Molecular Mechanisms of Fetal and Neonatal Lupus: A Narrative Review of an Autoimmune Disease Transferal across the Placenta.

This study, conducted by searching keywords such as "maternal lupus", "neonatal lupus", and "congenital heart block" in databases including PubMed and Scopus, provides a detailed narrative review on fetal and neonatal lupus. Autoantibodies like anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB may cross the placenta and cause complications in neonates, such as congenital heart block (CHB). Management options involve hydroxychloroquine, which is able to counteract some of the adverse events, although the drug needs to be used carefully because of its impact on the QTc interval. Advanced pacing strategies for neonates with CHB, especially in severe forms like hydrops, are also assessed. This review emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary care by rheumatologists, obstetricians, and pediatricians in order to achieve the best maternal and neonatal health in lupus pregnancies. This multidisciplinary approach seeks to improve the outcomes and management of the disease, decreasing the burden on mothers and their infants.

Home monitoring of fetal heart rhythm: Lived experiences of women with anti-SSA/Ro52 autoantibodies and their co-parents.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the parents' experiences of home monitoring of the fetal heart rhythm. Women with anti-SSA/Ro52 autoantibodies carry a 2%-3% risk of giving birth to a child with congenital heart block (CHB), following transplacental transfer and antibody-mediated inflammation in the fetal conduction system during 18th to 24th gestational week. Early detection and subsequent treatment have been reported to decrease morbidity and mortality. Therefore, home monitoring of the fetal heart rhythm by Doppler has been offered at our fetal cardiology center. This study was undertaken to explore the lived experience of the routine. METHODS: Participants were recruited from a single fetal cardiology center. Consecutive sampling was used. The inclusion criteria were women with SSA/Ro52 antibodies who had undergone Doppler examinations within the last two and a half years at the hospital and had monitored the fetal heartbeat at home. A semi-structured questionnaire was created, and the participants were interviewed individually. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed according to qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: The overall theme was defined as "walking on thin ice," with six underlying categories: reality, different strategies, gain and loss, healthcare providers, underlying tension, and conducting the examinations again, all with a focus on how to handle the home monitoring during the risk period. CONCLUSION: Both the mother and the co-parent expressed confidence in their own abilities and that the monitoring provided them with the advantage of growing a bond with the expected child. However, all the participants described a feeling of underlying tension during the risk period. The results show that home monitoring is not experienced as complicated or a burden for the parents-to-be and should be considered a vital part of the chain of care for mothers at risk for giving birth to a child with CHB. However, explaining the teamwork between the different caregivers, for the patients involved, their areas of expertise, and how they collaborate with the patient continues to be a pedagogic challenge and should be developed further.

Avaliação cardíaca por métodos não invasivos em filhos de portadoras de lúpus eritematoso sistêmico / Noninvasive cardiac assessment in children of women with systemic lupus erythematosus

OBJECTIVE: Noninvasive cardiac assessment of newborns and infants of women with systemic lupus erythematosus. The children had no congenital total atrioventricular block and were compared with the children of healthy women. METHODS: We prospectively assessed 13 newborns and infants aged 1 to 60 days, children of women with systemic lupus erythematosus and without congenital total atrioventricular block. These children were compared with 30 children of women who had no lupus or anti-Ro/SSA antibodies, and no risk factors for congenital heart disease either. Their age groups matched. The following examinations were performed: cardiological physical examination, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and signal-averaged electrocardiography. RESULTS: The statistical analysis showed no significant difference in ventricular function or in the cardiac conduction system between the groups. CONCLUSION: In regard to the conduction system and ventricular function in the absence of total atrioventricular block, no statistically significant difference was observed between the children of women with systemic lupus erythematosus and children of healthy women

Neonatal lupus syndrome: the heart as a target of the immune system

Neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) is an auto-immune disease related to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Unlike SLE it is not a spontaneous syndrome but rather an acquired one. In NLE the most common disease manifestations are a transient cutaneous lesion and cardiac conduction disturbances. The cutaneous lesions and other non-cardiac manifestations of NLE are transient and disappear about six months after birth, at the time when maternal antibodies disappear from the neonatal circulation. This fact suggests that maternal antibodies may cross the placenta leading to an inflamatory reaction in the fetal tissues. NLE is the principal cause of atria-ventricular block, when it is not associated with congenial birth defects. All the clinical studies to date correlate the heart block in NLE with the presence of certain types of circulating maternal antibodies, against the Ro/SSA nuclear proteins, in the serum of the newborn. In this paper we discuss animal models that have been developed by our and other groups to study the participation of the anti-Ro/SSA antibodies in the pathogenesis of the cardiac conduction blockades that occur in NLE.

Antibodies against beta adrenoceptors in mothers of children with congenital heart block

En este trabajo se empleó un modelo experimental "in vitro" en el cual se midió la frecuencia de las contracciones, la producción de AMPc y la la unión de ligandos específicos al receptor ß adrenérgicos en las aurículas de ratas neonatales y adultas; a fin de, determinar si anticuerpos con actividad ß adrenérgica interactuaban con receptores ß adrenérgicos cardíacos y alteraban su compartimiento fisiológico. Los sueros y la fracción IgG de madres de infantes con bloqueo cardíaco neonatal congénito incrementaron la frecuencia de las contracciones y la producciín de AMPc en el miocardio auricular neonato. Este efecto fue inhibido por propranolol, puntalizando una participación ß adrenérgica. La IgG también compitió con el radiologando específico por los receptores ß adrenérgicos (3H-CGP) en las membranas purificadas de miocardio neonatal. Ni los efectos biológicos ni los ensayos de unión específica fueron modificados cuando se usó miocardio de rata adulta. La reactividad contra adrenoreceptores cardíacos por parte de anticuerpos provenientes de madres de niños con bloqueo neonatal congénito, podría ser otro factor sérico que debería considerarse en la patofisiología del desarrollo del bloqueo neonatal congénito (AU)

Antibodies against beta adrenoceptors in mothers of children with congenital heart block

En este trabajo se empleó un modelo experimental "in vitro" en el cual se midió la frecuencia de las contracciones, la producción de AMPc y la la unión de ligandos específicos al receptor ß adrenérgicos en las aurículas de ratas neonatales y adultas; a fin de, determinar si anticuerpos con actividad ß adrenérgica interactuaban con receptores ß adrenérgicos cardíacos y alteraban su compartimiento fisiológico. Los sueros y la fracción IgG de madres de infantes con bloqueo cardíaco neonatal congénito incrementaron la frecuencia de las contracciones y la producciín de AMPc en el miocardio auricular neonato. Este efecto fue inhibido por propranolol, puntalizando una participación ß adrenérgica. La IgG también compitió con el radiologando específico por los receptores ß adrenérgicos (3H-CGP) en las membranas purificadas de miocardio neonatal. Ni los efectos biológicos ni los ensayos de unión específica fueron modificados cuando se usó miocardio de rata adulta. La reactividad contra adrenoreceptores cardíacos por parte de anticuerpos provenientes de madres de niños con bloqueo neonatal congénito, podría ser otro factor sérico que debería considerarse en la patofisiología del desarrollo del bloqueo neonatal congénito