Hallmarks in the history of orthopaedic implants for trauma and joint replacement.

This manuscript represents an attempt to review orthopaedic implants and reconstructive orthopaedic surgery for lower limbs lesions or trauma mainly in the 20th century. We emphasized on the type of implants, the biomaterials and their evolution, and we also engaged in a special reference for the pioneers of orthopaedic implant surgery and the innovative designers of those implants, in such a way to understand the ways and the stages through which they evolved to their present forms, as well as the scientific principles that affected their design and progress. A correlation between the evolution of implants and several relevant disciplines (biomaterial chemists and engineers, biomechanics) that developed simultaneously with orthopaedic reconstructive joint surgery is present since the first attempts to reconstruct a damaged joint. In the future, further progress is anticipated in the use of biomaterials, more compatible towards human biology, with minimally invasive applications and a perpetually increased life span. This progress depicts a phenomenon directly related to a multilevel, multifactorial and interdisciplinary scientific and technological field with many expectations.

Three-and four-part proximal humerus fractures: evolution to operative care.

The recent increase in life expectancy is expected to bring about a concurrent rise in the number of proximal humerus fractures. Those presenting with significant displacement, osteoporosis, and comminution present distinct clinical challenges, and the optimal treatment of these injuries remains controversial. As implant technologies and treatment strategies continue to evolve, the role and appropriateness of certain operative and nonoperative treatment modalities are being debated. Prior concerns regarding humeral head viability forced many physicians to abandon operative management in favor of nonoperative modalities. However, with greater appreciation and understanding of the factors governing humeral head viability, operative intervention is increasingly used and investigated. Nevertheless, sub-optimal results with earlier implants continue to cloud the debate between nonoperative and operative treatment modalities. This paper will review historical considerations, biologic considerations, and implant considerations in the management of three-and four-part proximal humerus fractures.

A history of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Management of the cuff-deficient arthritic shoulder has long been challenging. Early unconstrained shoulder arthroplasty systems were associated with high complication and implant failure rates. The evolution toward the modern reverse shoulder arthroplasty includes many variables of constrained shoulder arthroplasty designs. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: This review explores the development of reverse shoulder arthroplasty, specifically describing (1) the evolution of reverse shoulder arthroplasty designs, (2) the biomechanical variations in the evolution of this arthroplasty, and (3) the current issues relevant to reverse shoulder arthroplasty today. METHODS: Using a PubMed search, the literature was explored for articles addressing reverse shoulder arthroplasty, focusing on those papers with historical context. RESULTS: Results of the early designs were apparently poor, although they were not subjected to rigorous clinical research and usually reported only in secondary literature. We identified a trend of glenoid component failure in the early reverse designs. This trend was recognized and reported by authors as the reverse shoulder evolved. Authors reported greater pain relief and better function in reverse shoulder arthroplasty with the fundamental change of Grammont's design (moving the center of rotation medially and distally). However, current reports suggest lingering concerns and challenges with today's designs. CONCLUSIONS: The history of reverse shoulder arthroplasty involves the designs of many forward-thinking surgeons. Many of these highly constrained systems failed, although more recent designs have demonstrated improved longevity and implant performance. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty requires ongoing study, with challenges and controversies remaining around present-day designs.

Grammont's idea: The story of Paul Grammont's functional surgery concept and the development of the reverse principle.

BACKGROUND: The increased use of the reverse prosthesis over the last 10 years is due to a large series of publications using the reverse prosthesis developed by Paul Grammont. However, there is no article reporting the story of the concepts developed by Grammont. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The purposes of this review are to describe the principles developed by Grammont, the chronology of development, and the biomechanical concepts and studies that led to the current design of the reverse prosthesis. METHODS: We selectively reviewed literature and provide personal observations. RESULTS: From phylogenetic observations, Grammont developed the principle of functional surgery applied to the rotator cuff tears. To increase the deltoid lever arm, he imagined two possibilities: the lateralization of the acromion, which facilitates the action of the rotator cuff, and the medialization of the center of rotation, which has been developed to respond to situations of rotator cuff deficiency. Grammont proposed the use of an acromiohumeral prosthesis, which was quickly abandoned due to problems of acromial loosening. Finally, Grammont used the principle of reverse prosthesis developed in the 1970s, but made a major change by medializing the center of rotation in a nonanatomic location. In 1985, Grammont validated the concept by an experimental study and the first model using a cemented sphere was implanted. CONCLUSIONS: The development of the modern reverse prosthesis is the result of the intellectual and experimental work conducted by Grammont and his team for 20 years. Knowledge of this history is essential to envision future developments.

History of cervical disc arthroplasty.

Enthusiasm for cervical disc arthroplasty is based on the premise that motion-preserving devices attenuate the progression of adjacent-segment disease (ASD) in the cervical spine. Arthrodesis, on the other hand, results in abnormal load transfer on adjacent segments, leading to the acceleration of ASD. It has taken several decades of pioneering work to produce clinically relevant devices that mimic the kinematics of the intervertebral disc. The goal of this work is to trace the origins of cervical arthroplasty technology and highlight the attributes of devices currently available in the market.

Historical development of alloplastic temporomandibular joint replacement after 1945 and state of the art.

The variety of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) prostheses and condylar reconstruction plates available is in contradiction to their rare application. This emphasizes that alloplastic TMJ reconstruction is still evolving. This article reviews the history of TMJ reconstruction. Medline as well as public and private libraries have been searched. Current systems are reviewed. Prosthetic devices can be differentiated into fossa-eminence prostheses, ramus prostheses and condylar reconstruction plates, and total joint prostheses. Fossa and total joint prostheses are recommended when the glenoid fossa is exposed due to excessive stress (degenerative disorders, arthritis, ankylosis, multiply operated pain patients). Singular replacement of the condyle is preferred as a temporary solution in ablative surgery. The use of prosthetic devices for long-term replacement should be restricted to selected cases, taking care to retain the disk, in order to prevent penetration into the middle cranial fossa. The term 'condylar reconstruction plate' reflects this more clearly than 'ramus prosthesis' which suggests permanent reconstruction. Long-term studies comparing the functional and aesthetic results of the various prostheses and condylar reconstruction plates are not available, which leaves the choice to personal experience.

Historical development of alloplastic temporomandibular joint replacement before 1945.

Resections of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) have been carried out for about 150 years. This article reviews the beginning of TMJ surgery technique before 1945 by carrying out extensive inquiries in public and private libraries and collections. Before 1945 the technique of alloplastic reconstruction of the TMJ was mainly influenced by German and French surgeons. Reconstruction was limited to replacement of the condyle. The role of the TMJ within the orofacial system was not considered. Interposition of alloplastic implants, resection dressings and prostheses were the dominant technique. The main concerns were sterilisation, biocompatibility and implant fixation. No evidence-based data on outcomes are available from that time. By 1945 reconstruction of the TMJ involved the close cooperation of surgeons and dentists.

Total wrist arthroplasty.

In the article, I review the history of total wrist arthroplasty designs; give an overview of and design rationale for the ReMotion (Small Bone Innovations, Morrisville, PA) total wrist arthroplasty; describe the indications, technique, and postoperative care for this implant; and present some early, very encouraging results.

Acrylic bone cement: clinical development and current status in North America.

This article discusses issues surrounding acrylic bone cement and covers functional results, mechanism and definition of failure, design issues, wear and alternate bearing surfaces, revision, and evolution of concepts regarding infection, dislocation, thromboembolic issues, surgical approach, bone loss and bone grafts, and finally a couple of problems the author sees for the future.