Delegating care as a double-edged sword for quality of nursing care: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Considering the significance of care delegation in enhancing the quality of nursing care and ensuring patient safety, it is imperative to explore nurses' experiences in this domain. As such, this study aimed to explore the experiences of Iranian nurses regarding the delegation of care. METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted between 2022 and 2023, employing the content analysis method with a conventional approach. The study utilized purposeful sampling method to select qualified participants. Data collection was carried out through in-depth and semi-structured interviews utilizing open-ended questions. The data analysis process followed the steps proposed by Graneheim and Lundman (2004) and involved the use of MAXQDA version 12 software. To ensure the trustworthiness of the data, the study employed the four rigor indices outlined by Lincoln and Guba (1985). RESULTS: In the present study, a total of 15 interviews were conducted with 12 participants, the majority of whom were women. The age range of the participants fell between 25 and 40 years. Through qualitative data analysis, eight subcategories and three main categories of "insourcing of care", "outsourcing of care" and "delegating of care to non-professionals" were identified. Additionally, the overarching theme that emerged from the analysis was "delegation of care, a double-edged sword". CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study revealed that the delegation of care occurred through three distinct avenues: to colleagues within the same unit, to colleagues in other units, and to non-professionals. Delegating care was found to have potential benefits, such as reducing the nursing workload and fostering teamwork. However, it was also observed that in certain instances, delegation was not only unhelpful but also led to missed nursing care. Therefore, it is crucial to adhere to standardized principles when delegating care to ensure the maintenance of high-quality nursing care.

Sequential Mediation Effects of Organizational Support and Collaboration on Missed Nursing Care.

BACKGROUND: It is necessary to find ways to mediate the relationship between role overload and missed nursing care in settings where nursing staffing is inadequate. This study aimed to identify the single and multiple sequential mediation effects of organizational support, nurse-physician collaboration, and nurse-nurse collaboration on the relationship between role overload and missed nursing care. METHODS: Data were collected from 237 registered Korean nurses working in general wards in October 2022. The measures used were the modified role overload scale, nurse-physician collaboration scale, nurse-nurse collaboration scale, a short version of the Perceived Organizational Support Scale, and the modified Missed Nursing Care Scale. Data were analyzed using PROCESS macro in SPSS. A hypothesis test was performed using Model 81, proposed by Hayes, which includes serial multiple mediators. RESULTS: Organizational support, nurse-physician collaboration, and nurse-nurse collaboration showed a mediation effect on missed nursing care. Organizational support, nurse-physician collaboration, and nurse-nurse collaboration showed significant multiple sequential mediation effects on the relationship between role overload and missed nursing care. When the indirect effect sizes of nurse-physician collaboration were compared with those of nurse-nurse collaboration in both single and multiple sequential mediation paths, the indirect effect of nurse-physician collaboration was greater than that of nurse-nurse collaboration on the relationship between role overload and missed nursing care. CONCLUSIONS: As an alternative strategy to reduce missed nursing care in situations with insufficient nursing staffing, organizational support should precede nurse-physician and nurse-nurse collaboration. In particular, improving nurse-physician collaboration shows promise in mitigating missed nursing care.

Determination of Nursing Care Times Based on the Perroca Patient Classification Instrument in the Inpatient Oncology Unit: A Mixed Method Study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the daily nursing care times of hospitalized inpatient oncology unit patients according to degree of acuity using the Perroca Patient Classification tool. DATA SOURCES: This study used a mixed method sequential explanatory design. The "Nursing Activity Record Form" and "Perroca Patient Classification Instrument" were used for quantitative data collection, and direct observation was performed for 175 hours via time-motion study. Descriptive statistics, between-group comparison, and correlation analysis were used for data analysis. Using a semistructured questionnaire, qualitative data were collected from individual in-depth interviews with seven nurses who participated in the quantitative part of the study. Qualitative data were analyzed by thematic analysis. The reporting of this study followed GRAMMS checklist. CONCLUSIONS: As a result of the integration of quantitative and qualitative data, daily nursing care duration was determined as 2 to 2.5 hours for Type 1 patients, 2.6 to 3.5 hours for Type 2 patients, 3.6 to 4.75 hours for Type 3 patients, and 4.76 to 5.5 hours for Type 4 patients. The findings showed that in an inpatient oncology unit, nursing care hours increased as patients' Perroca Patient Classification Instrument acuity grade increased; thus, the instrument was discriminative in determining patients' degree of acuity. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurse managers can utilize this study's results to plan daily assignments that are sensitive to patient care needs. The results can also help nurse managers to identify relationships between nurse staffing and patient outcomes at the unit level, as well as to develop ways to analyze such relationships.

Missed nursing care: A cross-sectional and multi-centric study from Turkey.

AIM: The aim of this study is to explore the extent of missed nursing care in Turkey and identify its predictors. DESIGN: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicentre study. METHODS: A total of 477 nurses working in seven public hospitals participated in this study from March to July 2019. The survey included two components: a personal and professional characteristics data form and the MISSCARE survey. RESULTS: The study revealed that emotional support, patient bathing and ambulation were the most frequently missed nursing care activities. An inadequate number of assistive personnel and staff, along with an unexpected increase in patient volume, were identified as the primary reasons for missed nursing care. Of the 21 missed nursing care activities, nine predictive models showed statistical significance (p < 0.05). Factors such as the type of unit, years of work experience, working hours, number of patients cared for in a shift and intention to leave the unit were found to be significant predictors of seven missed nursing care activities (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study found that numerous variables influence each care activity, which suggests the need to devise more targeted and specific strategies to minimize missed nursing care. Thorough investigation into the impact of these strategies on each care activity is essential.

A qualitative study of nurse-perceived barriers to body temperature management in postoperative patients.

Although evidence-based practices exist for preventing hypothermia in patients during surgery, few studies have focused on this concern in postoperative patients. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore the most challenging issues experienced by surgical ward nurses while managing the body temperature of adult surgical patients. To address this research gap, this study used a qualitative descriptive design to document barriers to body temperature management as reported by a sample of 16 perioperative nurses. The semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using inductive content analysis. The main barriers fell into three categories: professional nursing ability limitations, unfavourable working conditions and management of human resources. The eight subcategories were disadvantageous professional views, professional knowledge limitations, low motivation to provide nursing care, non-standard treatment environment, inadequate equipment and care protocols, heavy nursing care loads, inadequate staff training and ineffective staff supervision. These findings highlighted the importance of adequate resources, proper education and evidence-based care protocols in the effective delivery of body temperature management to postoperative patients.

Can fundamental care be advanced using the science of care framework?

AIMS: This manuscript aims to provide a description of an evidence-informed Science of Care practice-based research and innovation framework that may serve as a guiding framework to generate new discoveries and knowledge around fundamental care in a more integrated manner. BACKGROUND: New ways of thinking about models of care and implementation strategies in transdisciplinary teams are required to accelerate inquiry and embed new knowledge and innovation into practice settings. A new way of thinking starts with an explicit articulation and commitment to the core business of the healthcare industry which is to provide quality fundamental care. DESIGN: This discursive paper delineates an iteratively derived Science of Care research and innovation framework (Science of Care Framework) that draws from a targeted literature review. METHOD: The Science of Care Framework integrates caring science with safety and symptom sciences with implementation, improvement, innovation and team sciences. Each science dimension is described in terms of seminal and evolving evidence and theoretical explanations, focusing on how these disciplines can support fundamental care. CONCLUSIONS: The Science of Care Framework can serve as a catalyst to guide future efforts to propel new knowledge and discoveries around fundamental care and how best to implement it into clinical practice through a transdisciplinary lens. IMPACT ON NURSING SCIENCE, PRACTICE, OR DISCIPLINARY KNOWLEDGE: The Science of Care Framework can accelerate nursing discipline-specific knowledge generation alongside inter and transdisciplinary insights. The novel articulation of the Science of Care Framework can be used to guide further inquiries that are co-designed, and led, by nurses into integrated models of care and innovations in clinical practice.

Nursing Care Experiences With Syrian Refugees in Southern Turkey: A Metaphor Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare professionals' "cultural prejudices" toward individuals' cultural beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions affect the care they provide. Their awareness of their bias is closely associated with the quality of healthcare provided. PURPOSE: This study was designed to assess nurses' perceptions regarding providing care to Syrian refugee patients using metaphors and to evaluate their views based on these metaphors. METHODS: The participants in this qualitative study consisted of 80 nurses who worked in Level 1 and Level 2 health institutions. Data were collected using an interview form prepared by the researchers. The form included descriptive characteristics of the nurses and two expressions used to determine the nurses' opinions on providing care for Syrian refugee patients. The nurses were given an incomplete sentence, which was "Providing care for a Syrian refugee patient…because…," and were asked to complete the blanks. The data were analyzed using the content analysis method. RESULTS: On the basis of "providing care for Syrian refugee patients," four categories of metaphors were determined: occupational awareness, health promotion, a difficult process/resistance, and providing service in vain. The participants generated 50 metaphors, with "humanity," "a baby/little child," and "a barrier" as the three most used metaphors, belonging to the "occupational awareness" and "a difficult process/resistance" categories, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The metaphors of nurses regarding giving care to Syrian refugee patients were mostly concentrated in the categories of "occupational awareness" and "a difficult process/resistance." Metaphors generated by the nurses offer a powerful research tool to reveal, understand, and explain nurses' personal perceptions and to develop and support nursing care accordingly. In addition, the subject of transcultural nursing should be discussed more extensively in nursing education programs. Understanding the social context of refugees is very important during the nursing care process.

Adaptation and validation of a Multidisciplinary Checklist for rounds in the Intensive Care Unit / Adaptación y validación de una Lista de Verificación Multidisciplinaria para rondas de visitas médicas en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos / Adaptação e validação de Checklist Multidisciplinar para rounds em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva

ABSTRACT Objective: to perform the adaptation, content validation and semantic analysis of a Multidisciplinary Checklist used in rounds in Intensive Care Units for adults. Method: a methodological study, consisting of three stages: Adaptation of the checklist, performed by one of the authors; Content validation, performed by seven judges/health professionals from a public teaching hospital in Paraná; and Semantic analysis, performed in a philanthropic hospital in the same state. Agreement of the judges and of the target audience in the content validation and semantic analysis stages was calculated using the Content Validity Index and the Agreement Index, respectively, with a minimum acceptable value of 0.80. Results: in the content validation stage, the checklist obtained a total agreement of 0.84. Of the 16 items included in the instrument, 11 (68.75%) were readjusted and four (25%) were excluded for not reaching the minimum agreement. The readjusted items referred to sedation; analgesia; nutrition; glycemic control; headboard elevation; gastric ulcer prophylaxis; prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism; indwelling urinary catheter, central venous catheter; protective mechanical ventilation and spontaneous breathing test. Regarding the items excluded, they referred to the cuff pressure of the orotracheal tube and to Nursing care measures such as taking the patient out of the bed, pressure injury prophylaxis, and ophthalmoprotection. In the semantic analysis, the final agreement of the instrument's items was 0.96. Conclusion: after two evaluation rounds by the judges, testing in critically-ill patients and high inter-evaluator agreement index, the Multidisciplinary Checklist is found with validated content suitable for use in rounds in intensive care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: realizar los procesos de adaptación, validación de contenido y análisis semántico de una Lista de Verificación Multidisciplinaria utilizada en rondas de visitas médicas en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos para adultos. Método: estudio metodológico, compuesto por tres etapas: Adaptación de la lista de verificación, realizada por una de las autoras; validación de contenido, a cargo de siete evaluadores/profesionales de la salud que trabajan en un hospital escuela público de Paraná; y análisis semántico, desarrollado en un hospital filantrópico del mismo estado. El nivel de concordancia entre los evaluadores y la población objetivo en las etapas de validación de contenido y análisis semántico se calculó por medio de Índice de Validez de Contenido y del Índice de Concordancia, respectivamente, con un valor mínimo aceptable de 0,80. Resultados: en la etapa de validación de contenido, la lista de verificación obtuvo un valor de concordancia total de 0,84. De los 16 ítems del instrumento, 11 (68,75%) fueron readaptados y cuatro (25%) fueron excluidos por no alcanzar el nivel mínimo de concordancia. Los ítems readaptados se referían a la sedación; analgesia; nutrición; control glicémico; elevación de la cabecera de la cama; profilaxis para úlcera gástrica; profilaxis para tromboembolia venosa; sonda vesical de demora, catéter venoso central; ventilación mecánica protectora y prueba de respiración espontánea. En relación a los ítems excluidos, se refirieron a la presión del manguito del tubo orotraqueal y a la atención de Enfermería, por ejemplo: retirar al paciente de la cama; profilaxis para úlceras por presión; y oftalmoprotección. En el análisis semántico, el nivel de concordancia final de los ítems del instrumento fue de 0,96. Conclusión: después de dos rondas de evaluación a cargo de especialistas, una prueba en pacientes y elevado índice de concordancia entre los evaluadores, la Lista de Verificación Multidisciplinaria se presenta como contenido validado y adecuado para ser empleado en rondas de visitas médicas en cuidados intensivos.

RESUMO Objetivo: realizar a adaptação, validação de conteúdo e análise semântica de um Checklist Multidisciplinar utilizado em rounds em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Adulto. Método: estudo metodológico, composto de três etapas: Adaptação do checklist, realizada por uma das autoras; validação de conteúdo, realizado por sete juízes/profissionais de saúde de um hospital de ensino público do Paraná; e análise semântica, realizado em um hospital filantrópico do mesmo estado. A concordância dos juízes e do público-alvo nas etapas validação de conteúdo e análise semântica foi calculada pelo índice de validade de conteúdo e índice de concordância, respectivamente, com valor mínimo aceitável de 0,80. Resultados: na etapa validação de conteúdo, o checklist obteve concordância total de 0,84. Dos 16 itens do instrumento, 11 (68,75%) foram readequados e quatro (25%) foram excluídos por não alcançarem a concordância mínima. Os itens readequados se referiam à sedação; analgesia; nutrição; controle glicêmico; elevação da cabeceira; profilaxia para úlcera gástrica; profilaxia para tromboembolismo venoso; sonda vesical de demora, cateter venoso central; ventilação mecânica protetora e teste de respiração espontânea. Já em relação aos itens excluídos, estes se referiam à pressão do balonete do tubo orotraqueal e cuidados de enfermagem, como: retirada do paciente do leito; profilaxia para lesão por pressão; e oftalmoproteção. Na análise semântica, a concordância final dos itens do instrumento foi 0,96. Conclusão: o Checklist Multidisciplinar após duas rodadas de avaliação por juízes, teste em pacientes críticos e alto índice de concordância interavaliadores se apresenta com conteúdo validado e adequado para uso em rounds na assistência intensiva.

Conhecimento e prática de enfermeiros sobre protocolos de segurança na tomografia computadorizada / Nurses' knowledge and practice toward computed tomography safety protocols

RESUMO Objetivo avaliar o conhecimento e as práticas de enfermeiros quanto às recomendações de segurança para realização de tomografias computadorizadas. Métodos estudo transversal utilizando amostra de conveniência de dois hospitais públicos. Foi elaborado um questionário para avaliar as características sociodemográficas, conhecimento e práticas dos enfermeiros. Realizou-se análise descritiva para avaliar as características, e as correlações foram avaliadas através da correlação de Spearman. Os testes U de Mann-Whitney e H de Kruskal-Wallis foram usados para comparar as médias das pontuações de conhecimento e práticas. Resultados a maioria dos participantes era do sexo feminino (91,6%), de 20 a 29 anos (57,3%), e tinha a graduação como seu nível de formação (74%). Níveis de conhecimento e prática foram de 58% e 78,9%, respectivamente. Houve correlação positiva entre o conhecimento e a prática nos enfermeiros (r=0,684, p<0,001), mas, sem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre características sociodemográficas e a pontuação de conhecimento ou práticas. Conclusão enfermeiros mostraram um nível adequado em sua prática do preparo seguro para tomografias computadorizadas, embora seu nível de conhecimento tenha se mostrado deficiente. Contribuições para a prática esse estudo demonstra a importância do conhecimento enquanto guia da prática de enfermagem rumo a um uso melhor das medidas de segurança para tomografias computadorizadas.

ABSTRACT Objective to assess nurses' knowledge and practice toward computed tomography scan safety guidelines. Methods a cross-sectional study was conducted using a convenience sample of 131 nurses from two government hospitals. Self-designed questionnaire was used to assess nurses' sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, and practice. Descriptive analysis was performed to evaluate characteristics, correlations were evaluated using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, and the Mann-Whitney U and the Kruskal-Wallis H tests were used to compare the mean ranks of knowledge and practice scores. Results most respondents were female (91.6%), were aged 20-29 years (57.3%), and had bachelor's degrees (74%). Knowledge and practice levels were 58% and 78.9% respectively. A positive correlation between knowledge and practice was observed among nurses (r=0.684, p<0.001). No statistically significant differences were observed between sociodemographic characteristics and knowledge and practice scores. Conclusion nurses showed adequate level of practice toward computed tomography scan safety preparations while their knowledge level was deficient. Contributions to practice this study informs the importance of knowledge in guiding nursing practice toward appropriate computed tomography scan safety measures.

[Therapeutic Education Programs for the Patient (ETP) undergoing an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: Guidelines from the Francophone Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (SFGM-TC)]. / Programme d'éducation thérapeutique du patient (ETP) faisant l'objet d'une allogreffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques : recommandations de la Société francophone de greffe de moelle et de thérapie cellulaire (SFGM-TC).

Patients undergoing an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (allo-HCT) need to understand and adhere to the transplant process as well as post-transplant follow-up requirements. A working group has met during the eleventh edition of the Francophone Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (SFGM-TC) Practice Harmonization Workshops. The analysis of a survey that was sent to several transplant centers belonging to the SFGM-TC has been used as a milestone to this article. While, post-transplant medical follow-up was comparable from one center to another, nursing care was found to lack harmonization between centers, although, all patients would receive therapeutic education at one time or another regarding potential transplant-related complications. A few centers in France has established a therapeutic education program that was approved by French health authorities. The aim of this work was to set up guidelines to help centers establishing such a program in well-harmonized way.

Introducing the 2023 Magnet Application Manual®.

In November, the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) released its revised 2023 Magnet Application Manual®, the 13th manual in the program's 31-year history. This month's "Magnet Perspectives" takes a deep dive into the new edition of the manual, examining the rigorous, multistep review process, the modernized standards, and the coalition of experts that contributed insights to inform the latest edition. Each edition raises the bar to promote the highest levels of nursing excellence, and the 2023 manual is no exception. Learn how this forward-looking edition addresses emerging challenges and changes to reflect what is happening in healthcare today.

A 4-Part Strategy to Engage Frontline Nurses in Cultural Humility.

Although many clinical leaders use the cultural competency model to help clinicians deliver equitable care, evidence on the model's effectiveness is mixed. In this article, the authors propose that nursing leaders adopt cultural humility as a framework that better positions nurses to build trust, engage patients in their care, and improve health outcomes. This article outlines 4 strategies that leaders can use to actively engage staff in cultural humility and support the cultural transformation required to mitigate the impact of clinician bias in care delivery.

The HDR CARE Scale, Inpatient Version: A validated survey instrument to measure environmental affordance for nursing tasks in inpatient healthcare settings.

Rigorous healthcare design research is critical to inform design decisions that improve human experience. Current limitations in the field include a lack of consistent and valid measures that provide feedback about the role of the built environment in producing desirable outcomes. Research findings about nurses' efficiency, quality of care, and satisfaction related to inpatient unit designs have been mixed, and there was previously no validated instrument available to quantitatively measure nurses' ability to work efficiently and effectively in their environment. The objective of this study was to develop, refine, and validate a survey instrument to measure affordance of the care environment to nurse practice, based on various aspects of their work in inpatient units. The HDR Clinical Activities Related to the Environment (CARE) Scale Inpatient Version was developed using item design, refinement, and reliability and validity testing. Psychometric methods from classical test theory and item response theory, along with statistical analyses involving correlations and factor analysis, and thematic summaries of qualitative data were conducted. The four-phase process included (1) an initial pilot study, (2) a content validation survey, (3) cognitive interviews, and (4) a final pilot study. Results from the first three phases of analysis were combined to inform survey scale revisions before the second pilot survey, such as a reduction in the number and rewording of response options, and refinement of scale items. The updated 9-item scale showed excellent internal consistency and improved response distribution and discrimination. The factor analysis revealed a unidimensional measure of nurse practice, as well as potential subscales related to integration, efficiency, and patient care. Within the healthcare design industry, this scale is much needed to generate quantitative and standardized data and will facilitate greater understanding about the aspects of an inpatient healthcare facility that best support nurses' ability to provide quality patient care.

Supporting Feeding of Late Preterm Infants in the Hospital: A Quality Improvement Project.

BACKGROUND: Feeding difficulty is the most common cause of delayed hospital discharge and readmission of late preterm infants. Frequent and adequate feedings from birth are protective against dehydration, hypoglycemia, and jaundice. The National Perinatal Association's feeding guidelines provide the foundation for late preterm infant standards of care. Feeding at least every 3 hours promotes nutritional status and neurologic development. One feeding assessment every 12 hours during the hospital stay can ensure quality of infant feeding. PROBLEM: At a large urban hospital, medical record reviews were completed to evaluate nursing care practices consistent with the hospital's late preterm infant care standard policy. Feeding frequency and nurse assessment of feeding effectiveness were far below acceptable targets. A quality improvement team was formed to address inconsistency with expected practice. METHODS: The project included an investigation using the define, design, implement, and sustain method of quality improvement. Parent education, nurse education, and visual cues were developed to sustain enhanced nursing practice. RESULTS: Late preterm infants who received feedings at least every 3 hours increased from 2.5% (1 of 40) to 27% (11 of 40); (M = 0.275, SD = 0.446), p = 0.001. Documented breastfeeding assessments increased from 2% (5 of 264) to 8% (10 of 126), p = 0.001. Documented bottle-feeding assessments increased from 15% (39 of 264) to 31% (53 of 172), p < 0.001. Intervention time was cut short due to reprioritization of efforts in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION: Interventions and implementation of this process improvement is easy to replicate through attainable and sustainable goals directed toward improved outcomes for late preterm infants.

Analysis of risk factors of PICC-related bloodstream infection in newborns: implications for nursing care.

BACKGROUND: It is necessary to analyze the characteristics and risk factors of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) in newborns with peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC). METHODS: Newborns undergoing PICC catheterization in the neonatal department of our hospital from January 1, 2020 to January 31, 2021 were included. The characteristics of newborns with and without CRBSI newborns were compared and analyzed. Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the risk factors of CRBSI in newborns with PICC. RESULTS: Three hundred eighty-six newborns with PICC were included, of whom 41 newborns had the CRBSI, the incidence of CRBSI in newborns with PICC was 10.62%. There were significant differences regarding the birth weight, durations of PICC stay, 5-min Apgar score, site of PICC insertion of PICC between CRBSI and no CRBSI group (all P < 0.05), and there were no significant differences regarding the gender, gestational age, cesarean section, mechanical ventilation and length of hospital stay between CRBSI and no CRBSI group (all P > 0.05). Escherichia coli (26.08%) and Staphylococcus aureus (23.92%) were the most common CRBSI pathogens in newborns with PICC. Logistic regression analysis indicated that birth weight ≤ 1500 g (OR 1.923, 95% CI 1.135-2.629), durations of PICC stay ≥ 21 days (OR 2.077, 95% CI 1.024-3.431), 5-min Apgar score ≤ 7 (OR 2.198, 95% CI 1.135-3.414) and femoral vein insertion of PICC (OR 3.044, 95% CI 1.989-4.306) were the independent risk factors of CRBSI in neonates with PICC (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: For newborns with low birth weight, longer durations of PICC stay and femoral vein PICC insertion, they may have higher risks of CRBSI, and medical staff should take targeted measures to reduce the development of CRBSI.