RESUMEN
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in Azerbaijan, with a high burden of multi-drug-resistant cases. In recent years, the country has made significant progress in TB care, reducing the incidence rate, and improving treatment outcomes. This paper explores the role of quality as a key driver of progress in TB care in Azerbaijan. Through a review of the literature, we identify the key factors that have contributed to the improvement in TB care quality in Azerbaijan, including the development of national guidelines, increased funding, and resource allocation, strengthened health systems and infrastructure, and the adoption of innovative technologies and practices. We also discuss the challenges and limitations of quality improvement efforts in TB care, such as the need for sustained political commitment, effective monitoring and evaluation systems, and the involvement of communities and civil society organizations. Overall, our findings suggest that quality improvement is a critical component of TB control efforts in Azerbaijan and other countries with high TB burden and should be prioritized in national and global health policies and strategies.
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Mejoramiento de la Calidad , Tuberculosis , Humanos , Azerbaiyán/epidemiología , Tuberculosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Tuberculosis/terapia , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Tuberculosis/prevención & control , Calidad de la Atención de Salud , Política de Salud , Atención a la Salud/normasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence rate of intracranial hemorrhage in newborns and to detect the size of the relative risk for different characteristics of the background of intrauterine development according to the materials of the Republican Prenatal Center. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted on the basis of the Republican Prenatal Center of the Azerbaijan Republic. All newborns (996 children) (birth weight - 500 grams or more, gestational age - over 22 completed weeks) have been examined by a neuropathologist. If there were signs of any neurological abnormalities, an ultrasound examination of the brain was performed. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of intracranial non-traumatic hemorrhage (INTH) among newborns was 15.66% (4.8% among full-term, 48.8% among premature). Depending on mother's age the prevalence rate of INTH changed from 12.7% (mother's age 20-24 years) to 23.0% (mother's age 35 years or more). CONCLUSION: The risk of INTH statistically significantly increased with maternal age 35 years or more, with 4 or more births, with the birth of a fetus weighing up to 2500 and more than 4000 grams, with a gestational age of less than 37 weeks, with multiple pregnancies and with vaginal delivery.
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Edad Materna , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Femenino , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Embarazo , Masculino , Adulto , Hemorragias Intracraneales/epidemiología , Hemorragias Intracraneales/diagnóstico por imagen , Edad Gestacional , Azerbaiyán/epidemiología , Adulto Joven , Peso al NacerRESUMEN
This study investigates the performance of CMIP6 models in reproducing historical temperature and precipitation data for Iran and neighboring countries (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey, and Iraq) from 1980 to 2014. Reanalysis data from the ECMWF database (ERA5) for temperature and precipitation were utilized as a reference for the period 1980-2014. Additionally, ten Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) from CMIP6 were employed to simulate temperature and precipitation data for the study region based on the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report databases. The Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE) index was used to evaluate the accuracy of CMIP6 models in replicating daily temperature and precipitation. The results indicate that different CMIP6 models exhibit varying degrees of accuracy in simulating historical temperatures and precipitation, depending on the month and the country. For instance, the IPSL-CM6A-LR model demonstrated the best annual performance in estimating temperature in Azerbaijan (KGE = 0.5), while the HadGEM3-GC31-LL model showed the lowest annual performance in Pakistan (KGE = -1.4). Interestingly, the models were found to be more accurate in simulating temperatures during warm months compared to cold ones. Furthermore, the accuracy of different models in estimating annual precipitation varied significantly, ranging from -0.64 (MRI-EMS2-0 model in Afghanistan) to 0.05 (CMCC-ESM2 model in Armenia). Similar to temperature, the study found that models were generally more accurate in simulating precipitation during cold months compared to warm ones.
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Monitoreo del Ambiente , Lluvia , Temperatura , Irán , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Modelos Teóricos , Pakistán , Turquía , Irak , Azerbaiyán , AfganistánRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Fowl adenovirus-4 is a causative agent of hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome (HHS) in chickens and has been frequently reported from many countries. Fowl adenoviruses cause severe disease and mortality in broiler and layer breeders in Azerbaijan. Therefore, in this study, pathological lesions and the dissemination of fowl adenovirus-4 into the visceral organs of infected birds were investigated as well as molecular characterisation of detected strains. For this, liver, heart and spleen from 20 necropsied chickens originated from a broiler breeder flock and a layer breeder flock were embeded on the FTA cards and the samples were analysed for adenovirus-DNA by PCR and sequencing. RESULTS: The findings of necropsy in both broiler and layer breeder chickens were similar, and the liver was severely effected showing hepatitis, and the heart with hydropericardium lesions. The kidneys were swollen with haemorrhages and small white foci on the surface of the spleens were noted. Intestinal congestion and ecchymotic hemorrhages were also observed in some birds. Fowl adenovirus-4-DNA was detected by PCR in all collected organs of 20 birds. The sequence analysis revealed that fowl adenovirus-4 present in Azerbaijan and close similarity of the hexon genes of the adenoviruses existing in the Middle East, North America, far east and Indian subcontinent were determined by phylogenetic analysis. However, sequence diversity was detected from the adenovirus strains circulating in Europe, North and South America. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates the impact of fowl adenovirus-4 on the poultry health and production, and improved disease control and prevention strategies are necessary to reduce the HHS disease in chickens in Azerbaijan.
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Infecciones por Adenoviridae , Pollos , Filogenia , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/virología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/patología , Infecciones por Adenoviridae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Adenoviridae/virología , Infecciones por Adenoviridae/epidemiología , Azerbaiyán/epidemiología , Aviadenovirus/genética , Aviadenovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Aviadenovirus/clasificación , Hepatitis Viral Animal/virología , Hepatitis Viral Animal/patología , Hepatitis Viral Animal/epidemiología , ADN Viral/genética , Hígado/patología , Hígado/virología , Bazo/patología , Bazo/virologíaRESUMEN
This study aims to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Eimeria spp. oocysts in fish specimens in the river Kura. It was conducted during the 2021-2022 at two sites: Mingachevir reservoir in central Azerbaijan and in Neftchala district where the river finally enters the Caspian Sea through a delta of the Kura River estuary. The diagnosis of oocysts was performed microscopically. Fine smears from the intestine epithelial layers stained by Ziehl-Neelsen for Cryptosporidium oocysts. To identify Eimeria oocysts, each fish's faecal material and intestinal scrapings were examined directly under a light microscope in wet samples on glass slides with a coverslip. Results revealed a prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Eimeria species infections in fish hosts from both territories Rutilus caspicus, Alburnus filippi, Abramis brama orientalis and Carassius gibelio. Of 170 investigated fish specimens, 8.8% (15/170) were infected with Cryptosporidium species oocysts. Eimeria species oocysts were identified in 20.6% (35/170). The presence of Cryptosporidium and Eimeria infections in fish specimens are natural infections. However, their presence in fish species may be attributed to the age of the fish species and water pollution. This is the first report regarding the prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fish species in Azerbaijan.
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Coccidiosis , Criptosporidiosis , Cryptosporidium , Cyprinidae , Eimeria , Enfermedades de los Peces , Ríos , Animales , Azerbaiyán/epidemiología , Ríos/parasitología , Cryptosporidium/aislamiento & purificación , Eimeria/aislamiento & purificación , Cyprinidae/parasitología , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Criptosporidiosis/epidemiología , Criptosporidiosis/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Peces/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Oocistos/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is widespread and seriously threatens public health worldwide. This study aimed to investigate AFB1 in imported hazelnut samples in northwest of Iran (Eastern Azerbaijan Province) using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with a Fluorescent Detector (HPLC-FLD). In all tested samples AFB1 was detected. The mean concentration of AFB1 was 4.20 µg/kg and ranged from 3.145 to 8.13 µg/kg. All samples contained AFB1 levels within the maximum acceptable limit except for one sample. Furthermore, the human health risk assessment of AFB1 from consuming imported hazelnuts by Iranian children and adults was evaluated based on the margin of exposure (MoE) and quantitative liver cancer risk approaches. The MoE mean for children was 2529.76, while for adults, it was 8854.16, indicating a public health concern. The present study found that the risk of developing liver cancer among Iranian children was 0.11100736 per 100,000 people, and in the Iranian adult population was 0.0314496 cancers per 100,000 people. Since environmental conditions potentially affect aflatoxin levels in nuts, countries are advised to monitor aflatoxin contents in imported nuts, especially from countries with a conducive climate for mold growth.
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Aflatoxinas , Corylus , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Adulto , Niño , Humanos , Aflatoxina B1/análisis , Irán/epidemiología , Azerbaiyán , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Aflatoxinas/análisis , Medición de Riesgo , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodosRESUMEN
The allocation of water in areas which face shortage of water especially during hot dry seasons is of utmost importance. This is normally affected by various factors, the management of which takes a lot of time and energy with efforts falling infertile in many cases. In recent years, scholars have been trying to investigate the applicability of fuzzy interval optimization models in attempts to address the problem. However, a review of literature indicates that in applicating such models, the dynamic nature of the problem has mostly been overlooked. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to provide a fuzzy interval dynamic optimization model for the allocation of surface and groundwater resources under water shortage conditions in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. In so doing, an optimization model for the allocation of water resources was designed and then was validated by removing surface and groundwater resources and analyzing its performance once these resources were removed. The model was then applied in the case study of ten regions in West Azerbaijan Province and the optimal allocation values and water supply percentages were determined for each region over 12 periods. The results showed that the increase in total demand has the greatest effect while the increase in groundwater industrial demand has the least effect on the supply reduction rate. The increase of uncertainty up to 50% in the fuzzy interval programming would lead to subsequent increases in groundwater extraction by up to 19% and decreases in water supply by up to 10%. The increase of uncertainty in the fuzzy interval dynamic model would cause an increase in groundwater extraction to slightly more than 10% and a decrease in water supply to 0.05%. Therefore, implementing the fuzzy interval dynamic programming model would result in better gains and would reduce uncertainty effects. This would imply that using a mathematical model can result in better gains and can provide better footings for more informed decisions by authorities for managing water resources.
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Lógica Difusa , Agua Subterránea , Agua , Irán , Azerbaiyán , Modelos Teóricos , Recursos Hídricos , Abastecimiento de Agua , Asignación de RecursosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The WHO-5 Wellbeing Index is a widely used tool for assessing psychological well-being. Despite its global application, its adaptation and validation for the Azerbaijani population had not been previously explored. This study aims to fill this gap by adapting the WHO-5 Wellbeing Index for Azerbaijani adults and examining its relationship with psychological distress, resilience, and life satisfaction. METHODS: A sample of 875 Azerbaijani adults aged 18 to 89 (mean age = 29.13, SD = 10.98) participated in this study. The adaptation process included confirmatory factor analysis to test the original 5-item structure of the index in the Azerbaijani context. Additionally, item response theory analysis was employed to evaluate the discriminative values of the items. Reliability was assessed through various methods, including Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega, and Guttmann's lambda. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original 5-item structure of the WHO-5 Wellbeing Index for the Azerbaijani sample, demonstrating alignment with the index's original version. All items showed acceptable discriminative values in item response theory analysis. The index also exhibited sufficient reliability, as evidenced by Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega, and Guttmann's lambda. Correlation and network analyses indicated significant associations of the WHO-5 Wellbeing Index with psychological distress, resilience, and life satisfaction. Specifically, the index was negatively correlated with depression, anxiety, and stress, and positively correlated with resilience and life satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the WHO-5 Wellbeing Index is a valid and reliable tool for assessing psychological well-being in the Azerbaijani population. Its significant associations with psychological distress, resilience, and life satisfaction further affirm its utility in this cultural context.
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Distrés Psicológico , Resiliencia Psicológica , Adulto , Humanos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Azerbaiyán , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Satisfacción Personal , Organización Mundial de la Salud , PsicometríaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Access to medicines is a global priority. Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Uzbekistan have different approaches to pricing policies for pharmaceuticals. The aim of this study was to analyze recent trends in the consumption and prices of non-communicable disease (NCD) medicines in Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Uzbekistan, in the outpatient setting. METHODS: We included medicines for asthma and COPD, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, epilepsy, and mental disorders. Sales data for pharmaceutical products in community pharmacies were extracted from a commercial database. Changes in consumption and prices were analyzed across all included NCD medicines, by disease category and pharmacological group. RESULTS: Consumption of NCD medicines was highest in Georgia, at twice the levels in Azerbaijan, and four times levels in Uzbekistan. Average prices of NCD medicines, weighted by consumption, increased by 26% in Georgia, but decreased by 3% in Azerbaijan and by 0.1% in Uzbekistan. Prices increased for all disease groups in Georgia (from +13% for epilepsy medicines to +86% for cancer), varied by group in Uzbekistan (from -22% for epilepsy medicines to +47% for cancer), while changes in Azerbaijan were smaller in magnitude (from -4% for medicines for cardiovascular disease to +11% for cancer). Cancer medicines had markedly higher prices in Uzbekistan, and asthma and COPD medicines had markedly higher prices in Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan. CONCLUSIONS: Georgia showed the highest outpatient consumption of NCD medicines, suggesting the broadest access to treatment. However, Georgia also saw marked price increases, greater than in the other countries. In Georgia, where there was no price regulation, widespread price increases and increases in consumption both contribute to increasing pharmaceutical expenditures. In Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan, increases in outpatient pharmaceutical expenditures were primarily driven by increases in consumption, rather than increases in price. Comparing trends in consumption and pricing can identify gaps in access and inform future policy approaches.
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Asma , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Medicamentos Esenciales , Epilepsia , Neoplasias , Enfermedades no Transmisibles , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica , Humanos , Azerbaiyán/epidemiología , Epilepsia/tratamiento farmacológico , Epilepsia/epidemiología , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias/epidemiología , Enfermedades no Transmisibles/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades no Transmisibles/epidemiología , Uzbekistán/epidemiología , Georgia (República)RESUMEN
Background: Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), defined as two or more succeeding abortions during 20 weeks of gestation, affects 3-5% of pregnancies. Several studies have found that most women with RSA had at least one (and sometimes two copies) of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T variant. Materials and Methods: The study involved 118 women who had two or more spontaneous abortions (SAs) as the case group and 118 women who had at least one live birth but no SA as the control group. Clinical features such as age, body mass index (BMI), medication received, family history of abortion, and thrombophilia were investigated. Real-time PCR was used for genotyping subjects for MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism. Results: Significant differences in age, BMI, and medication received characters have been shown between those in the patients' group. For the MTHFR C677T gene, the genotypes for the patients' group were 36%, 60%, and 4%, whereas the genotypes for the control group were 30%, 58%, and 12%. In addition, the C and T allelic frequencies were 59% and 41% in the healthy control group and 67% and 33% in the patients' group, respectively. A significant association was found between the TT genotype and RSA. A 3.84-fold increased risk of RSA was associated with the TT genotype (odds ratio = 3.84, confidence interval: 1.28-10.93, p-value = 0.02). Conclusions: In this study, homozygosity for the T allele was significantly lower in the RSA-affected than in healthy women, whereas heterozygosity did not vary substantially between the two groups, which was in line with other studies.
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Aborto Habitual , Polimorfismo Genético , Embarazo , Humanos , Femenino , Azerbaiyán , Irán , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Aborto Habitual/genética , Frecuencia de los Genes/genética , Genotipo , Metilenotetrahidrofolato Reductasa (NADPH2)/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genéticaRESUMEN
The quality of water resources used for drinking and their health effects is vitally important. The present study investigated the concentrations of F-, NO3-, and metal elements like Hg, Mn, As, and Pb in the groundwater resources and their health risk assessment on the west margin of Urmia Lake, Iran. Sampling points were selected and taken from 121 groundwater resources in the summer of 2014. Heavy metals (Pb, As, Mn, and Hg) were measured by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer, model: Arcos, Germany), and some ions (Na+, NO3-, F-, and Cl-) by flame photometer and spectrophotometer according to the standard methods, respectively. The nitrate concentration range in groundwater samples measured from 1.7 to 137 mg/L and fluoride from 0.4 to 4.5 mg/L. The probabilistic method and Monte Carlo simulation were used to estimate carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks. The concentration of study elements in most samples was obtained in the WHO (World Health Organization) recommended range. The order of HM (heavy metal) concentration is based on the overall mean: Mn > As > Hg > Pb. The HI (hazard index ) level was found to be more than 1 for noncarcinogenic risk for As and NO3- and permissible risks for the other elements and fluoride. ELCR (excess lifetime cancer risk) levels of As were acceptable, except for some sampling points, the central region in the study area, near the seashore of Urmia Lake. Finally, it can be stated that the groundwater resources in the studied area are acceptable for drinking in most places. Still, due to the effects of As and NO3- contaminated water, the quality is unacceptable for drinking in some places. So, monitoring water quality is recommended by finding contamination sources to decrease the health risks of drinking consumption.
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Agua Potable , Agua Subterránea , Mercurio , Metales Pesados , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Fluoruros/análisis , Nitratos , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Irán , Azerbaiyán , Plomo , Metales Pesados/análisis , Medición de Riesgo , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) have suffered considerable morbidity and mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Few studies have evaluated the CoronaVac vaccine effectiveness (VE), particularly in Eastern Europe, where the vaccine has been widely used. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study among HCWs in seven hospitals in Baku, Azerbaijan between May 17 and November 30, 2021, to evaluate primary series (two-dose) CoronaVac VE against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Participants completed weekly symptom questionnaires, provided nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing when symptomatic, and provided serology samples at enrollment that were tested for anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid antibodies. We estimated VE as (1 - hazard ratio)*100 using a Cox proportional hazards model with vaccination status as a time-varying exposure, adjusting for hospital and previous SARS-CoV-2 infection status. Results: We enrolled 1582 HCWs. At enrollment, 1040 (66%) had received two doses of CoronaVac; 421 (27%) were unvaccinated. During the study period, 72 PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 infections occurred; 36/39 (92%) sequenced samples were classified as Delta variants. Primary series VE against COVID-19 illness was 29% (95% CI: -51%; 67%) for the entire analysis period. For the Delta-only period (July 1-November 30, 2021), primary series VE was 19% (95% CI: -81%; 64%). For the entire analysis period, primary series VE was 39% (95% CI: -40%; 73%) for HCWs vaccinated within 14-149 days and 19% (95% CI: -81%; 63%) for those vaccinated ≥150 days. Conclusions: During a period in Azerbaijan characterized by mostly Delta circulation, VE point estimates suggested that primary series CoronaVac protected nearly 1 in 3 HCWs against COVID-19, but 95% confidence intervals were wide, with lower bounds that crossed zero, reflecting the limited precision of our VE estimates. Our findings underscore the need to consider booster doses for individuals who have received the primary series of CoronaVac.
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COVID-19 , Humanos , Azerbaiyán/epidemiología , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Pandemias , Estudios Prospectivos , Personal de SaludRESUMEN
Land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) are critical in climate change mitigation. Producing or collecting activity data for LULUCF is essential in developing national greenhouse gas inventories, national communications, biennial update reports, and nationally determined contributions to meet international commitments under climate change. Collect Earth is a free, publicly accessible software for monitoring dynamics between all land use classes: forestlands, croplands, grasslands, wetlands, settlements, and other lands. Collect Earth supports countries in monitoring the trends in land use and land cover over time by applying a sample-based approach and generating reliable, high-quality, consistent, accurate, transparent, robust, comparable, and complete activity data through augmented visual interpretation for climate change reporting. This article reports forest extent estimates in Azerbaijan, analyzing 7782 0.5-ha sampling units through an augmented visual interpretation of very high spatial and temporal resolution images on the Google Earth platform. The results revealed that in 2016, tree cover existed in 31.9% of total land, equal to 2,751,167 ha and 1,301,188 ha or 15.1% of the total land, with a 5.4% sampling error covered by forests. The estimate is 15 to 25% higher than the previous estimates, equal to 169,418 to 260,888 ha of forest that was never reported in previous studies.
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Cambio Climático , Agricultura Forestal , Azerbaiyán , Tecnología de Sensores Remotos , Monitoreo del AmbienteRESUMEN
Background & objectives: Imatinib mesylate (IM) is a reliable first line treatment for chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Nevertheless, despite promising results, a considerable proportion of patients develop resistance to the drug. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play a crucial role in IM metabolism. Thus, point mutations in CYP genes may modify IM enzyme activity resulting in insufficient treatment response. This investigation was aimed to identify the functional impact of CYP3A5*3, CYP3A4*18 and CYP2B6*6 polymorphisms on the IM response in patients with CML in Azerbaijan. Methods: Genotyping of CYP3A5*3, CYP3A4*18 and CYP2B6*6 was performed in 153 patients (102 IM non-responders and 51 IM responders) with CML by the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays. The odds ratios (ORs) with 95 per cent confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to assess the association between allelic variants and IM therapy outcome. The results were validated by sequencing. Results: The frequency of the CYP3A4*18 allele was considerably lower in the responder's group (97.1 vs. 100%; P=0.036). For CYP3A5*3, the allelic frequency was slightly higher among the IM responders (100 vs. 99.02%) with no significant difference. Although patients heterozygous (TC) for CYP2B6*6 demonstrated a higher risk of acquiring resistance (OR 1.04; 95% CI: 0.492-2.218), differences were not significant (P=0.909). In addition, the homozygous genotype (TT) demonstrated a lower risk of unresponsiveness (OR 0.72; 95% CI: 0.283-1.836), but associations were not significant (P=0.491). Interpretation & conclusions: Our results demonstrated that CYP3A4*18 was significantly associated with IM treatment response in patients with CML in Azerbaijan, whereas rather common CYP3A5*3 was identified to have no such association.
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Citocromo P-450 CYP3A , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva , Humanos , Mesilato de Imatinib/uso terapéutico , Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/genética , Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/uso terapéutico , Citocromo P-450 CYP2B6/genética , Azerbaiyán , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva/tratamiento farmacológico , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva/genética , Genotipo , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/genética , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIMS: The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Azerbaijan has not been evaluated before. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease based on the validated reflux questionnaire. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1026 individuals from 7 regions of Azerbaijan were included in the cross-sectional study conducted via face-to-face administration of the validated Mayo Clinic's gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire. Gastroesophageal reflux disease was diagnosed if an individual had heartburn and/or regurgitation occurring at least once a week. RESULTS: The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Azerbaijan was 22.7% with significant female predominance (26.1% vs. 15.3%; P < .0001). Gastroesophageal reflux disease was prevalent in 17% of those aged below 35 years; 22.7% of those in the age range 36-55 years, and 38.5% of those who are above 56 years, which, accordingly, indicates that gastroesophageal reflux disease becomes significant as age increased (P < .0001). Male respondents younger than 35 years had much lower rates of gastroesophageal reflux disease than in older groups (5.7% vs. 22.7%, P < .0001), whereas in females older than 55 years, age was a significant factor for increasing gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms (22.6% vs. 50%, P < .001). Reflux was observed in 18.1% of normal-weight respondents (body mass index 18.6-24.9), 25.6% of overweight (body mass index 25-29.9), and 30.4% of obese ( body mass index > 30) individuals (P = .001). Regarding marital status, the prevalence was the lowest in the single subjects' group (17%), close to average in the married group (23.8%), and the highest (41.7%) in divorced/widowed cases (P = .003). Stress significantly affected the gastroesophageal reflux disease distribution, affecting 59.4% of all respondents (P < .004). CONCLUSION: Gender, body mass index, increased age, marital status, and stress were precipitating factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Socioeconomic diversity, along with lifestyle/habits, did not play a crucial role in the gastroesophageal reflux disease prevalence distribution.
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Reflujo Gastroesofágico , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Transversales , Prevalencia , Azerbaiyán/epidemiología , Reflujo Gastroesofágico/epidemiología , Reflujo Gastroesofágico/diagnóstico , Pirosis/epidemiología , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Background: Ticks are an important vector among arthropods associated with serious medical and veterinary problems. In this research, we investigate Borrelia species in ticks isolated from the surface of livestock (sheep and goat) in different regions of West Azerbaijan province. Materials and Methods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using specific primers targeting Borrelia spp. genes. Borrelia spp. was identified through PCR. The positive PCR products were sent to Pishgam Company for sequencing. Sequenced data were analyzed, and phylogenetic analysis was performed using maximum likelihood method in MEGA V.10. Results: The detection rate of Borrelia spp. for 16srRNA gene 69 (n = 542; 12.7%; 95%Cl: 10.1%-15.8%), 42 (n = 542; 7.7%; 95%Cl: 5.78%-10.1%) positive on 5S-23SrRNA gene and ospA gene 4 (n = 542; 0.74%; 95%Cl: 0.29%-1.88%). Conclusion: These results are the first report in Iran to identify Borrelia spp. These results of the study showed that the Borrelia spp. in hard ticks detected by PCR and it was negative to soft ticks. it is important in public health implications at the studied areas.
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Borrelia , Garrapatas , Animales , Ovinos , Cabras/genética , Irán/epidemiología , Filogenia , Azerbaiyán , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinariaRESUMEN
Quinolones are one of the most widely used drugs in medicine. Resistance to this agent has been increased significantly among the nosocomial isolates. The objective of this research was to study generalized transduction, as a potential mechanism for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes acquisition among hospital effluent isolates. Discharge samples from hospital effluent were taken from four medical centers in Azerbaijan. Resident phages were enriched against resident enterobacterial hosts using standard phage enrichment protocols. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to examine phage stocks and bacterial isolates for the presence of PMQR determinants. All positive bacterial isolates for target genes were subjected to transduction assays. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles were determined for cluster analysis. A total of 55 pure phage stocks were prepared from 42 effluents. A total of 95 non-duplicated Gram-negative bacteria were isolated. Thirty-two EcoRV-RFLP profiles were determined for the 40 Escherichia coli phage stocks. Twenty-six of 40 (65%) E. coli phages were positive for qnrB (n = 15), qnrD (n = 7), qnrA (n = 3), and qnrC (n = 2) genes. A total of 34 (35.7%) bacterial isolates were recognized to have any PMQR genes including qnrB (n = 23), qnrD (n = 8), qnrA (n = 5), and qnrC (n = 3) genes. Present research provided a strong evidence for potential role of generalized transduction in persistence and circulation of PMQR genes in health care settings of Azerbaijan.
Asunto(s)
Bacteriófagos , Quinolonas , Bacteriófagos/genética , Azerbaiyán , Escherichia coli , Plásmidos , HospitalesRESUMEN
Poor nutrition of the expectant mother leads to an unfavorable course of pregnancy and a number of serious deviations in the development of the child. Therefore, a multifaceted study of the actual nutrition of a pregnant woman is relevant, including the identification of trends associated with geographical, ethnic, and family characteristics. The study was aimed at conducting a comparative analysis of the nutrition of pregnant women from two cities, Astrakhan (Russian Federation) and Baku (Republic of Azerbaijan), by means of a questionnaire. Material and methods. In the course of a voluntary anonymous survey in 2022, 432 women aged 18-50 years old in the II trimester of pregnancy, living in Baku (n=280, group 1) and Astrakhan (n=152, group 2) have been interviewed. The answers of the respondents were analyzed in terms of eating habits, frequency of intake and food repertoire. Results. An analysis of the nutrition of pregnant women from both cities showed that it is unbalanced in terms of a set of products. Significant violations of the diet were noted in women from both studied groups, for example, a reduction in its multiplicity to two times a day (in group 1 - 2.5% and in group 2 - 7.2%). When conducting a comparative analysis of the nutrition of expectant mothers using the Pearson χ-square contingency coefficient, it was found that the groups had no significant differences in the consumption of milk and dairy products, meat and meat products, fish and seafood. Meat and meat products were used daily by no more than 31% of the surveyed, milk and dairy products - 43%, about half of pregnant women didn't consume fish and seafood. A relationship was established between the frequency of fruit consumption and the city of residence of pregnant women, in Baku women consumed fruits more often. In both groups, the abuse of confectionery and sugar was noted, some women already suffered from diabetes (5.4% from Astrakhan and 0.7% from Baku). Digestive pathology was detected in group 1 - in 11.2% (17), in group 2 - in 29.3% (79) of pregnant women. When conducting a comparative analysis of the frequency of consumption of undesirable products (mayonnaise, sauces, chips, carbonated drinks), it turned out that the groups were homogeneous, no connection with the city of residence was established. During pregnancy, 40.1 and 45.0% of women from 1 and 2 groups, respectively, took vitamin-mineral complexes. The level of vitamin D in the blood serum was determined by 29.6 and 6.8% of the respondents, respectively. A comparative analysis of the content of vitamin D in blood serum, determined respectively in 29.6 and 6.8% of respondents, showed that the groups of subjects were homogeneous, no connection of vitamin D level with the city of residence was found. Conclusion. In general, all the peculiarities of pregnant women's nutrition identified in the course of the survey can lead to an imbalance in the diet in terms of nutrient content, a deficiency of complete proteins, vitamins, and trace elements with excessive consumption of carbohydrates. When conducting a comparative analysis, it was possible to identify differences in the diet of pregnant women, relating only to the consumption of fruits - some respondents from Astrakhan consumed fruits less than once a week. Common unfavorable factors for pregnant women of both groups were the abuse of "undesirable" products, flour products and sugar, as well as the lack of involvement of women in the examination to assess the body's vitamin D supply and the rare prescription of vitamin-mineral complexes by specialists to correct micronutrient deficiencies.
Asunto(s)
Estado Nutricional , Vitaminas , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Animales , Azerbaiyán/epidemiología , Vitamina D , Federación de RusiaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Pedestrians are one of the most vulnerable users in road traffic injuries (RTIs). The rate of pedestrians' fatality is high in Iran. It is worthwhile to investigate how pedestrians behave. This observational study aimed to investigate pedestrians' unsafe behaviors while crossing. METHODS: This cross-sectional study examined the behavior of 1095 pedestrians (69.7% men) using videotaping when they crossed at two intersections and three non-intersections on a weekend and two working days in the morning, at noon, and in the evening. The information obtained was classified into 5 domains including adherence to traffic rule, violation, environmental barriers, visibility, and distraction. Data were analyzed using Stata version 17. RESULTS: About 60% of the pedestrians ignored the crosswalk and crossed the street wherever they wanted. More than 30% ignored the vehicles passing and crossed the street inattentively. About 60% of the pedestrians committed violations. More than half of pedestrians crossed unsafe crossings diagonally or in a hurry. More than 35% wore dark clothing and had low visibility, and nearly 30% were distracted. Adolescent pedestrians did not adhere traffic rules about 6 times more than the young adult pedestrians. Pedestrians who did not adhere to traffic rules in the morning were significantly more than in the evening. Men committed a violation 1.47 times more than women. The results showed that the pedestrians committed a violation in the morning significantly more than in the evening. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of pedestrians' unsafe behaviors in Maku was high. Unsafe behaviors were high among men and young adult pedestrians. Therefore, it's essential to implement educational interventions via different media as well as environmental interventions by different organizations to improve safe behavior among pedestrians.