RESUMEN
Fundamentos: La escuela puede ser un contexto favorecedor para prevenir la obesidad infantil, por lo que pautar meriendas escolares puede contribuir a adoptar hábitos saludables. El objetivo de este estudio fue doble: a) analizar el grado de cumplimiento de las meriendas pautadas; b) comparar las características de las meriendas según si eran o no pautadas. Métodos: Estudio transversal donde han participado centros escolares de las ciudades de Vigo y Pontevedra. Para el análisis comparativo se clasificó y categorizó cada una de las meriendas de los centros con y sin pauta. Asimismo, se comparó la composición de las meriendas establecidas, dependiendo si habían cumplido o no la pauta. Resultados: Se analizaron 1259 meriendas establecidas y 1363 sin pauta. El 81,2% de las meriendas recogidas cumplían con los requisitos pautados. Las meriendas no establecidas incluyeron un número de alimentos significativamente superior (p<0,001), así como un mayor porcentaje de alimentos ultraprocesados. En los centros con pauta, los niños cumplidores incluían más fruta y embutido, mientras que los no cumplidores llevaban más ultraprocesados. Conclusiones: Pautar meriendas escolares en educación infantil es una estrategia efectiva para asegurar una nutrición variada y una menor ingesta de alimentos ultraprocesados. (AU)
Background: The school can be a favorable context to prevent childhood obesity, so that the pattern of school snacks can contribute to the adoption of healthy habits. The aim of this study was twofold: a) to analyze the degree of compliance with the prescribed snacks; b) to compare the characteristics of the snacks according to whether they were prescribed or not. Methods: Cross-sectional study in which schools in the cities of Vigo and Pontevedra participated. For the comparative analysis, we classified and categorized each of the snacks in the schools with and without guidelines. Likewise, the composition of the established snacks was compared, depending on whether or not they had complied with the guideline. Results: A total of 1259 established snacks and 1363 without guidelines were analyzed. Of the snacks collected, 81.2% complied with the requirements established. The non-established snacks included a significantly higher number of foods (p<0.001), as well as a higher percentage of ultra-processed foods. In guideline centers, compliant children included more fruit and sausage, while non-compliant children had more ultra-processed foods. Conclusions: The school snack program in early childhood education is an effective strategy to ensure avaried nutrition and a lower intake of ultra-processed foods. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Preescolar , Bocadillos/etnología , Educación Alimentaria y Nutricional , Conducta Alimentaria , Programas de Nutrición Aplicada , EspañaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Children in low-income and minority populations are at risk for poor dietary quality. At least one-third of the calories consumed by children are eaten between meals (ie, snacks). The contribution of snacking to diet quality among children is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: The current study examined associations between snacking and children's diet quality along with differences across ethnicity or race, sex, and weight status. DESIGN: Cross-sectional data came from Phase I of the Family Matters Study, an observational study. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: This study included 150 families with children aged 5 to 7 years old from six ethnic or racial groups (n=25 from each: African American, Hispanic, Hmong, Native American, Somali, non-Hispanic white); data were collected in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN in 2017-2018. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Total daily energy (kilocalories), overall diet quality using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2010), and food group intakes (eg, fruit, vegetables, refined grains, sugar-sweetened beverages [SSB]) were assessed using three 24-hour dietary recalls. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Conditional fixed effects estimators (within-child variation) were used in regression analyses to characterize the relationship between daily snacking and dietary intake relative to dietary intake at all other daily meal occasions. Mean (±standard deviation) overall dietary intake including all meals and snacks was compared with mean (±standard deviation) intake of meals only. RESULTS: Among boys, snacking was found to contribute positively to HEI-2010 scores (HEI-2010=57.6, HEI-2010 without snacks=55.0; effect size [ES]=0.28, P=0.03). Snacking was an important source of fruit (ES=0.71) and dairy (ES=0.53), but also contributed to children's consumption of refined grains (ES=0.68) and SSB (ES=0.31). Very few vegetables were consumed as snacks. Furthermore, snacks contributed more to the overall diet quality (HEI-2010) of Native American (ES=0.30) and Somali (ES=0.35) youth as compared with youth from other ethnic or racial backgrounds. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that snacks have the potential to improve diet quality in children. Future research should examine influences on children's food choices at snack times and barriers to serving more healthful foods as snacks that are faced by ethnically or racially diverse families.
Asunto(s)
Dieta Saludable/estadística & datos numéricos , Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Pobreza/estadística & datos numéricos , Grupos Raciales/estadística & datos numéricos , Bocadillos/etnología , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Dieta Saludable/etnología , Ingestión de Alimentos/etnología , Conducta Alimentaria/etnología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Pobreza/etnología , Grupos Raciales/etnologíaRESUMEN
Children consume nearly one-third of their daily energy intake as snacks (i.e., eating occasions that occur between meals); thus there is a growing interest in understanding what snacking occasions look like in the homes of young children. This study makes use of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to 1) examine differences in the contextual factors, including location, food preparation style, people present, presence of media devices, and overall atmosphere, between meal and snack occasions; and 2) explore differences in the context of snacking occasions across children's gender and weight status. Data for the current study came from the Family Matters Study, which included 150 families with children aged 5-7 years old (nâ¯=â¯25 from each of the following groups: Black/African American, Hispanic, Hmong, Native American, Somali, White). Parents completed an 8-day EMA observation period, during which they were surveyed after each eating occasion with the study child; questions explored contextual factors including location, food preparation style, people present, presence of media devices, and the overall atmosphere of each eating occasion. Differences between meals and snacks were observed; a smaller percentage of snacks (compared to meals) were prepared by the parent, consisted of only homemade food, and were planned ahead of time, as opposed to being served in response to a child's request. Snacks were more likely than other meals to be eaten on the couch and in the presence of a screen. Furthermore, important differences in snacking context were observed by child gender and weight status. Findings illuminate opportunities to improve children's overall dietary intake via interventions focused on improving the quality of foods served during snacks, as well as the contextual environment in which snacks are eaten.
Asunto(s)
Evaluación Ecológica Momentánea , Etnicidad , Bocadillos/etnología , Asiático , Población Negra , Niño , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales Infantiles , Preescolar , Dieta Saludable , Conducta Alimentaria , Femenino , Hispánicos o Latinos , Humanos , Masculino , Minnesota , Somalia/etnología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Población Blanca , Indio Americano o Nativo de AlaskaRESUMEN
Understanding the relationship between snacking and dietary intake in early life years is one key but understudied area. In this study, we examined snacking patterns in toddlers and preschool children and the associations between snacking frequency and daily energy intake. We analyzed data from children aged 12-72 months (Nâ¯=â¯1186) in the Newborn Epigenetic STudy (NEST). We used Bonferroni multiple comparison methods to examine the differences in snacking patterns across subgroups. Linear and quantile regression models were fit to investigate the association between dietary intake and snacking frequency. Our estimates suggest that Non-Hispanic blacks had the highest total daily energy intake from snacks (334â¯kcal/day) compared to non-Hispanic whites (270â¯kcal/day) and Hispanics (274â¯kcal/day) in 12-to-24-month-olds. In 2-to-6-year-olds, mean energy intake from snacks was 296â¯kcal/day without a significant racial/ethnic difference. Carbohydrate, fat and protein from snacks contributed about 17%, 9% and 4% respectively of the total energy intake in 12-to-24-month-olds while they contributed about 15%, 7% and 2% respectively of the total energy intake in the other age group. Snacking frequency was positively and significantly associated with total daily energy intake in both 12-to-24-month-olds and 2-to-6-year-olds as indicated by regression coefficient estimates of snacking frequency (ßâ¯=â¯31.3â¯kcal/day with Pâ¯=â¯0.027 and ßâ¯=â¯175.4â¯kcal/day with Pâ¯<â¯0.0001, respectively, indicating a higher snacking frequency was associated with a greater total daily energy intake). In conclusion, snacking frequency was positively associated with daily energy intake. Carbohydrates and fats from snacks are significant energy contributors. Age differentiation was apparent regarding the relationship between snacking frequency and dietary intake. Differentiated interventions that are age-specific and focus on the dietary quality of snacks instead of quantity are needed.
Asunto(s)
Dieta/estadística & datos numéricos , Ingestión de Energía , Bocadillos , Población Negra/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Preescolar , Dieta/etnología , Encuestas sobre Dietas , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Grasas de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Ingestión de Energía/etnología , Epigénesis Genética , Femenino , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Bocadillos/etnología , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
This study evaluated the impact of a 6-month school nutrition intervention on changes in dietary knowledge, attitude, behavior (KAB) and nutritional status of Syrian refugee children. A quasi-experimental design was followed; Syrian refuge children in grades 4 to 6 were recruited from three informal primary schools (two intervention and one control) located in the rural Bekaa region of Lebanon. The intervention consisted of two main components: classroom-based education sessions and provision of locally-prepared healthy snacks. Data on household socio-demographic characteristics, KAB, anthropometric measures and dietary intake of children were collected by trained field workers at baseline and post-intervention. Of the 296 school children enrolled, 203 (68.6%) completed post-intervention measures. Significant increases in dietary knowledge (ß = 1.22, 95% CI: 0.54, 1.89), attitude (ß = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.08, 1.30), and body mass index-for-age-z-scores (ß = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.41) were observed among intervention vs. control groups, adjusting for covariates (p < 0.05). Compared to the control, the intervention group had, on average, significantly larger increases in daily intakes of total energy, dietary fiber, protein, saturated fat, and several key micronutrients, p < 0.05. Findings suggest a positive impact of this school-based nutrition intervention on dietary knowledge, attitude, and nutritional status of Syrian refugee children. Further studies are needed to test the feasibility and long-term impact of scaling-up such interventions.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos de la Nutrición del Niño/dietoterapia , Ciencias de la Nutrición del Niño/educación , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales Infantiles , Dieta Saludable , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Estado Nutricional , Refugiados , Índice de Masa Corporal , Niño , Conducta Infantil/etnología , Trastornos de la Nutrición del Niño/etnología , Trastornos de la Nutrición del Niño/prevención & control , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales Infantiles/etnología , Dieta Saludable/etnología , Femenino , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud/etnología , Humanos , Líbano , Masculino , Estado Nutricional/etnología , Proyectos Piloto , Campos de Refugiados , Refugiados/educación , Salud Rural/etnología , Instituciones Académicas , Bocadillos/etnología , Controles Informales de la Sociedad , Aprendizaje Social , Siria/etnologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Snacking among US preschoolers has increased in recent decades, raising questions about whether snacking contributes to dietary excess. OBJECTIVES: This research aimed to characterize snacking contributions to dietary excess and to evaluate associations with appetite and weight among preschool-aged children. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional, observational study of 187 Hispanic low-income preschoolers. Three 24-h dietary recalls were used to assess snacking frequency and parameters of dietary excess including energy, saturated fat, trans fats and added sugars. Parental reports of child satiety responsiveness, food responsiveness, and enjoyment of food were obtained. Child height and weight were measured. RESULTS: Children consumed 28% (395 kcal) of daily energy from snacks eaten at 2.3 ± 1.0 occasions per day. Greater snacking frequency was associated with greater daily intakes of energy (p < 0.05) and added sugars (p < 0.001). Among overweight/obese children, higher enjoyment of food was associated with more frequent snacking and greater energy intake from snacks (p = 0.01). Inverse associations of enjoyment of food with snacking frequency and energy intake were seen among normal weight children (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: More frequent snacking among low-income Hispanic preschoolers may contribute to excessive intakes of energy and added sugars, particularly among overweight/obese children with greater motivation to eat.
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Apetito/etnología , Conducta Alimentaria/etnología , Obesidad Infantil/etnología , Bocadillos/etnología , Peso Corporal , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Dieta , Ingestión de Alimentos , Ingestión de Energía , Femenino , Hispánicos o Latinos , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidad Infantil/etiología , Pobreza/etnologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To examine meal patterns in terms of frequency and circadian timing of eating in five European countries participating in the EFCOVAL project. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 559 men and women, aged 44-65 years, were recruited in Belgium, the Czech Republic, France (Southern part), The Netherlands, and Norway. Dietary data were collected by trained interviewers using standardized computerised 24-h recalls (GloboDiet). Means ± SE of (1) eating frequency, (2) overnight fasting, and (3) time between eating occasions were estimated by country using means from 2 days of 24-h recalls. We also estimated the frequency of eating occasions per hour by country as well as the proportional energy intake of meals/snacks by country compared to the mean energy intake of all countries. RESULTS: Mean eating frequency ranged from 4.3 times/day in France to 7.1 times/day in The Netherlands (p < 0.05). Mean overnight fasting was shortest in the Netherlands (9.2 h) and longest in Czech Republic (10.9 h) (p < 0.05). Mean time between single eating occasions was shortest in The Netherlands (2.4 h) and longest in France (4.3 h) (p < 0.05). Different patterns of energy intake by meals and snacks throughout the day were observed across the five countries. CONCLUSIONS: We observed distinct differences in meal patterns across the five European countries included in the current study in terms of frequency and circadian timing of eating, and the proportion of energy intake from eating occasions.
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Dieta Saludable , Ingestión de Energía , Conducta Alimentaria , Estilo de Vida Saludable , Comidas , Cooperación del Paciente , Bocadillos , Adulto , Anciano , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/etnología , Ritmo Circadiano , Estudios Transversales , Dieta Saludable/etnología , Escolaridad , Ingestión de Energía/etnología , Europa (Continente) , Conducta Alimentaria/etnología , Humanos , Comidas/etnología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas Nutricionales , Cooperación del Paciente/etnología , Autoinforme , Fumar/efectos adversos , Fumar/etnología , Bocadillos/etnología , Terminología como AsuntoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The current study sought to examine Guatemalan adolescents' consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), identify which individual-level characteristics are associated with SSB consumption and describe school characteristics that may influence students' SSB consumption. DESIGN: Within this observational pilot study, a questionnaire was used to assess students' consumption of three varieties of SSB (soft drinks, energy drinks, sweetened coffees/teas), as well as a variety of sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics. We collected built environment data to examine aspects of the school food environment. We developed Poisson regression models for each SSB variety and used descriptive analyses to characterize the sample. SETTING: Guatemala City, Guatemala. SUBJECTS: Guatemalan adolescents (n 1042) from four (two public, two private) secondary schools. RESULTS: Built environment data revealed that students from the two public schools lacked access to water fountains/coolers. The SSB industry had a presence in the schools through advertisements, sponsored food kiosks and products available for sale. Common correlates of SSB consumption included school type, sedentary behaviour, frequency of purchasing lunch in the cafeteria, and frequency of purchasing snacks from vending machines in school and off school property. CONCLUSIONS: Guatemalan adolescents frequently consume SSB, which may be encouraged by aspects of the school environment. Schools represent a viable setting for equitable population health interventions designed to reduce SSB consumption, including increasing access to clean drinking-water, reducing access to SSB, restricting SSB marketing and greater enforcement of existing food policies.
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Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Adolescentes , Bebidas/efectos adversos , Azúcares de la Dieta/efectos adversos , Sobrepeso/etiología , Obesidad Infantil/etiología , Instituciones Académicas , Adolescente , Conducta del Adolescente/etnología , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Adolescentes/etnología , Publicidad , Bebidas/economía , Agua Potable , Femenino , Servicios de Alimentación , Guatemala/epidemiología , Transición de la Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Sobrepeso/etnología , Obesidad Infantil/epidemiología , Obesidad Infantil/etnología , Proyectos Piloto , Distribución de Poisson , Riesgo , Autoinforme , Bocadillos/etnología , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The study aims were to (i) identify determinants of Nutrition Facts Panel (NFP) use and (ii) describe the association between NFP use and dietary intake among Latinos with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Baseline cross-sectional data from a clinical trial were used to assess the association between NFP use and dietary intake. Diet was measured using two methods: (i) a diet quality score (the Healthy Eating Index-2010) derived from a single 24 h recall and (ii) dietary pattern (exploratory factor analyses) from an FFQ. Multivariable logistic and non-parametric quantile regressions were conducted, as appropriate. Settings Hartford County, Connecticut, USA. SUBJECTS: Latino adults (n 203), ≥21 years of age, with diagnosed type 2 diabetes, glycosylated Hb≥7 %, and without medical conditions limiting physical activity. RESULTS: Participants' education level, diabetes-related knowledge and English speaking were positively associated with NFP use. At the higher percentiles of diet quality score, NFP use was significantly associated with higher diet quality. Similarly, NFP users were more likely to consume a 'healthy' dietary pattern (P=0·003) and less likely to consume a 'fried snack' pattern (P=0·048) compared with NFP non-users. CONCLUSIONS: The association between reported NFP use and diet quality was positive and significantly stronger among participants who reported consuming a healthier diet. While NFP use was associated with a healthier dietary pattern, not using NFP was associated with a less-healthy, fried snack pattern. Longitudinal studies are needed to understand whether improving NFP use could be an effective intervention to improve diet quality among Latinos with type 2 diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/dietoterapia , Dieta para Diabéticos , Dieta Saludable , Análisis de los Alimentos , Etiquetado de Alimentos , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Cooperación del Paciente , Anciano , Connecticut , Estudios Transversales , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etnología , Dieta para Diabéticos/etnología , Dieta Saludable/etnología , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Dieta Alta en Grasa/etnología , Análisis Factorial , Femenino , Preferencias Alimentarias/etnología , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud/etnología , Hispánicos o Latinos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Evaluación Nutricional , Valor Nutritivo , Cooperación del Paciente/etnología , Bocadillos/etnologíaRESUMEN
Early dietary patterns can have long-term health consequences. This study describes food consumption patterns among US children ≤23 months. We used one 24 h dietary recall from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2014 to estimate the percentage of children ≤23 months who consumed selected food/beverage categories on any given day by age and race/Hispanic origin. Among 0 to 5 month olds, 42.9% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 37.0%, 49.1%) consumed breast milk, with non-Hispanic blacks less likely (21.2%, 95% CI: 13.2%, 32.2%) compared with non-Hispanic whites (49.0%, 95% CI: 39.0%, 59.1%) (p < 0.001). The percentage of children consuming vegetables was 57.4%, 48.2%, and 45.1% for ages 6 to 11, 12 to 18 and 19 to 23 months, respectively (p < 0.01 for trend). The percentage of children consuming sugar-sweetened beverages was 6.6%, 31.8% and 38.3% for ages 6 to 11, 12 to 18 and 19 to 23 months, respectively (p < 0.01 for trend). Among children aged ≥6 months, lower percentages of non-Hispanic black and Hispanic children consumed vegetables, and higher percentages consumed sugar-sweetened beverages and 100% juice compared with non-Hispanic white children, although differences were not always statistically significant. Compared with children in the second year of life, a higher percentage of children 6 to 11 months of age consumed vegetables and a lower percentage consumed 100% juice, sugar-sweetened beverages, snacks, or sweets; with differences by race/Hispanic origin. These data may be relevant to the upcoming 2020-2025 federal dietary guidelines.
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Desarrollo Infantil , Dieta Saludable , Métodos de Alimentación , Alimentos Infantiles , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Leche Humana , Cooperación del Paciente , Negro o Afroamericano , Bebidas/efectos adversos , Lactancia Materna/etnología , Dieta Saludable/etnología , Azúcares de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Azúcares de la Dieta/efectos adversos , Métodos de Alimentación/efectos adversos , Femenino , Frutas , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales/efectos adversos , Hispánicos o Latinos , Humanos , Lactante , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante/etnología , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Encuestas Nutricionales , Cooperación del Paciente/etnología , Bocadillos/etnología , Estados Unidos , Verduras , Población BlancaRESUMEN
Research on the relative influence of package features on children's perception of food products is still necessary to aid policy design and development. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the relative influence of two front-of-pack (FOP) nutrition labelling schemes, the traffic light system and Chilean warning system, and label design on children's choice of two popular snack foods in Uruguay, wafer cookies and orange juice. A total of 442 children in grades 4 to 6 from 12 primary schools in Montevideo (Uruguay) participated in the study. They were asked to complete a choice-conjoint task with wafer cookies and orange juice labels, varying in label design and the inclusion of FOP nutrition information. Half of the children completed the task with labels featuring the traffic-light system (n = 217) and the other half with labels featuring the Chilean warning system (n = 225). Children's choices of wafer cookies and juice labels was significantly influenced by both label design and FOP nutritional labels. The relative impact of FOP nutritional labelling on children's choices was higher for the warning system compared to the traffic-light system. Results from the present work stress the need to regulate the design of packages and the inclusion of nutrient claims, and provide preliminary evidence of the potential of warnings to discourage children's choice of unhealthful products.
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Conducta Infantil , Conducta de Elección , Dieta Saludable , Embalaje de Alimentos , Preferencias Alimentarias , Calidad de los Alimentos , Cooperación del Paciente , Adolescente , Conducta del Adolescente , Niño , Conducta Infantil/etnología , Citrus sinensis/química , Dieta Saludable/etnología , Comida Rápida/efectos adversos , Comida Rápida/análisis , Femenino , Preferencias Alimentarias/etnología , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales/efectos adversos , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales/análisis , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud/etnología , Humanos , Masculino , Valor Nutritivo , Cooperación del Paciente/etnología , Bocadillos/etnología , UruguayRESUMEN
One factor that determines what we eat and why we eat is our social environment. In the present research, two online studies examined the relationship between food intake and social images. Specifically, the present research assessed the relationship between the food intake university students ascribed to peers who varied in popularity and own self-reported food intake, and whether this relationship was moderated by identification with the peer group. Participants (N = 97 in Study 1; N = 402 in Study 2) were randomly presented with one of four (Study 1) or two of eight (Study 2) vignettes describing a popular or unpopular student (male or female) from their university without receiving any information about the peer's eating behavior. Subsequently, healthy and unhealthy eating ascribed to the peers and own self-reported eating behavior were assessed. Results indicated that popular peers were perceived to eat more healthily than unpopular peers. Moreover, eating behavior ascribed to popular peers were associated with own healthy and unhealthy eating. Importantly, the relationship between healthy eating behavior ascribed to popular peers and own healthy eating behavior was moderated by identification with the student group - the more participants identified with their peers, the more their own eating was aligned with the healthy eating ascribed to a popular peer. Hence, the popularity of others seems to shape perceptions of the food they eat and may facilitate healthy eating via social influence.
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Dieta Saludable , Conducta Alimentaria , Preferencias Alimentarias , Modelos Psicológicos , Cooperación del Paciente , Influencia de los Compañeros , Bocadillos , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Dieta Saludable/etnología , Dieta Saludable/psicología , Conducta Alimentaria/etnología , Conducta Alimentaria/psicología , Femenino , Preferencias Alimentarias/etnología , Preferencias Alimentarias/psicología , Alemania , Humanos , Internet , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Cooperación del Paciente/etnología , Cooperación del Paciente/psicología , Cultura Popular , Autoimagen , Autoinforme , Caracteres Sexuales , Bocadillos/etnología , Bocadillos/psicología , Normas Sociales , Estudiantes , UniversidadesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To study the association of meal patterns and timing with central obesity to identify the best dietary strategies to deal with the increasing obesity prevalence. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study performed on data from a representative sample of the Spanish population. Height and waist circumference were measured using standardized procedures and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was calculated. The sample was divided into those without central obesity (WHtR<0·5) and those with central obesity (WHtR≥0·5). SETTING: ANIBES ('Anthropometric data, macronutrients and micronutrients intake, practice of physical activity, socioeconomic data and lifestyles in Spain') Study. SUBJECTS: Adults aged 18-64 years (n 1655; 798 men and 857 women). RESULTS: A higher percentage of people ate more than four meals daily in the group without central obesity and those with central obesity more frequently skipped the mid-afternoon snack than those without. Breakfasts containing >25 % of total energy intake and lunches containing >35 % of total energy intake were associated with increased likelihood of central obesity (OR=1·874, 95 % CI 1·019, 3·448; P15 % of total energy were associated with decreased likelihood of central obesity (OR=0·477, 95 % CI 0·313, 0·727; P<0·001 and OR=0·650, 95 % CI 0·453, 0·932; P<0·05, respectively). The variety of cereals, wholegrain cereals and dairy was higher in the population without central obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that 'what and when we eat' should be considered dietary strategies to reduce central obesity.
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Dieta/efectos adversos , Ingestión de Energía , Conducta Alimentaria , Transición de la Salud , Comidas , Obesidad Abdominal/etiología , Bocadillos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Dieta/etnología , Ingestión de Energía/etnología , Ejercicio Físico , Conducta Alimentaria/etnología , Femenino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida/etnología , Masculino , Comidas/etnología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas Nutricionales , Obesidad Abdominal/epidemiología , Obesidad Abdominal/etnología , Riesgo , Bocadillos/etnología , Factores Socioeconómicos , España/epidemiología , Relación Cintura-Estatura , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Excessive energy intake during evening hours is associated with several health problems. The aim of this study was to investigate for the first time the possible association of late-night overeating with breakfast habits and obesity in a large sample of Greek children ages 9 to 13 y. METHODS: In all, 2655 schoolchildren (9-13 y) participated in the Healthy Growth Study, a cross-sectional epidemiologic study conducted in 77 primary schools in four large regions in Greece. The present study presents results on 1912 children having full data regarding anthropometric, dietary, physical activity, and physical examination indices. RESULTS: High-energy intake at dinner and evening snack was associated with higher likelihood of skipping breakfast (odds ratio, 1.85; 95% confidence interval 1.42-2.39) and with lower caloric intake at breakfast (ß = 0.14; P < 0.001). Children at the lowest quartile of physical activity levels were found to have a positive association between the calories consumed at dinner and their body mass index (ß = 0.11; P = 0.019). This association was inverse for children at the highest quartile of physical activity levels (ß = -0.10; P = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: Late-night overeating is associated with skipping and/or consuming a smaller breakfast. In children with low levels of physical activity, it is associated with increased body mass index. Future relevant studies are essential to further explore and confirm the findings of the present study.
Asunto(s)
Desayuno , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales Infantiles , Conducta Alimentaria , Hiperfagia/fisiopatología , Sobrepeso/etiología , Obesidad Infantil/etiología , Bocadillos , Adolescente , Índice de Masa Corporal , Desayuno/etnología , Niño , Desarrollo Infantil , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales Infantiles/etnología , Estudios Transversales , Ingestión de Energía/etnología , Conducta Alimentaria/etnología , Femenino , Grecia/epidemiología , Humanos , Hiperfagia/etnología , Masculino , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Sobrepeso/etnología , Obesidad Infantil/epidemiología , Obesidad Infantil/etnología , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Instituciones Académicas , Conducta Sedentaria/etnología , Bocadillos/etnologíaRESUMEN
Several studies reported that the timing of eating events has critical implications in the prevention of obesity, but dietary patterns regarding the time-of-day have not been explored in children. The aim of this study was to derive latent food patterns of daily eating events and to examine their associations with overweight/obesity among schoolchildren. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 7-10-year-old Brazilian schoolchildren (n 1232) who completed the Previous Day Food Questionnaire, illustrated with twenty-one foods/beverages in six daily eating events. Latent class analysis was used to derive dietary patterns whose association with child weight status was evaluated by multivariate multinomial regression. Four mutually exclusive latent classes of dietary patterns were identified and labelled according to the time-of-day of eating events and food intake probability (FIP): (A) higher FIP only at lunch; (B) lower FIP at all eating events; (C) higher FIP at lunch, afternoon and evening snacks; (D) lower FIP at breakfast and at evening snack, higher FIP at other meals/snacks. The percentages of children within these classes were 32·3, 48·6, 15·1 and 4·0 %, respectively. After controlling for potential confounders, the mean probabilities of obesity for these classes were 6 % (95 % CI 3·0, 9·0), 13 % (95 % CI 9·0, 17·0), 12 % (95 % CI 6·0, 19) and 11 % (95 % CI 5·0, 17·0), in the same order. In conclusion, the children eating traditional lunch with rice and beans as the main meal of the day (class A) had the lowest obesity risk, thus reinforcing the importance of both the food type and the time-of-day of its intake for weight status.
Asunto(s)
Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales Infantiles , Dieta/efectos adversos , Conducta Alimentaria , Sobrepeso/etiología , Obesidad Infantil/etiología , Salud Urbana , Índice de Masa Corporal , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Conducta Infantil/etnología , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales Infantiles/etnología , Estudios Transversales , Dieta/clasificación , Dieta/etnología , Conducta Alimentaria/etnología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Comidas/etnología , Encuestas Nutricionales , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Sobrepeso/etnología , Obesidad Infantil/epidemiología , Obesidad Infantil/etnología , Prevalencia , Riesgo , Instituciones Académicas , Bocadillos/etnología , Estadística como Asunto , Factores de Tiempo , Salud Urbana/etnologíaRESUMEN
This cross-sectional study examined how energy density (ED) of meals and snacks are associated with overall diet quality and adiposity measures in 1617 British children aged 4-18 years from the 1997 National Diet and Nutrition Survey. On the basis of data from 7-d weighed dietary record, all eating occasions were divided into meals or snacks on the basis of time (meals: 06.00-09.00, 12.00-14.00 and 17.00-20.00 hours; snacks: all others) or contribution to energy intake (EI) (meals: ≥15 %; snacks: <15 %). ED of meals and snacks was calculated on the basis of food only. Overall diet quality was assessed using the Mediterranean diet score (range 0-8). Irrespective of the definition of meals and snacks, ≥67 % of EI was derived from meals, whereas ED of meals was lower than ED of snacks (mean: 8·50-8·75 v. 9·69-10·52 kJ/g). Both ED of meals and ED of snacks were inversely associated with total intakes of vegetables, fruits, dietary fibre and overall diet quality and positively associated with total intakes of fat. However, the associations were stronger for ED of meals. The change in the Mediterranean diet score with a 1-unit increase of ED (kJ/g) was -0·35 to -0·30 for ED of meals and -0·09 to -0·06 for ED of snacks (all P<0·0001). After adjustment for potential confounders, all measures of ED of meals and snacks did not show positive associations with adiposity measures. In conclusion, although both ED of meals and ED of snacks were associated with adverse profiles of overall diet quality (but not adiposity measures), stronger associations were observed for ED of meals.
Asunto(s)
Adiposidad , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales Infantiles , Dieta/efectos adversos , Ingestión de Energía , Comidas , Bocadillos , Adiposidad/etnología , Adolescente , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Adolescentes/etnología , Niño , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales Infantiles/etnología , Preescolar , Factores de Confusión Epidemiológicos , Estudios Transversales , Dieta/etnología , Registros de Dieta , Dieta Mediterránea , Ingestión de Energía/etnología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Comidas/etnología , Encuestas Nutricionales , Hipernutrición/epidemiología , Hipernutrición/etnología , Hipernutrición/etiología , Hipernutrición/prevención & control , Cooperación del Paciente/etnología , Bocadillos/etnología , Reino Unido/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
This cross-sectional study examined how energy density (ED) in meals and snacks is associated with overall diet quality, BMI and waist circumference (WC). On the basis of the data from 7-d weighed dietary record, all eating occasions were divided into meals or snacks based on time (meals: 06.00-10.00, 12.00-15.00 and 18.00-21.00 hours; snacks: others) or contribution to energy intake (EI) (meals: ≥15; snacks: <15%) in 1451 British adults aged 19-64 years. Irrespective of the definition of meals and snacks, both meal ED and snack ED (kJ/g; calculated on the basis of solid food only) were inversely associated with overall diet quality assessed by the healthy diet indicator (regression coefficient (ß)=-0·29 to -0·21 and -0·07 to -0·04, respectively) and Mediterranean diet score (ß=-0·43 to -0·30 and -0·13 to -0·06, respectively) in both sexes (P≤0·002), although the associations were stronger for meal ED. After adjustment for potential confounders, in both men and women, meal ED based on EI contribution showed positive associations with BMI (ß=0·34; 95% CI 0·06, 0·62 and ß=0·31; 95% CI 0·01, 0·61, respectively) and WC (ß=0·96; 95% CI 0·27, 1·66 and ß=0·67; 95% CI 0·04, 1·30, respectively). In addition, meal ED based on time was positively associated with WC in men (ß=0·59; 95% CI 0·07, 1·10) and snack ED based on time was positively associated with BMI in women (ß=0·15; 95% CI 0·04, 0·27). In analyses in which only acceptable EI reporters were included, similar results were obtained. In conclusion, the findings suggest stronger associations of meal ED with overall diet quality, BMI and WC compared with snack ED.
Asunto(s)
Dieta/efectos adversos , Ingestión de Energía , Comidas , Obesidad/etiología , Sobrepeso/etiología , Bocadillos , Adulto , Índice de Masa Corporal , Factores de Confusión Epidemiológicos , Estudios Transversales , Dieta/etnología , Registros de Dieta , Dieta Mediterránea/etnología , Ingestión de Energía/etnología , Femenino , Calidad de los Alimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Comidas/etnología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas Nutricionales , Obesidad/epidemiología , Obesidad/etnología , Obesidad/prevención & control , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Sobrepeso/etnología , Sobrepeso/prevención & control , Cooperación del Paciente/etnología , Bocadillos/etnología , Reino Unido/epidemiología , Circunferencia de la Cintura , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The prevalence of dental caries has been decreasing among kindergarten children in Shanghai, China, over recent years, although it still remains at an unacceptably high level. The purpose of this study was to identify which factors were important in providing oral health guidance and achieving further improvement in the oral health status of kindergarten children in urban China. A survey was conducted on dental caries in 128 Japanese and 368 Chinese kindergarten children and a questionnaire given to their parents/guardians on each child's lifestyle and dietary habits from birth to the present. Correlations between responses to each questionnaire item and the status of dental caries were statistically analyzed. The dft index score (p=0.0016), prevalence of dental caries (p=0.0002), and percentages of children with decayed (untreated caries-affected) teeth (p<0.0001) were significantly higher in the Chinese than in the Japanese children. Many differences were observed in lifestyle factors between the two groups. The percentage of parents failing to control the child's snacking habits between meals was higher in China, and weaning was significantly delayed in China compared with in Japan. These lifestyle factors were considered to be associated closely with the high risk of dental caries in Chinese kindergarten children. These findings indicate that oral health guidance for kindergarten children in Shanghai, China, should focus on control of dietary habits, including control of inter-meal snacking, and breastfeeding practices. The results of this study may help improve the status of dental caries among Chinese children.
Asunto(s)
Lactancia Materna/efectos adversos , Lactancia Materna/etnología , Caries Dental/etnología , Caries Dental/epidemiología , Conducta Alimentaria/etnología , Salud Bucal/etnología , Higiene Bucal/estadística & datos numéricos , Relaciones Padres-Hijo/etnología , Bocadillos/etnología , Niño , Preescolar , China/epidemiología , China/etnología , Índice CPO , Encuestas de Salud Bucal/métodos , Femenino , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud/etnología , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Japón/etnología , Masculino , Higiene Bucal/instrumentación , Higiene Bucal/métodos , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Factores de Tiempo , Diente PrimarioRESUMEN
Laboratory studies have demonstrated that experimental manipulations of oral processing can have a marked effect on energy intake. Here, we explored whether variations in oral processing across a range of unmodified everyday meals could affect post-meal fullness and meal size. In Study 1, female participants (N = 12) attended the laboratory over 20 lunchtime sessions to consume a 400-kcal portion of a different commercially available pre-packaged meal. Prior to consumption, expected satiation was assessed. During each meal, oral processing was characterised using: (i) video-recordings of the mouth and (ii) real-time measures of plate weight. Hunger and fullness ratings were elicited pre- and post-consumption, and for a further three hours. Foods that were eaten slowly had higher expected satiation and delivered more satiation and satiety. Building on these findings, in Study 2 we selected two meals (identical energy density) from Study 1 that were equally liked but maximised differences in oral processing. On separate days, male and female participants (N = 24) consumed a 400-kcal portion of either the "fast" or "slow" meal followed by an ad libitum meal (either the same food or a dessert). When continuing with the same food, participants consumed less of the slow meal. Further, differences in food intake during the ad libitum meal were not compensated at a subsequent snacking opportunity an hour later. Together, these findings suggest that variations in oral processing across a range of unmodified everyday meals can affect fullness after consuming a fixed portion and can also impact meal size. Modifying food form to encourage increased oral processing (albeit to a lesser extent than in experimental manipulations) might represent a viable target for food manufacturers to help to nudge consumers to manage their weight.
Asunto(s)
Regulación del Apetito , Ingestión de Alimentos , Ingestión de Energía , Comidas , Tamaño de la Porción , Respuesta de Saciedad , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Regulación del Apetito/etnología , Ingestión de Alimentos/etnología , Ingestión de Energía/etnología , Conducta Alimentaria/etnología , Femenino , Humanos , Almuerzo/etnología , Masculino , Comidas/etnología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tamaño de la Porción/etnología , Bocadillos/etnología , Factores de Tiempo , Reino Unido , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Despite national improvements in child survival, 40% of Cambodian children less than 5 years of age are stunted. Commercially produced complementary foods could be nutritionally beneficial for young children in Cambodia if fortified and of optimal nutrient composition. However, other nutrient-poor commercially produced snack foods may be detrimental to young child feeding by displacing consumption of other nutritious foods. This study assessed consumption of commercial food products among infants and young children and their mothers' exposure to promotions for these products. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 294 mothers of children less than 24 months of age living in Phnom Penh. Of children 6-23 months of age, 55.0% consumed a commercially produced snack food product on the prior day, and 80.6% had consumed one in the prior week. Only 12 (5.4%) children 6-23 months of age had consumed a commercially produced complementary food. Almost all mothers (96.9%) had observed a promotion for a commercially produced snack food product, and 29.3% reported observation of a promotion for a commercial complementary food. Only one-third (32.9%) of children 6-23 months of age achieved a minimum acceptable diet. Findings indicate that there is a need to improve infant and young child feeding practices among children less than 24 months of age living in Phnom Penh. Nutritious options should be promoted, and consumption of unhealthy commercially produced snack food products should be discouraged.