Periodontitis and alveolar resorption in human skeletal remains: The relationship between quantitative alveolar bone loss, occlusal wear, antemortem tooth loss, dental calculus and age at death in a low socioeconomic status, modern forensic human collection from Yucatan.

OBJECTIVE: This paper assesses the relationship between the distance between the cemento-enamel junction and alveolar crest and risk factors commonly associated with periodontitis. MATERIALS: Eighty individuals between 28 and 92 years old with known biological sex and age were analyzed from a 20th century forensic human collection from Merida, Yucatan (Mexico). METHODS: Macroscopic assessment, along with metric analysis, was employed using a probe. RESULTS: Ante-mortem tooth loss was positively correlated with the distance between the cemento-enamel junction and alveolar crest, as was the presence of root calculus in females. CONCLUSIONS: Cemento-enamel junction to alveolar crest distance is not a reliable indicator of periodontitis since it is not directly related to periodontitis-causing infectious pathogens, and since ante-mortem tooth loss can affect root exposure. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that a purely quantitative approach to diagnosing periodontitis in archaeological and forensic human remains can be misleading. LIMITATIONS: The skeletal collection is only representative of the low socioeconomic class of Merida, and its female cohort is underrepresented. In addition, because the Xoclan collection is modern, limitations (particularly with respect to tooth wear) of the applicability of these interpretations to older archaeological remains exist. SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: A combination of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of alveolar bone is needed to reliably diagnose periodontitis in skeletal populations.

Periodontal status among 12-year-old schoolchildren: a population-based cross-sectional study in Quito, Ecuador.

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and extent of bleeding on probing and calculus in 12-year-old schoolchildren of Quito, Ecuador, and evaluate the associated factors. We conducted an epidemiological survey with a representative sample of 1,100 12-year-old schoolchildren from public schools in the urban area of Quito, Ecuador. We assessed the periodontal health using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). The prevalence and extent of the periodontal condition was based on the presence of at least one site with bleeding on probing (BOP), and the presence of dental calculus was also evaluated. We used univariate and multiple multilevel Poisson regression analyses to verify the association between the independent variables and the number of sextants with BOP and calculus. The prevalence of BOP and calculus was 92% and 69.9%, respectively. The adjusted mean of the affected sextants was 4.3 and 2.2 for BOP and calculus, respectively. The mother's schooling and malocclusion were associated with the number of sextants with bleeding. The mother's schooling and dental caries experience were associated with calculus. Gingival bleeding and the presence of dental calculus are highly prevalent in 12-year-old schoolchildren from Quito. Gingival bleeding is associated with maternal education and malocclusion, and dental calculus is associated with maternal education and dental caries.

Co-occurrence of periodontal lesions and dental wear in incisor and masticatory teeth in two sheep flocks in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis and tooth wear are multifactorial diseases with distinct etiopathogenesis that affect the health, feed efficiency and welfare of sheep. METHODS: This study evaluated the co-occurrence of tooth wear and periodontal lesions in 129 ewes from two Brazilian flocks, clinically classified the lesions and presence of dental calculus, and identified potential pathogens in the dental biofilm of 63 ewes by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Of the 129 ewes included in the study, 75 presented periodontal lesions, while all animals presented tooth wear and dental calculus. Of the animals with periodontal lesions, 16.2% had lesions in incisor teeth and 52.7% in masticatory teeth. Regarding excessive tooth wear, 38.6% had severe wear on the incisor teeth and 89.1% on the masticatory teeth. Ewes older than 36 months had a higher frequency of periodontal lesions in incisor teeth (p < 0.001) and a greater amount of dental calculus (p < 0.001), but there was no association between tooth wear and animal age. Fusobacterium nucleatum, Tannerella forsythia and Fusobacterium necrophorum predominated in periodontal lesions. LIMITATION: This study is limited by the small sample size and lack of diagnostic imaging to assess periodontal disease. CONCLUSION: The co-occurrence of periodontal lesions and excessive dental wear involving both the incisor and masticatory teeth suggests that although the two diseases have different aetiologies, they likely have common risk factors.

Analysis of starch grains trapped in human dental calculus in Áspero, Peru during the Initial Formative Period (3000-1800 BCE).

The objective of this research is to identify the plants consumed and to determine their dietary importance in Áspero, an urban center on the coast of the Supe Valley, Peru. Consequently, starch grains trapped in the human dental calculus of nine individuals were recovered, while the results from one individual from the Sacred City of Caral, located in the interior of Supe Valley, are presented. Eight species of food plants were identified, among them C3 plants: sweet potato, squash, potato, chili pepper, algarrobo, manioc and bean and C4 plant: maize. Previous isotopic analysis indicates that C3 plants formed the foundation of the diet at Áspero and Caral. Our results indicate a high ubiquity of C3 plants like sweet potato (100%) and squash (90%) suggesting, with caution, that these taxa were an important C3 source in the menu. Maize, C4 plant, showed a similar ubiquity (100%) to sweet potato and squash, however, previous isotopic analysis indicate that maize was a marginal food in Áspero and Caral. These results support that the absence and abundance of starch grains cannot be employed to directly infer the frequency of intake of C3 and C4 plants within a small population, as suggested by previous studies.

Ação de dentifrícios antiplaca e anticálculosobre esmalte dentário bovino / The action of antiplaque and anticalculus dentifrices in bovine dental enamel

Introdução: os dentifrícios antiplaca e anticálculo contêm, em sua composição, agentes específicos para o controle e a redução do biofilme dentário, como o citrato de zinco, o óxido de zinco e o pirofosfato tetrassódico, dentre outros. Objetivo: avaliar in vitroa ação de dentifrícios antiplaca e anticálculo na variação da massa e da rugosidade superficial do esmalte bovino submetido à escovação simulada por 6 e 12 meses.Metodologia: 40 corpos de prova (CP) foram randomizados e divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos (n=10): grupo controle (GC- água) e 3 grupos teste (GT1 ­ Colgate-Total® 12 Clean Mint, GT2 ­ Colgate-Total® 12 Anti-Tártaro, GT3 ­ Prevent® Antiplaca). Os CP foram submetidos à escovação simulada por 6 e 12 mesese as avaliações da massa e da rugosidade foram realizadas após cada período de escovação. Resultados: a análise da variação da massa demonstrou que não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos e os tempos. A avaliação da rugosidade demonstrou que, após 12 meses de escovação, o GT1 apresentou aumento significativo da rugosidade, quando comparado aos grupos controle e testes, enquanto os grupos GT2 e GT3 apresentaram comportamento semelhante após um ano de escovação, promovendo o polimento superficial do esmalte bovino. Conclusão: a escovação com os dentifrícios antiplaca ou anticálculo não promoveu perda significativa da massa no esmalte bovino e promoveu seu polimento.

Introduction: Antiplaque and anticalculus dentifrices contain in their composition specific agents for the control and reduction of dental biofilm, such as zinc citrate, zinc oxide, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, among others. Objective: To evaluate in vitro the action of antiplaque and anticalculus dentifrices on the variation of mass and surface roughness of bovine enamel submitted to simulated brushing for 6 and 12 months. Metodology: 40 specimens (PB) were randomized and randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10): control group (GC ­ water) and 3 test groups (GT1 ­ Colgate-Total® 12 Clean Mint, GT2 ­ Colgate-Total® 12 Anti-Tartar, and GT3 ­ Prevent®Antiplaque). The PB were submitted to simulated brushing for 6 and 12 months and the mass and roughness evaluations were performed after each brushing period. Results: The analysis of mass variation showed that there was no significant difference between groups and times. The roughness evaluation showed that after 12 months of brushing, GT1 showed a significant increase in roughness when compared to the control and test groups, while the GT2 and GT3 groups showed similar behavior after one year of brushing, promoting the surface polishing of bovine enamel. Conclusion: Brushing with antiplaque or anticalculus dentifrices did not promote significant mass loss in bovine enamel and promoted its polishing.

Dental anthropological report: Exploring plant-based treatments through the analysis of dental calculus and sediment of dental caries in a woman from the Late Preceramic period, Peru.

Reconstructing plant-based healing treatments of past societies from a dental anthropological perspective is still challenging due to a wide range of plant species, many with both medicinal and nutritional properties, and limitations on plant-taxa identification. Starch grains and phytoliths retrieved in samples from dental calculus and sediment contained in the cavity of dental caries were examined to investigate the supply of a plant-based treatment in an individual buried in the Late Preceramic site of Huaca El Paraíso (2100-1500 BCE), whose osteological analysis reported the absence of any pathological condition at a bone tissue level. A variety of starch grains such as pumpkins, manioc, maize, and beans had an important role in the diet of the individual. The starch grains were embedded in their dental calculus, all of which, except for manioc, showed signs of cooking damage. Considering the context and characteristics of the crops, the nutritional properties of maize, pumpkins and beans are evident. However, parallel medicinal properties of manioc and maize could not be entirely denied. Phytoliths morphologically ascribed to the Asteraceae plant family, which suggest the consumption of medicinal plants of Andean vernacular use, were retrieved in the sediment of dental caries. Our results prove that the analysis of sediment obtained from dental caries is as valuable in tracing medicinal plant-based treatments as dental calculus in archaeological populations. There are still several limitations to approach this topic in dental anthropology, which are discussed in this report. The performance of both analyses -dental calculus and sediment of dental caries, is highly recommended.

Dentinal Lesions in Dogs with Dental Calculus.

Histopathological changes in tooth structures in dogs with calculus have not been described. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of various histopathological changes in the dentine of teeth that had been surgically extracted from dogs with calculus. Data including breed, sex, age, reason for tooth extraction and dental history were obtained for each animal. A total of 158 teeth (45 incisors, 31 canines, 35 premolars and 47 molars) with calculus were extracted from 74 dogs of various ages and breeds. The teeth were decalcified, processed in paraffin wax and stained with haematoxylin and eosin for histopathological analysis. Of the 158 analysed teeth, 71 had dentinal changes, including 45 with external resorption cavities, 11 with osteodentine, six with internal resorption cavities, four with tertiary dentine, four with dentinal degeneration or fragmentation, and one with predentine degeneration or fragmentation. Canine teeth were the least commonly affected. Areas of dentinal degeneration or fragmentation unrelated to resorption cavities were only seen in the incisor and molar teeth. Dentinal changes and their frequencies were similar among the incisor, premolar and molar teeth. The presence or extension of dental calculus was not associated with the type or frequency of dentinal changes.

Functional diversity of microbial ecologies estimated from ancient human coprolites and dental calculus.

Human microbiome studies are increasingly incorporating macroecological approaches, such as community assembly, network analysis and functional redundancy to more fully characterize the microbiome. Such analyses have not been applied to ancient human microbiomes, preventing insights into human microbiome evolution. We address this issue by analysing published ancient microbiome datasets: coprolites from Rio Zape (n = 7; 700 CE Mexico) and historic dental calculus (n = 44; 1770-1855 CE, UK), as well as two novel dental calculus datasets: Maya (n = 7; 170 BCE-885 CE, Belize) and Nuragic Sardinians (n = 11; 1400-850 BCE, Italy). Periodontitis-associated bacteria (Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Eubacterium saphenum) were identified as keystone taxa in the dental calculus datasets. Coprolite keystone taxa included known short-chain fatty acid producers (Eubacterium biforme, Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens) and potentially disease-associated bacteria (Escherichia, Brachyspira). Overlap in ecological profiles between ancient and modern microbiomes was indicated by similarity in functional response diversity profiles between contemporary hunter-gatherers and ancient coprolites, as well as parallels between ancient Maya, historic UK, and modern Spanish dental calculus; however, the ancient Nuragic dental calculus shows a distinct ecological structure. We detected key ecological signatures from ancient microbiome data, paving the way to expand understanding of human microbiome evolution. This article is part of the theme issue 'Insights into health and disease from ancient biomolecules'.

Principais características demográficas e nosológicas das doenças da cavidade oral de cães atendidos em um serviço de odontologia veterinária / Main demographic and nosological characteristics of diseases of the oral cavity of dogs treated at a veterinary dentistry service

Afecções da cavidade oral como o cálculo dentário (CD) e a doença periodontal (DP) são frequentes na clínica de cães e têm grande impacto na saúde e qualidade de vida dos pacientes acometidos. No entanto, a adoção de medidas preventivas ainda é difícil, uma vez que a frequência das doenças da cavidade oral em cães ainda é pouco compreendida no Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar características demográficas e nosológicas, como os hábitos alimentares e de manejo de escovação, dos distúrbios da cavidade oral de 198 cães atendidos no período compreendido entre 2013 e 2019, em um serviço de odontologia veterinária, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A maioria dos cães atendidos não tinha raça definida. Entre os de raça pura, Yorkshire Terrie foi a mais prevalente, não havendo distinção significativa entre o gênero, em todos os casos. Quanto à idade, observou-se uma predominância de animais de meia idade a idosos, com faixa etária acima dos sete anos. Dentre as afecções mais prevalentes, o destaque se deve ao cálculo dentário e à doença periodontal, seguidos por gengivite e halitose. Quanto aos hábitos dos tutores, notou-se baixa adesão à realização de escovação rotineira, e um alto percentual no fornecimento de petiscos. Avaliando-se os resultados e relacionando-os aos hábitos alimentares dos pacientes, surge a hipótese de que a alimentação à base de ração comercial, de alguma forma possa contribuir para evolução do cálculo dentário, necessitando estudos com maior amostragem para elucidação.

Diseases of the oral cavity, such as Dental Calculus (DC) and Periodontal Disease (PD), are frequent in the dog clinic and have a great impact on the health and quality of life of affected patients. However, the adoption of preventive measures is still difficult, since the epidemiology of diseases of the oral cavity is still poorly understood in Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate demographic and nosological aspects ­ such as feeding and brushing habits ­ of disorders of the oral cavity of 198 dogs treated in the period between 2013 and 2019, in a veterinary dentistry service, in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The most prevalent breeds were mixed breed dogs, followed by Yorkshire Terries, with no significant distinction between the gender. As for age, there was a predominance of animals from middle age to the elderly, with ages above seven years old. Among the most prevalent conditions, the highlight is due to dental calculus and periodontal disease followed by gingivitis and halitosis. Regarding the tutors' habits, there was a low level of routine brushing, and a high percentage in the supply of snacks. Evaluating the results and relating them to the eating habits of the patients, the hypothesis that comercial dog food feeding may somehow contribute to dental calculus evolution, urging studies with bigger samples for a deeper investigation.

Evaluation of teeth injuries in Beagle dogs caused by autoclaved beef bones used as a chewing item to remove dental calculus.

Dental calculus (DC) is the most widespread oral problem in domestic dogs. Chewing items are used to remove DC from the tooth surface; they also favor oral health and animal welfare. Raw beef bone mastication also shortly reduces DC in adult dogs. However, it can cause oral lesions and hence is not popular. This study evaluated the impact of bone mastication on the dental roots, enamel, and gingiva of dogs. Twelve adult Beagle dogs were randomly divided into 2 treatment groups in a completely randomized block design: cortical bone (CB) or spongy bone (SB). Intraoral radiographs were obtained on days 0 and 14, and calculus assessment was performed using images captured on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 14; an integration program was used to measure the proportion between the area covered by calculus and the total area of teeth. DC was completely removed from the first and second premolars and molars from both the arcades in less than 3 days of supplementation, indicating that these teeth were frequently used for chewing (P < 0.10). Bones were highly effective for DC removal and gingival inflammation reduction. Despite the hardness of bones, no lesions or teeth root and enamel fracture, or esophageal or intestinal obstructions-complications related to bone ingestion-were noted. However, SB showed some gingival lesions (n = 4) and bone remnants between teeth (n = 2). Gingival lesions were caused by the daily and continuous supply of new pieces of bone for 13 days. Specific pieces of bone should be used for oral home care programs because they shortly remove almost 90% of DC, allowing longer intervals between periodontal cleaning procedures. Long-term studies are required to evaluate the use of bones and evaluate their impact on teeth and periodontium after prolonged supplementation.

Ancient DNA Reconstructs the Genetic Legacies of Precontact Puerto Rico Communities.

Indigenous peoples have occupied the island of Puerto Rico since at least 3000 BC. Due to the demographic shifts that occurred after European contact, the origin(s) of these ancient populations, and their genetic relationship to present-day islanders, are unclear. We use ancient DNA to characterize the population history and genetic legacies of precontact Indigenous communities from Puerto Rico. Bone, tooth, and dental calculus samples were collected from 124 individuals from three precontact archaeological sites: Tibes, Punta Candelero, and Paso del Indio. Despite poor DNA preservation, we used target enrichment and high-throughput sequencing to obtain complete mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) from 45 individuals and autosomal genotypes from two individuals. We found a high proportion of Native American mtDNA haplogroups A2 and C1 in the precontact Puerto Rico sample (40% and 44%, respectively). This distribution, as well as the haplotypes represented, supports a primarily Amazonian South American origin for these populations and mirrors the Native American mtDNA diversity patterns found in present-day islanders. Three mtDNA haplotypes from precontact Puerto Rico persist among Puerto Ricans and other Caribbean islanders, indicating that present-day populations are reservoirs of precontact mtDNA diversity. Lastly, we find similarity in autosomal ancestry patterns between precontact individuals from Puerto Rico and the Bahamas, suggesting a shared component of Indigenous Caribbean ancestry with close affinity to South American populations. Our findings contribute to a more complete reconstruction of precontact Caribbean population history and explore the role of Indigenous peoples in shaping the biocultural diversity of present-day Puerto Ricans and other Caribbean islanders.

Manifestações bucais e o perfil bioquímico salivar de mulheres com anorexia e bulimia nervosa / Oral manifestations and the salivary biochemical profile of women with anorexia and bulimia nervosa

Introdução: Os distúrbios alimentares são transtornos psiquiátricos graves, com altos níveis de mortalidade, incapacidade e morbidade física e psicológica; o que provoca redução na qualidade de vida. Objetivo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivos realizar uma revisão sistemática com base na análise de publicações nacionais e internacionais presentes na literatura científica sobre a ocorrência de manifestações bucais em pacientes com anorexia e bulimia nervosa; comparar a ocorrência de cárie, erosão dentária e o perfil bioquímico salivar de mulheres com e sem transtornos alimentares; além de relatar a condição de saúde bucal de uma paciente com anorexia nervosa internada em um hospital de psiquiatria pertencente à Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (FAMEMA), São Paulo, Brasil. Metodologia: A tese foi dividida em três partes. No primeiro momento da pesquisa, realizou-se vasto levantamento bibliográfico para a elaboração do primeiro capítulo, que consistiu em uma revisão sistemática sobre o assunto. O segundo capítulo foi composto por um estudo observacional do tipo casocontrole. Realizou-se a coleta de dados com os pacientes diagnosticados com bulimia e anorexia nervosa e que estavam sob tratamento no ambulatório. O grupo controle foi composto por acompanhantes dos doentes, que possuíam características similares. O terceiro capítulo foi composto por um caso clínico de uma paciente que estava hospitalizada com anorexia nervosa no Hospital das Clínicas da FAMEMA (Unidade I), onde foi realizada toda a descrição de suas condições de saúde bucal. Resultados: No capítulo 1, foi obtido um número final de seis trabalhos, onde todos respondiam a questão sobre quais manifestações bucais são encontradas em pacientes com anorexia e bulimia nervosa, e apresentavam validade e poder em sua estrutura metodológica e resultados. No segundo capítulo, podemos observar que, o grupo das pacientes com anorexia e bulimia nervosa apresenta maiores índices de cárie e erosão dentária, assim como alterações nos parâmetros salivares, em especial o fluxo salivar e os marcadores bioquímicos fósforo, cálcio, FRAP e ácido úrico; quando comparados ao grupo controle. E por fim, na terceira parte da presente tese, observamos que a paciente apresentava 11 dentes atacados pela cárie dentária. No exame periodontal, todos os dentes sondados apresentaram sangramento, além de cálculo nos incisivos inferiores e molares superiores pela face lingual; e o fluxo salivar da paciente encontrava-se extremamente reduzido. Quanto aos parâmetros salivares, o valor encontrado para o cálcio e fósforo estavam aumentados, 13,36mg/dL e 6,31mg/dL, respectivamente. Conclusão: Dessa forma, conclui-se que pacientes diagnosticados com anorexia e bulimia nervosa normalmente apresentam lesões cariosas e erosivas nos dentes e gengivas, além de alterações nos parâmetros bioquímicos salivares(AU)

Introduction: Eating disorders are serious psychiatric disorders, with high levels of mortality, disability and physical and psychological morbidity; which causes a reduction in quality of life. Objective: The present study aimed to carry out a systematic review based on the analysis of national and international publications present in the scientific literature on the occurrence of oral manifestations in patients with anorexia and bulimia nervosa; to compare the occurrence of caries, dental erosion and the biochemical salivary profile of women with and without eating disorders; in addition to reporting the oral health condition of a patient with anorexia nervosa admitted to a psychiatric hospital belonging to the Faculty of Medicine of Marília (FAMEMA), São Paulo, Brazil. Methodology: The thesis was divided into three parts. In the first moment of the research, a vast bibliographic survey was carried out for the elaboration of the first chapter, which consisted of a systematic review on the subject. The second chapter consisted of an observational case-control study. Data collection was performed with patients diagnosed with bulimia and anorexia nervosa and who were under treatment at the outpatient clinic. The control group was composed of patients' companions, who had similar characteristics. The third chapter consisted of a clinical case of a patient who was hospitalized with anorexia nervosa at Hospital das Clínicas da FAMEMA (Unit I), where the entire description of her oral health conditions was carried out. Results: In chapter 1, a final number of six studies was obtained, in which all answered the question about which oral manifestations are found in patients with anorexia and bulimia nervosa, and presented validity and power in their methodological structure and results. In the second chapter, we can see that the group of patients with anorexia and bulimia nervosa has higher rates of caries and dental erosion, as well as changes in salivary parameters, especially the salivary flow and the biochemical markers phosphorus, calcium, FRAP and uric acid ; when compared to the control group. Finally, in the third part of this thesis, we observed that the patient had 11 teeth attacked by dental caries. In the periodontal examination, all probed teeth showed bleeding, in addition to calculus in the lower incisors and upper molars through the lingual surface; and the patient's salivary flow was extremely reduced. As for salivary parameters, the values found for calcium and phosphorus were increased, 13.36mg/dL and 6.31mg/dL, respectively. Conclusion: Thus, it is concluded that patients diagnosed with anorexia and bulimia nervosa usually have carious and erosive lesions on the teeth and gums, in addition to changes in the salivary biochemical parameters(AU)

Hematological and biochemical evaluation of dogs undergoing treatment with veterinary dental gel for the reduction of plaque and dental calculus

Background: Periodontal disease affects a large proportion of dogs, causing both local and systemic symptoms. Severalstudies to identify alternative approaches for plaque reduction and removal have been conducted. Recently, Tropiclean FreshBreath Clean Teeth Gel was introduced as an adjuvant to aid in plaque and calculus removal. This product is formulatedusing Aloe vera, green tea, and mint; however, studies on the toxic potential of this product have not been performed yet.The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of Tropiclean Fresh Breath Clean Teeth Gel product on hematologicaland biochemical profiles in dogs undergoing 90-day treatment with the product.Materials, Methods & Results: Per manufacturers recommendation, the product should be used daily for 30 consecutivedays, and subsequently, as maintenance at two to three times a week. In this study, 48 dogs with periodontal disease whoreceived prolonged daily treatment for 90 consecutive days underwent hematological and biochemical evaluation. Duringthe 90 days treatment duration, the animals were examined daily to identify the presence of adverse effects; and changesin halitosis were reported. At pre-treatment time-point, 5 mL of blood was collected via cephalic or jugular vein puncturein EDTA tubes for determining the complete blood count (CBC), and in tubes without EDTA for the urea, creatinine,and ALT levels; in addition, for comparison, blood was collected after 90 days treatment. At post-treatment time-point,the hematological and biochemical analyses showed significantly lower total leukocyte count as compared to that at pretreatment (P < 0.01); comprising lower neutrophil count as the cell type involved (P < 0.05). The other parameters showedno statistically significant differences, demonstrating an absence of the products effect in terms of alteration of theseprofiles...(AU)

Occurrence and predictors of gingivitis and supragingival calculus in a population of Brazilian adults.

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of gingivitis and calculus and their predictors in a population of adults in Brazil. A representative sample of 758 adults from 35 to 59 years of age from Porto Alegre city was examined. A structured questionnaire was applied. The Gingival Bleeding Index and the presence of calculus were measured at 4 sites/tooth. Multivariable logistic models were fitted to determine the predictors for gingival bleeding at >20% of sites. Overall, 96.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]=95.1-98.0) of individuals had ≥ 1 bleeding site. The mean percentages of sites with gingivitis and calculus were 26.1% and 44.6%, respectively. The odds of gingivitis decreased by ∼45% for individuals ≥40 years old compared to younger adults. Individuals that never performed interproximal cleaning and non-whites had an approximately two times higher chance of gingivitis. Smokers had lower chances of gingivitis than never-smokers (odds ratio=0.40; 95% CI=0.24-0.68). Higher numbers of missing teeth were associated with higher chances of gingivitis. The percentage of calculus was significantly associated with skin color, education, proximal cleaning, smoking exposure, dental visits, and tooth loss. It can be concluded that the occurrence of gingivitis and calculus was high in this Brazilian population, and it was associated with age, skin color, education, self-reported proximal cleaning, smoking, dental care, and tooth loss.

Hematological and biochemical evaluation of dogs undergoing treatment with veterinary dental gel for the reduction of plaque and dental calculus

Background: Periodontal disease affects a large proportion of dogs, causing both local and systemic symptoms. Severalstudies to identify alternative approaches for plaque reduction and removal have been conducted. Recently, Tropiclean FreshBreath Clean Teeth Gel was introduced as an adjuvant to aid in plaque and calculus removal. This product is formulatedusing Aloe vera, green tea, and mint; however, studies on the toxic potential of this product have not been performed yet.The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of Tropiclean Fresh Breath Clean Teeth Gel product on hematologicaland biochemical profiles in dogs undergoing 90-day treatment with the product.Materials, Methods & Results: Per manufacturers’ recommendation, the product should be used daily for 30 consecutivedays, and subsequently, as maintenance at two to three times a week. In this study, 48 dogs with periodontal disease whoreceived prolonged daily treatment for 90 consecutive days underwent hematological and biochemical evaluation. Duringthe 90 days’ treatment duration, the animals were examined daily to identify the presence of adverse effects; and changesin halitosis were reported. At pre-treatment time-point, 5 mL of blood was collected via cephalic or jugular vein puncturein EDTA tubes for determining the complete blood count (CBC), and in tubes without EDTA for the urea, creatinine,and ALT levels; in addition, for comparison, blood was collected after 90 days’ treatment. At post-treatment time-point,the hematological and biochemical analyses showed significantly lower total leukocyte count as compared to that at pretreatment (P < 0.01); comprising lower neutrophil count as the cell type involved (P < 0.05). The other parameters showedno statistically significant differences, demonstrating an absence of the products’ effect in terms of alteration of theseprofiles...

Alveólisis de diente primario / Alveólise em dente decíduo / Alveolysis in deciduous tooth

La alveólisis es una condición poco frecuente y asintomática. Se produce cuando la raíz del diente primario se vuelve susceptible a la presencia de placa bacteriana y a la formación de cálculos, impidiendo el proceso de cicatrización espontánea de la lesión, causando inflamación e irritación de la mucosa circundante. Las principales causas de la alveólisis son la caries dental y el trauma dentoalveolar. El tratamiento de la alveólisis, generalmente se indica la extracción inmediata. El presente casotrabajo tiene como objetivo describir un reporte de caso de una paciente de género femenino, de 5 años de edad, que presentó alveólisis en el diente primario 51, el cual fue extraído y presentó proceso de cicatrización normal con erupción del diente sucesor 11 sin alteraciones. Cabe al cirujano dentista la búsqueda por informaciones sobre esta patología, saber identificarla y tratarla precozmente, para así mejorar significativamente la calidad de vida de la paciente infantil.

A alveólise é um condição não muito frequente e assintomática. Ocorre quando a raiz do dente torna-se suscetível à presença de biofilme e formação de cálculos, impedindo o processo de cicatrização espontânea da lesão, causando inflamação e irritação da mucosa circundante. As principais causas da alveólise são a cárie dentária e o trauma dentoalveolar. O tratamento da alveólise, geralmente é a exodontia do elemento dentário afetado. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um relato de caso de uma criança do gênero feminino, de 5 anos de idade, que apresentou alveólise no elemento dentário 51, o qual foi extraído e apresentou processo de cicatrização normal com irrompimento do elemento 11 sem alterações. Cabe ao cirurgião-dentista a busca pelas informações sobre essa patologia, sabendo identificá-la e trata-la precocemente, para melhorar significativamente a qualidade de vida da criança.

Alveolysis is an asymptomatic and infrequent condition. It occurs when the root of the tooth becomes susceptible to the presence of biofilm and formation of calculi, preventing the process of spontaneous wound healing, causing inflammation and irritation of the surrounding mucosa. The main causes of alveolysis are dental caries and dentoalveolar trauma. In the treatment of alveolysis, immediate exodontia is usually indicated. The present study aims to present a case report of a 5 - year - old female child with alveolysis of primary tooth 51, which was extracted and showed a normal healing process with eruption of successor tooth 11 without alterations. It is up to the dentist to search for information about this pathology, knowing how to identify it and treat it early to significantly improve the child's quality of life.

Occurrence and predictors of gingivitis and supragingival calculus in a population of Brazilian adults

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of gingivitis and calculus and their predictors in a population of adults in Brazil. A representative sample of 758 adults from 35 to 59 years of age from Porto Alegre city was examined. A structured questionnaire was applied. The Gingival Bleeding Index and the presence of calculus were measured at 4 sites/tooth. Multivariable logistic models were fitted to determine the predictors for gingival bleeding at >20% of sites. Overall, 96.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]=95.1-98.0) of individuals had ≥ 1 bleeding site. The mean percentages of sites with gingivitis and calculus were 26.1% and 44.6%, respectively. The odds of gingivitis decreased by ∼45% for individuals ≥40 years old compared to younger adults. Individuals that never performed interproximal cleaning and non-whites had an approximately two times higher chance of gingivitis. Smokers had lower chances of gingivitis than never-smokers (odds ratio=0.40; 95% CI=0.24-0.68). Higher numbers of missing teeth were associated with higher chances of gingivitis. The percentage of calculus was significantly associated with skin color, education, proximal cleaning, smoking exposure, dental visits, and tooth loss. It can be concluded that the occurrence of gingivitis and calculus was high in this Brazilian population, and it was associated with age, skin color, education, self-reported proximal cleaning, smoking, dental care, and tooth loss.

"Tartarectomia" versus tratamento periodontal: relato de caso / "Tartarectomy" versus periodontal treatment: case report / "Tartarectomía" versus tratamiento periodontal: relato de caso

A doença periodontal é a afecção de maior prevalência na clínica de cães e gatos sendo a resposta inflamatória ao acúmulo da placa bacteriana e não do cálculo dental como muitos supõem. O sinal clínico mais comum é a halitose. Após diagnosticada, o tratamento periodontal é indicado, com o intuito de devolver a saúde bucal ao paciente. A realização indiscriminada de limpeza de tártaro também conhecida por "tartarectomia", onde é realizada apenas a retirada do cálculo dentário supragengival exclui etapas importantes do estadiamento da doença e consequentemente do tratamento periodontal e confere a ilusória impressão de boca saudável. Através do presente relato de caso procurou-se evidenciar a diferença entre "tartarectomia" e tratamento periodontal que vai muito além do nome utilizado para o tratamento.(AU)

Periodontal disease is the most prevalent condition in the dog's and cat's clinic, being the inflammatory response to bacterial plaque accumulation and not to dental calculus as many suppose. The most common clinical symptom is halitosis. After diagnosis, periodontal treatment is indicated, with the intention to restore the patient's oral health. The realization of dental scaling also known as "tartarectomy" where only the removal of the supragingival dental calculus is performed excludes important stages of periodontal assessment and consequently of the treatment and gives the false impression of a healthy mouth. In the present case report, the authors tried to show the difterence between "tartarectomy" and periodontal treatment, that goes far beyond the terminology used for the treatment.(AU)

La enfermedad periodontal es la afección de mayor prevalencia en la clínica de perros y gatos siendo la respuesta inflamatoria a la acumulatión de la placa bacteriana y no del cálculo dental como muchos suponen. La señal clínica más común es la halitosis. Después de diagnosticada, el tratamiento periodontal es indicado, con el propósito de devolver la salud bucal al paciente. La realización indiscriminada de limpieza de tártaro conocida también por "tartarectomia", donde se realiza sólo la retirada del cálculo dental supragingival excluye etapas importantes de la estadificación de la enfermedad y consecuentemente del tratamiento periodontal y confiere la ilusoria impresión de boca sana. A través del presente relato de caso se buscó evidenciar la diferencia del tratamiento periodontal y "tartarectomía" que va mucho más aliá del nombre utilizado para el tratamiento.(AU)

"Tartarectomia" versus tratamento periodontal: relato de caso / "Tartarectomy" versus periodontal treatment: case report / "Tartarectomía" versus tratamiento periodontal: relato de caso

A doença periodontal é a afecção de maior prevalência na clínica de cães e gatos sendo a resposta inflamatória ao acúmulo da placa bacteriana e não do cálculo dental como muitos supõem. O sinal clínico mais comum é a halitose. Após diagnosticada, o tratamento periodontal é indicado, com o intuito de devolver a saúde bucal ao paciente. A realização indiscriminada de limpeza de tártaro também conhecida por "tartarectomia", onde é realizada apenas a retirada do cálculo dentário supragengival exclui etapas importantes do estadiamento da doença e consequentemente do tratamento periodontal e confere a ilusória impressão de boca saudável. Através do presente relato de caso procurou-se evidenciar a diferença entre "tartarectomia" e tratamento periodontal que vai muito além do nome utilizado para o tratamento.

Periodontal disease is the most prevalent condition in the dog's and cat's clinic, being the inflammatory response to bacterial plaque accumulation and not to dental calculus as many suppose. The most common clinical symptom is halitosis. After diagnosis, periodontal treatment is indicated, with the intention to restore the patient's oral health. The realization of dental scaling also known as "tartarectomy" where only the removal of the supragingival dental calculus is performed excludes important stages of periodontal assessment and consequently of the treatment and gives the false impression of a healthy mouth. In the present case report, the authors tried to show the difterence between "tartarectomy" and periodontal treatment, that goes far beyond the terminology used for the treatment.

La enfermedad periodontal es la afección de mayor prevalencia en la clínica de perros y gatos siendo la respuesta inflamatoria a la acumulatión de la placa bacteriana y no del cálculo dental como muchos suponen. La señal clínica más común es la halitosis. Después de diagnosticada, el tratamiento periodontal es indicado, con el propósito de devolver la salud bucal al paciente. La realización indiscriminada de limpieza de tártaro conocida también por "tartarectomia", donde se realiza sólo la retirada del cálculo dental supragingival excluye etapas importantes de la estadificación de la enfermedad y consecuentemente del tratamiento periodontal y confiere la ilusoria impresión de boca sana. A través del presente relato de caso se buscó evidenciar la diferencia del tratamiento periodontal y "tartarectomía" que va mucho más aliá del nombre utilizado para el tratamiento.

Cleaning protocol of archaeological dental calculus: A methodological proposal for vegetable microremains analysis.

OBJECTIVES: One of the major drawbacks involves the contamination produced during the sampling of dental calculus samples due to their manipulation with non-sterilized latex gloves containing maize starch. These gloves have been commonly used for the sampling, cleaning and conservation of archaeological materials. The objective of the present work is to propose a protocol for the cleaning of dental calculus samples that have been contaminated, allowing the removal of such material from the calculus surface. The application of this protocol guarantees the exogenous elements elimination without causing the loss of the archaeological material, since as it is a nondestructive and/or invasive cleaning method, it remains contained within the dental calculus which protects and guarantees its preservation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-seven fragments of dental calculus were recovered from several archaeological sites in the province of Córdoba, Argentina, dated by AMS between 4058 and 387 14C years BP. A sample comprising 22 fragments larger than 2 mm, which represent 38.59% of the total, were subjected to four cleaning stages through distilled and centrifugal water. As a control test, 10 fragments of human dental tartar were taken, known to have not been previously handled with powdered latex gloves. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results show significant differences between the four cleaning stages, representing an important reduction of modern starch grains adhered to the surface of archaeological samples of human dental calculus.