drug has dynamic therapeutic activity and suitable for the treatment of HCC.

Use of magnoflorine-phospholipid complex to permeate blood-brain barrier and treat depression in the CUMS animal model.

To improve the liposolubility and blood-brain barrier permeability of magnoflorine, a new formulation of magnoflorine-phospholipid complex was prepared, characterized, and pharmacologically evaluated in the chronic unpredictable mild stress animal model. In this paper, the magnoflorine-phospholipid complex was synthesized and its characterization was determined. The antidepressant-like and antioxidant activity of magnoflorine-phospholipid complex was investigated by behavioral tests and western blotting analysis. As a result, the magnoflorine-phospholipid complex displayed high encapsulation efficiency and significantly improved the oil-water participate coefficient. In vivo blood-brain distribution study, the magnoflorine-phospholipid complex extended the duration of magnoflorine in blood and help magnoflorine to permeate the blood-brain barrier into brain. In behavioral tests, the magnoflorine-phospholipid complex significantly decreased immobility time compared to model control group in both FST and TST. Furthermore, the magnoflorine-phospholipid complex increased the expression of antioxidative stress-related proteins by the western blotting analysis. These findings strongly suggest that the phospholipid complex could significantly improve liposolubility, drug properties of magnoflorine and help magnoflorine permeate blood-brain barrier and exert the antidepressant effect.

Aporphines and Alzheimer's Disease: Towards a Medical Approach Facing the Future.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that reduces progressively the part cognitive inside the Central Nervous System (CNS) and that affects the memories and emotions of the patients who endure this disease. Many drugs have been assessed in patients with different evolutionary grades of the disease, having diverse results, depending on the used compound. Some of them afford dependence and many others with side effects that affect the emotional part and the economic cost of the treatment. The natural products have diversified their therapeutic uses, and have been used in the treatment of AD in accordance with its easy medical administration and bioavailability. In this review, the use of aporphines in nature for treating Alzheimer's disease, alkaloids isolated from natural and/or synthetic sources have been used principally as cholinesterase inhibitors (acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase) as galantamine, for instance, though its use has been questioned for being slightly effective or marginal. The use of aporphines give the possibility of generating new treatments with nitrogenous chemical structures of diverse complexity and that are focused in this review comparatively and with real therapeutic scopes.