Evaluation of the passive mast cell activation test for identifying allergens in perioperative anaphylaxis: a study protocol for a prospective diagnostic accuracy study.

INTRODUCTION: Perioperative anaphylaxis (POA) can lead to significant complications. Therefore, accurate identification of allergens for POA patients is critical to ensure the safety of future surgical and anaesthetic procedures. Existing perioperative allergen detection methods face challenges in sensitivity and specificity. The passive mast cell activation test (pMAT) has recently emerged as a potential diagnostic tool. Our study aims to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of pMAT for identifying perioperative allergens, with a focus on non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agents, the most common culprits of POA. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This prospective diagnostic accuracy study will measure the diagnostic accuracy of pMAT in POA patients. Participants will undergo skin testing (ST), basophil activation testing (BAT) and pMAT. The diagnostic validity of pMAT will be assessed based on the results of ST and BAT. The assessment of diagnostic accuracy will include sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and false-positive and false-negative rates while measurement of the consistency rate will assess reliability. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study has been approved by the Institutional Review Board of China-Japan Friendship Hospital (2023-KY-247). Results will be disseminated through academic presentations and peer-reviewed journal publications and will provide valuable scientific data and some new insights into the diagnostic accuracy of pMAT.

Basophil activation test in the diagnostic workup of perioperative anaphylaxis due to neuromuscular blocking agents: A case series and implications for practice.

In Australia, neuromuscular blocking agents are the leading cause of perioperative anaphylaxis. Current investigation of suspected anaphylaxis includes tryptase levels, serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, and skin testing, including intradermal testing and skin prick testing. The gold standard for the diagnosis of a hypersensitivity reaction is a challenge test, but this poses a risk to patient safety. An alternative test, known as the basophil activation test (BAT) is a form of cellular in vitro testing using flow cytometry to measure the degree of basophil degranulation within a sample of blood following exposure to an allergen. This acts as a surrogate marker for mast cell and basophil activation, thereby identifying IgE-mediated allergy. It is most commonly used to supplement equivocal findings from initial in vitro testing to assist in confirming the diagnosis of a hypersensitivity reaction and identify the causative agent. We present a case series in which five patients with suspected anaphylaxis underwent a BAT, demonstrating its role and limitations in allergy testing within Australia.

Epidemiology of perioperative anaphylaxis in France in 2017-2018: the 11th GERAP survey.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative anaphylaxis is rare but is associated with significant morbidity. This complication has been well described in France by the GERAP (Groupe d'Etude des Réactions Anaphylactiques Périopératoires), a network focused on its study. The epidemiology of perioperative anaphylaxis is evolving, influenced by environmental factors and clinical practice. The aim of this study was to update the epidemiology of perioperative anaphylaxis in France. METHODS: This multicentre retrospective study was performed in 26 allergy clinics of the GERAP network in 2017-8. RESULTS: There were 765 patients with perioperative anaphylaxis included. Most cases were severe, with 428 (56%) reactions graded as 3 or 4 according to the Ring and Messmer classification. Skin test results were available for 676 patients, with a culprit agent identified in 471 cases (70%). Neuromuscular blocking agents were the main cause of perioperative anaphylaxis (n=281; 60%), followed by antibiotics (n=118; 25%) and patent blue dye (n=11; 2%). Cefazolin was the main antibiotic responsible for perioperative anaphylaxis (52% of antibiotic-related reactions). Suxamethonium and rocuronium were the main neuromuscular blocking agents responsible for perioperative anaphylaxis with 7.1 (6.1-8.4) and 5.6 (4.2-7.4) reactions per 100,000 vials sold, respectively, whereas cefazolin-related cases were estimated at 0.7 (0.5-0.9) reactions per 100,000 vials sold. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that most commonly identified triggering agents remain neuromuscular blocking agents. Reactions to antibiotics, particularly cefazolin, are becoming increasingly frequent. The origin of sensitisation to cefazolin is unknown, as no cross-sensitisation has been described, and it should be the subject of further study. Perioperative anaphylaxis should be followed over the years and understood given the changing triggers. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04654923).

Extravascular injection of neuromuscular blocking drugs: A systematic review of current evidence and management.

Extravascular injection of neuromuscular blocking drugs (NMBDs) can cause a neuromuscular block because of systemic absorption. Currently, there are no guidelines available on managing extravasation of NMBDs. This article reviews the available literature on extravasation of NMBDs. Medline and Embase databases were searched for studies concerning the paravenous or subcutaneous injection of NMBDs. Nine articles were included consisting of seven case reports, one case series and one clinical trial. Rocuronium was used as primary NMBD in nine cases, vecuronium in two cases and pancuronium in one case. Although there exists significant heterogeneity between the reported information in the included studies, the majority of the case reports describe a slower onset, with a median delay of 20 min and prolonged duration of the neuromuscular block. Nine patients had a residual neuromuscular block at the end of the surgery. Postoperative monitoring in the recovery room was prolonged (median time 4 h). Most studies suggest that the delay in NMBD onset and recovery is caused by the formation of a subcutaneous depot, from which the NMBD is slowly absorbed into the systemic circulation. According to the current literature, extravasation of NMBDs results in an unpredictable neuromuscular block. Strategies to prevent potentially harmful side effects, such as frequent train-of-four (TOF) monitoring, the use of NMBD reversal agents and prolonged length of stay in the postanaesthesia care unit (PACU), should be considered. This article suggests a clinical pathway that can be used after extravascular injection of NMBDs.

Circulating microbiome analysis in patients with perioperative anaphylaxis.

Background: Perioperative anaphylaxis is a rare and acute systemic manifestation of drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions that occurs following anesthesia induction; the two main classes of drugs responsible for these reactions being neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) and antibiotics. The sensitization mechanisms to the drugs are not precisely known, and few risk factors have been described. A growing body of evidence underlines a link between occurrence of allergy and microbiota composition. However, no data exist on microbiota in perioperative anaphylaxis. The aim of this study was to compare circulating microbiota richness and composition between perioperative anaphylaxis patients and matched controls. Methods: Circulating 16s rDNA was quantified and sequenced in serum samples from 20 individuals with fully characterized IgE-mediated NMBA-related anaphylaxis and 20 controls matched on sex, age, NMBA received, type of surgery and infectious status. Microbiota composition was analyzed with a published bioinformatic pipeline and links with patients clinical and biological data investigated. Results: Analysis of microbiota diversity showed that anaphylaxis patients seem to have a richer circulating microbiota than controls, but no major differences of composition could be detected with global diversity indexes. Pairwise comparison showed a difference in relative abundance between patients and controls for Saprospiraceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Veillonellaceae, Escherichia-Shigella, Pseudarcicella, Rhodoferax, and Lewinella. Some taxa were associated with concentrations of mast cell tryptase and specific IgE. Conclusion: We did not find a global difference in terms of microbiota composition between anaphylaxis patient and controls. However, several taxa were associated with anaphylaxis patients and with their biological data. These findings must be further confirmed in different settings to broaden our understanding of drug anaphylaxis pathophysiology and identify predisposition markers.

Anafilaxia y anafiláctico / Anaphilactic shock and anaphilaxis

Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening clinical condition that results from the activation of mast cells/basophils, inflammatory pathways, or both. It can be specific (allergic), or non-specific (non-allergic). Most anaphylaxis are mediated by IgE, but there are also some mediated by IgM and complement activation. Incidence is about 1:10,000 anesthesia. Recent studies show that the drugs or substances mostly implicated in producing perioperative anaphylaxis are: neuromuscular blockers (60.6%), antibiotics (18.2%), patent blue dye (5.4%) and latex (5.2%). However, all drugs and substances used during anesthesia and surgery, perhaps with the sole exception of inhalation agents and crystalloids, have been reported as potentially causes of anaphylaxis. The clinical presentation is multisystemic, producing signs and symptoms mainly on skin, respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and central nervous systems. In its advanced phase, it may evolve to anaphylactic shock, causing tissue hypoperfusion and leading to altered cell integrity and multiple organ failure, associated with high mortality. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation (history and clinical manifestations), biological evidence (serum tryptase levels, serum histamine levels and search for specific IgE) and allergological evidence (skin tests, provocation test, mediator release tests and tests of activation of basophils). Treatment include 3 stages: general measures, first-line or primary treatment and second-line or secondary treatment. General measures consist of: Trendelenburg position, invasive monitoring (according to the severity of the clinical presentation), 100% oxygen administration, discontinuation of drugs and/or suspected agents and asking for help. The primary treatment is epinephrine in doses proportional to the clinical manifestations, airway support, 100% oxygen and aggressive resuscitation with intravenous fluids. Secondary treatment includesadministration of bronchialodilators, corticosteroids, and antihistamines.

Una anafilaxia es una condición clínica potencialmente mortal que resulta de la activación específica (alérgica), o no específica (no alérgica) de mastocitos/ basófilos, vías inflamatorias o ambos. La mayoría de las anafilaxias son mediadas por IgE, pero también las hay por IgM y activación del complemento. Su incidencia es de 1:10.000 anestesias. En los últimos estudios, los fármacos o sustancias más implicadas en producir anafilaxia perioperatoria son los bloqueadores neuromusculares (60,6%), los antibióticos (18,2%), las tinturas azules (5,4%) y el látex (5,2%), sin embargo, todas las drogas y sustancias usadas durante la anestesia y la cirugía, tal vez con la única excepción de los agentes inhalatorios y los cristaloides, han sido reportadas como potencialmente causantes de anafilaxia. El cuadro clínico es multisistémico, originando signos y síntomas centrados en la piel y los sistemas respiratorio, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal y nervioso central. En su fase avanzada puede evolucionar a anafiláctico, causando hipoperfusión tisular y llevando a alteración en la integridad celular y falla de múltiples órganos, con alta mortalidad asociada. El diagnóstico se basa en evidencias clínicas (historia y manifestaciones clínicas), evidencias biológicas (niveles de triptasa sérica, de histamina sérica y búsqueda de IgE específicas) y evidencias alergológicas (pruebas cutáneas, test de provocación, pruebas de liberación de mediadores y pruebas de activación de basófilos. El tratamiento incluye 3 etapas: medidas generales, tratamiento de primera línea o primario y tratamiento de segunda línea o secundario. Las medidas generales consisten en poner al paciente en posición de Trendelemburg, iniciar monitorización invasiva según la intensidad del cuadro clínico, administración de oxígeno al 100%, discontinuación de drogas y/o agentes posiblemente incriminados y pedir ayuda. El tratamiento primario es la adrenalina, en dosis proporcionales a las manifestaciones clínicas, el soporte de la vía aérea manteniendo el oxígeno ql 100% y la reanimación agresiva con fluidos endovenosos. El tratamiento secundario incluye la administración de broncodilatadores, corticoesteroides y antihistamínicos.

Complicación respiratoria en el postoperatorio tardío en un paciente con distrofia miotónica tipo I. Reporte de un caso / Respiratory complication in the late postoperative period in a patient with type I myotonic dystrophy. Case report

Myotonic dystrophy is an uncommon disease, characterised by disorders of the muscle membrane. Its clinical manifestations are muscle weakness, difficulty at initiating movements and delayed muscle relaxation. Carriers of this disease are very sensitive to anaesthetic drugs. Residual neuromuscular blockade is common among these patients, leaving them at risk of various postoperative complications. Proper neuromuscular blockade reversal is therefore crucial. We report the case of an 18-year-old male with myotonic dystrophy type I (Steinert's disease), who was admitted for a complicated hydatid cyst. He required a laparotomy, which was done under general anesthesia with no intraoperative incidents. He was extubated at the end of the procedure, with 94% response at the train-of-four (TOF) and adequate spontaneous ventilation. No reversal for neuromuscular blockade was given. The patient evolved favourably during the postoperative phase. However, in the later postoperatory period the patient presented severe respiratory complications. Proper anaesthetic management of these patients, as described in the literature, includes the use of non-depolarising muscle relaxants, monitoring of muscle relaxation and reversal of neuromuscular blockade. The combination of rocuronium and sugammadex appears to convey the optimum reversal required for these cases.

Las distrofias miotónicas son enfermedades poco comunes, caracterizadas por trastornos a nivel de la membrana muscular. Clínicamente se manifiestan por debilidad muscular progresiva, dificultad al iniciar movimientos y retardo en la relajación muscular. Los portadores de este grupo de enfermedades tienen una marcada sensibilidad a los fármacos anestésicos. Es habitual que presenten bloqueo neuromuscular residual, arriesgándose a sufrir diversas complicaciones postoperatorias. Por ello, es importante realizar una reversión adecuada de la relajación muscular en estos pacientes. Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 18 años, con distrofia miotónica de Steinert tipo I, que ingresa para laparotomía por quiste hidatídico hepático complicado. Recibió anestesia general sin incidentes. Es extubado con una respuesta al tren-de-cuatro (TOF) de 94% y ventilación espontánea adecuada. No se realiza reversión del bloqueo neuromuscular y evoluciona favorablemente en el postoperatorio inmediato. Sin embargo, en el período postoperatorio tardío, presenta complicaciones respiratorias severas. El adecuado manejo de estos pacientes, según lo recomendado en la literatura, requiere el uso de relajantes no-depolarizantes, monitorización y reversión del bloqueo neuromuscular, siendo probablemente la combinación de rocuronio y sugammadex, la más adecuada para estos fines.

Use of neuromuscular blockers in Brazil / Uso de bloqueadores neuromusculares no Brasil

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to evaluate how Brazilian anesthesiologists are using neuromuscular blockers, focusing on how they establish the diagnosis of postoperative residual curarization and the incidence of complications associated with the use of neuromuscular blockers. A questionnaire was sent to anesthesiologists inviting them to participate in the study. The online data collection remained open from March 2012 to June 2013. During the study period, 1296 responses were collected. Rocuronium, atracurium, and cisatracurium were the main neuromuscular blockers used in cases of elective surgery. Succinylcholine and rocuronium were the main neuromuscular blockers used in cases of emergency surgery. Less than 15% of anesthesiologists reported the frequent use of neuromuscular function monitors. Only 18% of those involved in the study reported that all workplaces have such a monitor. Most respondents reported using only the clinical criteria to assess whether the patient is recovered from the muscle relaxant. Most respondents also reported always using some form of neuromuscular blockade reversal. The major complications attributed to neuromuscular blockers were residual curarization and prolonged blockade. Eighteen anesthesiologists reported death attributed to neuromuscular blockers. Residual or prolonged blockade is possibly recorded as a result of the high rate of using clinical criteria to diagnose whether the patient has recovered or not from motor block and, as a corollary, the poor use of neuromuscular transmission monitors in daily practice.

RESUMOO objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar como os anestesiologistas brasileiros estão usando os bloqueadores neuromusculares (BNM), com foco na forma de estabelecer o diagnóstico da curarização residual pós-operatória e a incidência de complicações atribuídas ao uso de BNM. Um questionário foi enviado a anestesiologistas convidando-os a participar da pesquisa (tabela 1). A coleta online de dados permaneceu aberta de março de 2012 a junho de 2013. Durante o período de estudo foram coletadas 1.296 respostas. Rocurônio, atracúrio e cisatracúrio foram os principais bloqueadores neuromusculares usados em casos de cirurgia eletiva. Succinilcolina e rocurônio foram os principais BNM usados em casos de cirurgia de emergência. Menos de 15% dos anestesiologistas referiram que usam frequentemente monitores da função neuromuscular. Apenas 18% dos envolvidos no estudo referiram que todos os locais de trabalho têm tal monitor. A maioria dos entrevistados afirmou que usa somente o critério clínico para avaliar se o paciente está recuperado do relaxante. A maioria dos entrevistados também relatou que sempre usa algum tipo de reversão de bloqueio neuromuscular. As principais complicações atribuídas aos BNM foram curarização residual e bloqueio prolongado. Houve relato por 18 anestesiologistas de óbito atribuído a BNM. O bloqueio residual ou prolongado se registra, possivelmente, como consequência do alto índice do uso de critérios clínicos para diagnosticar se o paciente está recuperado ou não do bloqueio motor e, como um corolário, o baixo uso de monitores da transmissão neuromuscular na prática diária.

Eficácia da articaína, da bupivacaína e da lidocaína associadas à epinefrina em pacientes com pulpite irreversível em molares inferiores / Effectiveness of articaine, bupivacaine and lidocaine with epinephrine in patients with irreversible pulpitis in molars

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia anestésica da articaína 4%, da lidocaína 2%, ambas associadas à epinefrina 1:100.000, e da bupivacaína 0.5%, associada à epinefrina 1:200.000, durante pulpectomia em pacientes com pulpite irreversível em molares inferiores. Cento e cinco voluntários do Setor de Urgência da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo receberam, aleatoriamente, 3,6mL de um dos anestésicos locais para o convencional bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior (BNAI). No caso de falha do BNAI, foram administrados 3,6mL da mesma solução como injeção complementar no ligamento periodontal. O sinal subjetivo de anestesia do lábio, a presença de anestesia pulpar e ausência de dor durante a pulpectomia foram avaliados, respectivamente, por indagação ao paciente, por meio do aparelho estimulador pulpar elétrico (pulp tester) e por uma escala analógica verbal. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio dos testes Qui-quadrado, Kruskal Wallis e Razão de Verossimilhanças. Foi adotado nível de significância de 0,05 (P <= 0,05). Todos os pacientes reportaram anestesia no lábio após o BNAI. A lidocaína apresentou valores superiores (42,9%) para a anestesia pulpar após o BNAI e após a injeção no ligamento periodontal (61,5%). A bupivacaína apresentou valores superiores para a analgesia (80%) após o BNAI e a lidocaína (92,3%) após a injeção no ligamento periodontal. Após a falha do BNAI, a dor na câmara pulpar foi a mais frequente para articaína e lidocaína e na dentina para a bupivacaína e após a falha da injeção no ligamento periodontal, a dor foi similar para articaína nas diferentes regiões; câmara, canal e dentina; para a bupivacaína foi mais frequente na dentina e para a lidocaína no canal. No entanto, essas diferenças não foram estatisticamente significantes. Portanto as três soluções anestésicas locais se comportam de forma semelhante e não apresentam efetivo controle da dor no tratamento da pulpite irreversível em molares inferiores.

The aim of this study was to compare the anesthetic efficacy of 4% articaine and 2% lidocaine both associated with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 0.5% bupivacaine associated with 1:200,000 epinephrine in patients with irreversible pulpitis of the mandibular molars during a pulpectomy procedure. One hundred and five volunteers from the Emergency Center of the School of Dentistry at University of São Paulo randomly received 3.6 mL of local anesthetic as a conventional inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB). The subjective signal of lip numbness, pulpal anesthesia and the absence of pain during the pulpectomy procedure were, respectively, evaluated by questioning the patient, stimulation using an electric pulp tester and a verbal analogue scale. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, Kruskal Wallis and likelihood rations. The level for significance of differences was P <= .05. All patients reported the subjective signal of lip numbness after the application of either IANB. Lidocaine showed higher values for pulpal anesthesia after the IANB (42.9%) and after injection in the periodontal ligament (61.5%). Bupivacaine presented higher values for analgesia after the IANB (80,0%) and lidocaine after injection in the periodontal ligament (92,3%). After the failure of the IANB, the pain in the pulp chamber was the most frequent to articaine and lidocaine and bupivacaine for dentin and after the failure of the periodontal ligament injection, the pain was equal to articaine in different regions, chamber, canal and dentin; for bupivacaine was greater in dentin and lidocaine was higher in the channel. However, these differences were not statistically significant. So the three local anesthetic solutions behave similarly and not present any effective pain control in the treatment of irreversible pulpitis in mandibular molars.

Interacciones farmacológicas con el uso de bloqueantes neuromusculares / Drug interactions with the use of neuromuscular blockers

Introducción: la interacción medicamentosa es la capacidad que tiene un fármaco de alterar los efectos farmacológicos de otro que se administre simultáneamente. Objetivo: realizar una actualización sobre la interacción farmacológica de los bloqueantes neuromusculares, con fármacos de uso frecuente. Desarrollo: los bloqueadores neuromusculares, se utilizan para relajar la musculatura estriada, garantizar la intubación traqueal, la ventilación y producir un plano quirúrgico suficiente. Muchos medicamentos interactúan con ellos y con frecuencia potencian el efecto bloqueante muscular. Esto resulta de importancia clínica en el caso de antibióticos, anestésicos inhalatorios, litio y ciclosporina. Se puede producir dificultad en la reversión del bloqueo con los bloqueadores de los canales de calcio y la polimixina. Otros como la fenitoína, carbamazepina y litio pueden provocar resistencia a estos fármacos. Existen compuestos que tienen la capacidad de producir relajación muscular por su propia acción, de forma aditiva o sinérgica. En algunas situaciones dichas interacciones pueden ser beneficiosas, como en el caso de los agentes inhalados que cursan con buena relajación muscular y disminuyen los requerimientos de las dosis de bloqueantes neuromusculares; pero en la mayoría de los casos las interacciones son peligrosas. Conclusiones: aunque el anestesiólogo moderno tiene suficientes conocimientos teóricos sobre interacciones medicamentosas, debe tener presenta las que pueden producir los bloqueantes neuromusculares, pues pueden inducir un bloqueo neuromuscular impredecible en la práctica diaria(AU)

Introduction: drug interaction is the capacity of a drug to alter the pharmacological effects of another one being administered simultaneously. Objective: carry out an update of the interaction of neuromuscular blockers with frequently used drugs. Results: neuromuscular blockers are used to relax the striated muscle, permit tracheal intubation and ventilation, and create sufficient surgical plane. Many drugs interact with them, and they frequently enhance the muscular blocking effect. The process is clinically important in the case of antibiotics, inhaled anesthetics, lithium and cyclosporin. Difficulty in blockade reversal may arise when calcium channel blockers and polymyxin are administered. Other drugs, such as phenytoin, carbamazepine and lithium, may cause resistance to these medications. There are compounds which may cause muscular relaxation due to their own action or in an additive or synergic manner. Some such interactions may be beneficial, as is the case with inhaled agents, which produce good muscular relaxation and lower the dose requirements of neuromuscular blockers. But in most cases interactions are dangerous. Conclusions: even though modern anesthesiologists have sufficient theoretical knowledge about drug interactions, they should bear in mind those produced by neuromuscular blockers, for they may induce unpredictable neuromuscular blockade in daily practice(AU)

Perioperative allergic reactions: Experience in a Flemish referral centre

BACKGROUND: The incidence of perioperative anaphylactic reactions is overall estimated to be 1 per 10,000-20,000 anaesthetic procedures. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients referred to a University Allergy Centre in Belgium with the suspicion of an allergic reaction during or shortly after general anaesthesia. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to assess the causes of perioperative allergic reactions, to evaluate cross-reactivity among neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) and to analyze the diagnostic relevance of tryptase levels in the discrimination between IgE and non-IgE-mediated reactions. METHODS: A total of 119 patients, referred from 2007 to 2011 were included. The diagnostic protocol consisted in case history, serum tryptase measurements, immunoassays and skin tests. RESULTS: A diagnosis of IgE-mediated reaction was established in 76 cases (63.9%). The most common agents were NMBA (61.8%), antibiotics (14.5%), latex (9.2%) and chlorhexidine (5.2%). Rocuronium was the most frequently causative NMBA (48.9%). Vecuronium cross-reactivity was established by skin testing in 47.6% of cases. Cisatracurium was the NMBA most frequently tolerated (cross-reaction in 13.9%). In 23.4% of NMBA allergic patients, the reaction occurred on the first exposure. Most IgE-mediated reactions occurred during the induction phase (72.4%). Latex-induced reactions occurred mainly during maintenance and recovery phases (71.4%; p < 0.02). Mean tryptase values were significantly higher in patients with IgE-mediated reactions (p = 0.0001), than in those with no identified cause. CONCLUSIONS: NMBA, antibiotics, latex and chlorhexidine were the main culprits of IgE-mediated perioperative reactions. Uncertainties remain concerning the specificity and sensitivity of skin testing. Tryptase assays can be useful in the discrimination of IgE and non-IgE-mediated reactions

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Anafilaxia tras la administración de rocuronio. Potencial uso off-label de sugammadex / Rocuronium-induced anaphylaxis. Potential off-label use of sugammadex

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El bloqueo neuromuscular residual como factor de riesgo para eventos críticos respiratorios en la Unidad de Recuperación Postanestésica / Residual neuromuscular block as a risk factor for critical respiratory events in the post anesthesia care unit

Objetivo. El bloqueo neuromuscular residual es una importante complicación postoperatoria asociada al uso de fármacos bloqueantes neuromusculares. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la incidencia de bloqueo neuromuscular residual en una unidad de recuperación postanestésica (URPA) y evaluar su asociación con eventos respiratorios críticos. Material y métodos. Estudio de cohortes, prospectivo realizado en una URPA durante un período de 3 semanas. Se incluyó a doscientos dos pacientes adultos sometidos a cirugía programada no cardiaca no-intracraneal. La variable de resultado principal fue la presencia de bloqueo neuromuscular residual después del ingreso en unidad de recuperación postanestésica definido como un cociente del tren de cuatro estímulos-TOFr<0,9 y objetivamente cuantificado usando aceleromiografía. Se registraron datos demográficos, variables perioperatorias, tiempo de permanencia en la unidad, tiempo de estancia hospitalaria y complicaciones respiratorias. La recuperación inadecuada se clasificó de acuerdo con la escala de agitación y sedación de Richmond 10 minutos después del ingreso en la unidad. Resultados. La incidencia de bloqueo neuromuscular residual en la URPA fue de 29,7% (Intervalo de Confianza 95%: 23,4 - 36,1). Los pacientes con bloqueo residual tuvieron eventos respiratorios críticos, considerados de forma global con mayor frecuencia (51% frente 16%, p<0,001), obstrucción de vía aérea (10% frente 2%, p=0,029), hipoxemia leve-moderada (23% frente 4%, p<0,001), hipoxemia grave (7% frente 1%, p=0,033), insuficiencia respiratoria(8% frente 1%, p=0,031), incapacidad para respirar profundamente (38% frente 12%, p<0,01) y debilidad muscular (16% frente 1%, p<0,001). El bloqueo neuromuscular residual fue más frecuente después de cirugía de alto riesgo (53% frente 33%, p=0,011) y se asociaba más a menudo con recuperación anestésica hipoactiva según lo definido por la escala de agitación y sedación de Richmond (21% frente 6%, p=0,001). Conclusiones. Este estudio sugiere que el bloqueo neuromuscular residual es común en la URPA y se asocia a mayor frecuencia de incidentes respiratorios críticos(AU)

Objective. Residual neuromuscular block is an important postoperative complication associated to the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs. The purpose of this study was to access the incidence of residual neuromuscular block in a post-anesthesia care unit and to evaluate its association with critical respiratory events. Material and methods. Prospective cohort study was conducted in a Post Anesthetic Care Unit (PACU) for a period of 3 weeks. Two hundred two adult patients who submitted to scheduled non-cardiac and non-intracranial surgery were eligible to the study. The primary outcome variable was residual neuromuscular block after arrival to PACU that was defined as train-of-four ratio <0.9 and objectively quantified using acceleromyography. Demographic data, perioperative variables, lengths of hospital and recovery room stay and critical respiratory events were recorded. Inadequate emergence was classified in its different forms according to the Richmond agitation and sedation scale 10min after admission to the recovery room. Results. Residual neuromuscular block incidence in the post-anesthesia care unit was 29.7% (95% confidence interval: 23.4, 36.1). Patients with residual neuromuscular block had more frequently overall critical respiratory events (51% versus 16%, P<0.001), airway obstruction (10% versus 2%, P=0.029), mild-moderate hypoxemia (23% versus 4%, P<0.001), severe hypoxemia (7% versus 1%, P=0.033), respiratory failure (8% versus 1%, P=0.031), inability to breathe deeply (38% versus 12%, P<0.001) and muscular weakness (16% versus 1%, P<0.001). Residual neuromuscular block was more common after high-risk surgery (53% versus 33%, P=0.011) and was more often associated with post-operative hypoactive emergence as defined by the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (21% versus 6%, P=0.001). Conclusions. This study suggests that residual neuromuscular block is common in the PACU and is associated with more frequent critical respiratory events(AU)

Sugammadex antagoniza el bloqueo neuromuscular provocado por rocuronio en dos tipos de trastornos neuromusculares: distrofia miotónica y atrofia muscular espinal / Sugammadex reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in two types of neuromuscular disorders: Myotonic dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy

Las enfermedades neuromusculares como la distrofia miotónica (o enfermedad de Steinert) y la atrofia muscular espinal se asocian con las complicaciones perioperatorias relacionadas con la debilidad muscular. Estos pacientes presentan una hipersensibilidad a los bloqueantes neuromusculares no despolarizantes que podría derivar en curarización residual postoperatoria con complicaciones respiratorias. Para evitarlo conviene antagonizar satisfactoriamente el bloqueo neuromuscular (BNM). Sugammadex es el primer relajante selectivo y antagoniza los bloqueos neuromusculares por rocuronio y vecuronio. Se notifican dos casos donde los pacientes recibieron sugammadex para antagonizar un bloqueo neuromuscular provocado por rocuronio. El antagonismo de los BNM por rocuronio en ambos casos fue rápido, eficaz y sin recurarización, no se observaron preocupaciones de seguridad(AU)

Neuromuscular disorders like myotonic dystrophy (dystrophia myotonica or Steinert's disease) and spinal muscular atrophy are associated with perioperative complications related to muscle weakness. These patients have an increased sensitivity to non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agents, which can lead to postoperative residual curarization (PORC) and its associated respiratory complications. Adequate reversal of neuromuscular blockade is essential to prevent this. Sugammadex is the first selective relaxant binding agent and it reverses rocuronium- and vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block. Two cases are reported in which the patients received sugammadex to reverse a rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block. Reversal of the rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block (NMB) in both cases was fast, effective and without recurarization, and no safety concerns were observed(AU)

Incidencia de parálisis neuromuscular residual post anestesia general en pacientes de la Unidad de Recuperación de Cirugías programadas del Hospital Nacional Sergio E. Bernales, Abril - Junio 2013 / Incidence of residual neuromuscular paralysis post anesthesia general in patients of Surgical Recovery Unit scheduled at the National Hospital Sergio E. Bernales, April - June 2013

Introducción: El bloqueo neuromuscular residual (BNR) es una de las principales complicaciones relacionadas con el uso de agentes bloqueantes neuromusculares despolarizantes (BNM) durante la anestesia general. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es determinar cuál es la incidencia de pacientes con relajación muscular residual en la unidad de recuperación de cirugías programadas y a que factores se encuentra asociado. Metodología: Estudio observacional, transversal. Se determinara la presencia de relajación muscular residual mediante un monitor de relajación (TOF) en la Unidad de Recuperación (URPA). El análisis de los datos será descriptivo y analítico, los datos se presentaran en tablas y gráficos de dispersión. Resultados: Fueron reclutados 62 pacientes, 22 (35.5 por ciento) presentaron BNR. Resultados con asociación significativa, Neostigmina * BNR: X2=2.93, a=0.08. Horas de exposición * TOF<90 por ciento: R2=0.15, F=3.48, a<0.05. SatO2 * BNR (llegada URPA): Z=-6.50, a<0.05. Presión arterial media * BNR (salida URPA): t=2.28, a<0.05. Ventilación Espontanea * BNR: X2=8.21, a<0.05. Signos y síntomas * BNR: Rho=0.26, a<0.05. Conclusiones: El BNR se presentó en el 35.5 por ciento de los pacientes estudiados, hay una tendencia hacia el uso de neostigmina como factor protector. Las horas de exposición al relajante muscular en pacientes con TOF <90 por ciento se asocia con menores valores de TOF. El BNR influye en la presencia de hipoxia a la llegada a URPA, y de menor presión arterial media a la salida URPA. La ventilación espontánea es de menor calidad en pacientes con BNR. La ausencia de signos y síntomas se correlaciono con pacientes sin BNR, pero los mismos se presentaron en ambos grupos.

Introduction: Residual neuromuscular blockade (BNR) is a major complication associated with the use of depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents (NMB) during general anesthesia. The objective of this study is to determine the incidence of patients with residual muscle relaxation recovery unit as elective surgery is associated with factors. Methodology: Observational, transversal. To be determined the presence of residual muscle relaxation using a relaxation monitor (TOF) in the Recovery Unit (URPA). The data analysis will be descriptive and analytical data are presented in tables and scatter plots. Results: 62 patients were recruited, 22 (35.5 per cent) had BNR. Results with significant association, Neostigmine * BNR: X2=2.93, a=0.08. Hours of exposure * TOF<90 per cent: R2=0.15, F=3.48, a<0.05. Sat02 * BNR (URPA arrival): Z=-6.50, a<0.05. Mean arterial pressure * BNR (output URPA): t=2.28, a<0.05. Spontaneous Ventilation * BNR: X2=8.21, a<0.05. Signs and symptoms * BNR: Rho=O.26, a<0.05. Conclusions: The BNR presented in 35.5 per cent of patients studied, there is a trend towards the use of neostigmine as a protective factor. The hours of exposure in patients with muscle relaxant TOF<90 per cent were associated with lower values TOF. The BNR influence the presence of hypoxia on arrival to URPA, and lower mean arterial pressure at the exit URPA. Spontaneous ventilation is of lower quality in patients with BNR. The absence of signs and symptoms was correlated with patients without BNR, but these occurred in both groups.

Crotoxin in humans: analysis of the effects on extraocular and facial muscles / Crotoxina em humanos: estudo da ação em músculos extraoculares e faciais

PURPOSE: Crotoxin is the main neurotoxin of South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. The neurotoxic action is characterized by a presynaptic blockade. The purpose of this research is to assess the ability of crotoxin to induce temporary paralysis of extraocular and facial muscles in humans. METHODS: Doses of crotoxin used ranged from 2 to 5 units (U), each unit corresponding to one LD50. We first applied 2U of crotoxin in one of the extraocular muscles of 3 amaurotic individuals to be submitted to ocular evisceration. In the second stage, we applied crotoxin in 12 extraocular muscles of 9 patients with strabismic amblyopia. In the last stage, crotoxin was used in the treatment of blepharospasm in another 3 patients. RESULTS: No patient showed any systemic side effect or change in vision or any eye structure problem after the procedure. The only local side effects observed were slight conjunctival hyperemia, which recovered spontaneously. In 2 patients there was no change in ocular deviation after 2U crotoxin application. Limitation of the muscle action was observed in 8 of the 12 applications. The change in ocular deviation after application of 2U of crotoxin (9 injections) was in average 15.7 prism diopters (PD). When the dose was 4U (2 applications) the change was in average 37.5 PD and a single application of 5U produced a change of 16 PD in ocular deviation. This effect lasted from 1 to 3 months. Two of the 3 patients with blepharospasm had the hemifacial spasm improved with crotoxin, which returned after 2 months. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides data suggesting that crotoxin may be a useful new therapeutic option for the treatment of strabismus and blepharospasm. We expect that with further studies crotoxin could be an option for many other medical areas.

OBJETIVO: A crotoxina é a principal neurotoxina da cascavel sul-americana Crotalus durissus terrificus e sua ação neurotóxica caracteriza-se por um bloqueio pré-sináptico. O objetivo da pesquisa é avaliar a capacidade da crotoxina em induzir paralisia transitória de músculos extraoculares e faciais em seres humanos. MÉTODOS: As doses utilizadas de crotoxina foram de 2 a 5 unidades (U), sendo que cada unidade correspondia a uma DL-50. Na primeira etapa, aplicou-se 2U de crotoxina em músculos extraoculares de 3 indivíduos amauróticos, candidatos à evisceração. Na segunda etapa, realizaram-se 12 aplicações de crotoxina em músculos extraoculares de 9 indivíduos estrábicos e amblíopes. Na terceira e última etapa, utilizou-se a crotoxina para o tratamento do blefaroespasmo essencial em 3 indivíduos. RESULTADOS: Nenhum paciente demonstrou qualquer efeito sistêmico ou alteração da visão ou de qualquer estrutura ocular. O único efeito local adverso foi hiperemia conjuntival, que melhorou espontaneamente. Em 2 pacientes não houve alteração do desvio ocular após a aplicação de 2U de crotoxina. Observou-se em 8 das 12 aplicações, limitação do movimento ocular no campo de ação do músculo aplicado. A diminuição do desvio ocular com 2U crotoxina (9 aplicações) foi em média de 15,7 dioptrias prismáticas (DP); na dosagem de 4U (2 aplicações) foi em média de 37,5 DP e na única aplicação de 5U, obteve-se redução de 16 DP no desvio ocular. A alteração do alinhamento ocular manteve-se por 1 a 3 meses. Dois dos 3 pacientes portadores de blefaroespasmo apresentaram melhora dos espasmos hemifacias, os quais voltaram após 2 meses. CONCLUSÕES: Através dos resultados observados neste estudo, acreditamos que a crotoxina possa ser útil no tratamento do estrabismo e do blefaroespasmo. Novos estudos precisam ser realizados para confirmar a eficácia e a segurança da crotoxina como opção terapêutica para diversas áreas da medicina que atualmente utilizam a toxina botulínica.