Trends in Breastfeeding Interventions, Skin-to-Skin Care, and Sudden Infant Death in the First 6 Days after Birth.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if implementation of skin-to-skin care and the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) contributes to sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) and asphyxia in the first 6 days after birth. STUDY DESIGN: Survey data were used to determine a correlation between BFHI and deaths from SUID and asphyxia among infants <7 days in the US and Massachusetts. Using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, implementation of BFHI was tracked from 2004-2016 and skin-to-skin care was tracked from 2007-2015. Using data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER and the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, SUID and asphyxia were tracked from 2004-2016. RESULTS: Nationally, births in Baby-Friendly facilities rose from 1.8% to 18.3% and the percentage of facilities in which most dyads experienced skin-to-skin care rose from 40% to 83%. SUID prevalence among infants <7 days was rare (0.72% of neonatal deaths) and decreased significantly from 2004-2009 compared with 2010-2016, from 0.033 per 1000 live births to 0.028, OR 0.85 (95% CI 0.77, 0.94). In Massachusetts, births in Baby-Friendly facilities rose from 2.8% to 13.9% and skin-to-skin care rose from 50% to 97.8%. SUID prevalence decreased from 2010-2016 compared with 2004-2009: OR 0.32 (95% CI 0.13, 0.82), with 0 asphyxia deaths during the 13-year period. CONCLUSION: Increasing rates of breastfeeding initiatives and skin-to-skin care are temporally associated with decreasing SUID prevalence in the first 6 days after birth in the US and Massachusetts.

Peligro de asfixia: conocimiento de los padres sobre la aspiración de cuerpos extraños en niños / Choking hazard: parental knowledge on foreign body aspiration in children / Perigo de asfixia: o conhecimento dos pais sobre aspiração de corpos estranhos em crianças

La aspiración de un cuerpo extraño es una causa importante y prevenible de morbimortalidad en la infancia. Uno de los factores de riesgo principales de la asfixia es la falta de conocimiento de los padres y cuidadores acerca de los objetos peligrosos, las situaciones de riesgo y los signos clínicos de un cuerpo extraño en la vía aérea. Para evitar eventos de asfixia y realizar diagnósticos oportunos para el manejo adecuado, el conocimiento en la comunidad acerca de esta problemática debe aumentar. Evaluamos el conocimiento de los padres sobre la aspiración de cuerpos extraños en niños a fin de proponer estrategias de prevención y evitar nuevos accidentes.

The aspiration of a foreign body is an important and preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in childhood. One of the major risk factors of asphyxia is that parents or caregivers may lack knowledge of the dangerous nature of many objects, risk situations, and clinical signs of a foreign body in the airway. To avoid choking events and make an early and adequate diagnosis for the proper management of this unfortunate event, community awareness should be increased. We evaluate how much parents know about the aspiration of foreign bodies in children in order to propose prevention strategies as well as to avoid further accidents.

A aspiração de corpo estranho é uma causa importante e evitável de morbidade e mortalidade na infância. Um dos principais fatores de risco de asfixia é a falta de conhecimento dos pais e cuidadores sobre objetos perigosos, situações de risco e sinais clínicos de um corpo estranho na via aérea. Para evitar a asfixia eventos e fazer diagnósticos atempados para a correcta gestão, o conhecimento da comunidade sobre este problema deve aumentar. Nós avaliar o conhecimento dos pais sobre aspiração de corpo estranho em crianças, a fim de propor estratégias para a prevenção e evitar novos acidentes.

Messaging Affects the Behavior of African American Parents with Regards to Soft Bedding in the Infant Sleep Environment: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of specific health messages on the decisions of African American parents regarding soft bedding use, specifically related to the high degree of self-efficacy that African American parents have with regards to preventing infant suffocation vs low self-efficacy with regards to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) risk reduction. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a randomized, controlled clinical trial of African American mothers of infants. The control group received standard messaging emphasizing safe sleep practices recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics for the purposes of SIDS risk reduction. The intervention group received enhanced messaging emphasizing safe sleep practices for both SIDS risk reduction and suffocation prevention. Participants completed interviews at 2-3 weeks, 2-3 months, and 5-6 months after the infant's birth. RESULTS: Of 1194 mothers enrolled, 637 completed all interviews. The use of soft bedding both in the past week and last night declined with age (P < .001). Infants in the enhanced group had a lower rate of use of soft bedding in the past week (P = .006) and last night (P = .013). Mothers who received the enhanced message were more likely to state that they avoided soft bedding to protect their infant from suffocation. CONCLUSIONS: African American mothers who receive an enhanced message about SIDS risk reduction and suffocation prevention are less likely to use soft bedding in their infant's sleep environment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01361880.

Nicotinamide prevents the effect of perinatal asphyxia on dopamine release evaluated with in vivo microdialysis 3 months after birth.

The present study shows that nicotinamide prevents the long-term effect of perinatal asphyxia on dopamine release monitored with in vivo microdialysis in the neostriatum of 3-month-old rats. Perinatal asphyxia was induced by immersing foetuses-containing uterine horns removed from ready-to-deliver rats into a water bath for 16 or 20 min. Sibling, spontaneous, and caesarean-delivered pups were used as controls. Saline or nicotinamide (0.8 mmol/kg, i.p.) was administered to control and asphyxia-exposed animals 24, 48, and 72 h after birth. After weaning, the rats were randomly distributed in laboratory cages for animal care under standard ad libitum laboratory conditions. Approximately 3 months after birth, control and asphyxia-exposed animals were implanted with microdialysis probes into the lateral neostriatum for measuring extracellular monoamine and metabolite levels with HPLC-coupled to an electrochemical detection system under basal, D-amphetamine, and K(+)-depolarising conditions. There was an asphyxia-dependent decrease of extracellular dopamine levels, mainly observed during the periods when D-amphetamine (100 microM) or KCl (100 mM) was added into the perfusion medium. Compared to that observed in caesarean-delivered controls, the effect of D-amphetamine on dopamine levels was decreased by approximately 30 and 70% in animals exposed to 16 and 20 min of perinatal asphyxia, respectively. The effect of K(+)-depolarisation was decreased by 45 and 83% in animals exposed to the same periods of asphyxia, respectively. Both effects were prevented by nicotinamide, even if the treatment started 24 h after the insult. The present results support the idea of nicotinamide as an interesting molecule, useful for protecting against anoxia/ischemia occurring at neonatal stages. Nicotinamide can help to restore NADH/NAD+ depletion, but also to inhibit PARP-1 overactivation, a mechanism of action that has attracted attention, representing a novel target for neuroprotection following insults involving energy failure.

Prevençäo de acidentes na infância / P

O objetivo dos autores nesta revisäo é comentar a importância dos acidentes na prática pediátrica, destacar os tipos mais comuns de acidentes em cada faixa etária, bem como as medidas mais importantes para preveni-los, e salientar o papel do pediatra na prevençäo dos mesmos

Asfixia por inmersión en Jalisco: 1983-1989 / Drowning in Jalisco: 1983-1989

El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar a los factores prevenibles que intervienen en la muerte a causa de asfixia por inmersión. Se revisaron los expedientes de 895 autopsias realizadas de 1983 a 1989 por el Departamento Médico Forense de la Procuraduría General de Justicia del estado de Jalisco. Durante estos siete años, la tasa anual de mortalidad por esta causa se mantuvo alrededor de 2.6 por 100 000 habitantes. El sexo masculino mostró una mayor tasa anual de mortalidad (4.2 por 100 000) que el femenino (1.1 por 100 000). El grupo etario con mayor mortalidad fue el de uno a cuatro años (7.6 por 100 000). Las muertes estudiadas mostraron una clara agrupación estacional durante verano. El mayor número de ahogamientos ocurrió en aljibes (19.3%), presas-lagos (16.9%), ríos-canales (14.3%), pozos-norias (12.5%) y albercas (10.1%). El 30 por ciento de las muertes ocurrió en el hogar. El 63.0 por ciento de los mayores de 14 años tenía alguna cantidad de alcoholemia y la mayor proporción la encontramos entre los 35 y 44 años (77%). Se identifican dos aspectos que se pueden destacar: la asfixia por inmersión en el hogar y la relación que esta causa de muerte tiene con la ingesta de alcohol.

The objective of this work was to identify which preventive factors are involved in drowning. Files of 895 autopsies from 1983 through 1989 by the coroner sue office were reviewed During this seven year period the annual mortality for drowing was 2.6 per 100 000 population. Males had a higher annual mortality rate (4.2 per 100 000) than females (1.1 per 100 000). The age group between one and four years old had the highest mortality rate (7.6 per 100 000). Deaths tend to cluster around summer. Most of the deaths occurred in house cisterns (19.3%), dams/lakes (16.9%), riverslcanals (14.3%), water wells (12.5%) and swimming pools (10.1%). A third of the deaths occurred at home. The relationship alcohol-drowning starts to stand out in the age group between 10 and 14 years old but get its highest percentge in the age group 35-39 (74%). There are two important findings that is necessary to point out: drowning occurring at home and the relationship between drowning and alcohol ingestion.

Asfixia por inmersión / Immersion by asphyxia

Se analizan 19 pacientes ingresados con el diagnóstico de asfixia por inmersión entre el 31 de diciembre de 1983 y el 31 de diciembre de 1987 con una edad promedio de 2 años 3 meses. Al momento del rescate todos los niños tenían cianosis y 16 apnea, pero sólo 11 recibieron algún tipo de reanimación, siendo ésta adecuada sólo en 4. Siete pacientes ingresaron en etapa A de Coon, 2 en etapa B y 10 en etapa C. En 6 casos se efectuó monitoría de la presión intracraneana, demostrándose hipertensión en dos, que fallecieron. Cinco pacientes desarrollaron edema pulmonar no cardiogénico y 4 presentaron hipotensión arterial acentuada en las primeras 24 horas, requiriendo fluidoterapia, coloides y medicamentos inotrópicos. Cuatro pacientes fallecieron, todos estaban en etapa C al ingreso. Sólo un paciente quedó con secuelas neurológicas definitivas. En las primeras horas siguientes a la reanimación, las principales complicaciones fueron la inestabilidad hemodinámica, los trastornos respiratorios y los derivados de la encefalopatía hipóxica. El aumento de la PIC no fue un problema precoz, cuando se presentó lo hizo en forma tardía, 24 a 48 horas después de la inmersión. Se subraya la necesidad de fomentar la prevención, mejorar los programas de transporte y educación de técnicas de reanimación básica

Traumatic asphyxia in New Mexico: a five-year experience.

Compression of the chest causing facial petechiae, violaceous facial hue, subconjunctival hemorrhages, and frequent mental status abnormalities has been termed traumatic asphyxia. We identified 35 such cases occurring in the State of New Mexico from 1980 to 1985 from records of the Office of the Medical Investigator (n = 30) and from cases presenting to the University of New Mexico Trauma Center (n = 5). Among those found at highest risk for traumatic asphyxia were people ejected from motor vehicles, men working under cars that were inadequately supported and fell onto the victims, children under the age of 5 years who were crushed under household furniture, and people involved in construction activities. Traumatic asphyxia following a moving motor vehicle accident was significantly associated with alcohol ingestion (p less than 0.001). Preventive and therapeutic strategies should focus on the groups and events identified.