RESUMEN
BACKGROUND Fluid overload-associated large B-cell lymphoma (FO-LBCL) is a recently described malignant lymphoma that presents with serous effusions in the pleura, peritoneum, and/or pericardium but without an identifiable lymphoma mass. This report describes the case of an 80-year-old man who presented with a pleural effusion and describes the approach to diagnosis and management of FO-LBCL. CASE REPORT We present a case of an 80-year-old man who presented with right pleural effusion and shortness of breath at work. Initial radiological assessment suggested a pleural effusion on the right side, without an identifiable mass, given the patient's symptoms and imaging characteristics. Subsequently, he underwent a pleural fluid puncture and biopsy. Based on the initial pathological assessment, malignant lymphoma, a non-epithelial tumor, was considered likely, but differentiation from reactive proliferative cells was difficult, given the patient's symptoms and cytologic characteristics. Postoperatively, histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry confirmed a diagnosis of FO-LBCL. After 1 year of follow-up, the condition had progressed and the patient died due to recurrence. CONCLUSIONS This report has presented a case of FO-LBCL in an elderly man with pleural effusion and described how this rare and recently described lymphoma was diagnosed and managed.
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Linfoma de Células B Grandes Difuso , Humanos , Masculino , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Linfoma de Células B Grandes Difuso/patología , Linfoma de Células B Grandes Difuso/complicaciones , Linfoma de Células B Grandes Difuso/diagnóstico , Células Plasmáticas/patología , Derrame Pleural Maligno/etiología , Resultado Fatal , Derrame Pleural/etiologíaRESUMEN
The two primary types of non-puerperal mastitis (NPM) are granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) and plasma cell mastitis (PCM). Existing research indicates that immune inflammatory response is considered to be the core of the pathogenesis of GLM and PCM, and both innate and adaptive immune responses play an important role in the pathophysiology of PCM and GLM. However, the regulatory balance between various immune cells in these diseases is still unclear. Consequently, we present a comprehensive summary of the immune-related variables and recent advances in GLM and PCM.
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Mastitis , Humanos , Femenino , Animales , Mastitis/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata , Células Plasmáticas/inmunología , Mastitis Granulomatosa/inmunología , Inmunidad AdaptativaRESUMEN
A T-cell-independent (TI) pathway activated by microbiota results in the generation of low-affinity homeostatic IgA with a critical role in intestinal homeostasis. Moderate aerobic exercise (MAE) provides a beneficial impact on intestinal immunity, but the action of MAE on TI-IgA generation under senescence conditions is unknown. This study aimed to determine the effects of long-term MAE on TI-IgA production in young (3 month old) BALB/c mice exercised until adulthood (6 months) or aging (24 months). Lamina propria (LP) from the small intestine was obtained to determine B cell and plasma cell sub-populations by flow cytometry and molecular factors related to class switch recombination [Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP), A Proliferation-Inducing Ligand (APRIL), B Cell Activating Factor (BAFF), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and retinal dehydrogenase (RDH)] and the synthesis of IgA [α-chain, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-21, and Growth Factor-ß (TGF-ß)]; and epithelial cells evaluated IgA transitosis [polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-4] by the RT-qPCR technique. The results were compared with data obtained from sedentary age-matched mice. Statistical analysis was computed with ANOVA, and p < 0.05 was considered to be a statistically significant difference. Under senescence conditions, MAE promoted the B cell and IgA+ B cells and APRIL, which may improve the intestinal response and ameliorate the inflammatory environment associated presumably with the downmodulation of pro-inflammatory mediators involved in the upmodulation of pIgR expression. Data suggested that MAE improved IgA and downmodulate the cytokine pro-inflammatory expression favoring homeostatic conditions in aging.
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Envejecimiento , Homeostasis , Inmunoglobulina A , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Condicionamiento Físico Animal , Animales , Inmunoglobulina A/metabolismo , Inmunoglobulina A/inmunología , Ratones , Envejecimiento/inmunología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Linfocitos B/metabolismo , Factor Activador de Células B/metabolismo , Factor Activador de Células B/genética , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/inmunología , Intestino Delgado/inmunología , Intestino Delgado/metabolismo , Masculino , Células Plasmáticas/inmunología , Células Plasmáticas/metabolismo , Miembro 13 de la Superfamilia de Ligandos de Factores de Necrosis Tumoral/metabolismo , Miembro 13 de la Superfamilia de Ligandos de Factores de Necrosis Tumoral/genéticaRESUMEN
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are associated with enhanced immunity in tumors. However, their formation and functions in colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) remain unclear. Here, we reveal that intra- and peri-tumor mature TLSs (TLS+) are associated with improved clinical outcomes than TLS- tumors. Using single-cell-RNA-sequencing and spatial-enhanced-resolution-omics-sequencing (Stereo-seq), we reveal that TLS+ tumors are enriched with IgG+ plasma cells (PCs), while TLS- tumors are characterized with IgA+ PCs. By generating TLS-associated PC-derived monoclonal antibodies in vitro, we show that TLS-PCs secrete tumor-targeting antibodies. As the proof-of-concept, we demonstrate the anti-tumor activities of TLS-PC-mAb6 antibody in humanized mouse model of colorectal cancer. We identify a fibroblast lineage secreting CCL19 that facilitates lymphocyte trafficking to TLSs. CCL19 treatment promotes TLS neogenesis and prevents tumor growth in mice. Our data uncover the central role of CCL19+ fibroblasts in TLS formation, which in turn generates therapeutic antibodies to restrict CRLM.
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Quimiocina CCL19 , Neoplasias Colorrectales , Inmunoglobulina G , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Estructuras Linfoides Terciarias , Neoplasias Colorrectales/patología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/inmunología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/metabolismo , Animales , Estructuras Linfoides Terciarias/inmunología , Estructuras Linfoides Terciarias/patología , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/inmunología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundario , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Ratones , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Quimiocina CCL19/metabolismo , Quimiocina CCL19/genética , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/inmunología , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/farmacología , Células Plasmáticas/inmunología , Células Plasmáticas/metabolismo , Femenino , Línea Celular TumoralRESUMEN
Flow cytometry plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of plasma cell diseases, particularly in the detection of circulating plasma cells (CPCs) in the peripheral blood. A consensus about the normalized use of flow cytometry in detection of CPCs in peripheral blood in clinical practice has been achieved. This consensus is founded on evidence-based principles, which elucidates the timing and value of flow cytometry for the detection of CPCs in the monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, smoldering myeloma, multiple myeloma, and plasma cell leukemia and standardizes flow cytometry in the detection of CPCs in plasma cell diseases.
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Citometría de Flujo , Mieloma Múltiple , Células Plasmáticas , Citometría de Flujo/métodos , Humanos , Mieloma Múltiple/diagnóstico , Mieloma Múltiple/sangre , China , Paraproteinemias/diagnóstico , Paraproteinemias/sangre , Gammopatía Monoclonal de Relevancia Indeterminada/diagnóstico , Gammopatía Monoclonal de Relevancia Indeterminada/sangre , Consenso , Pueblos del Este de AsiaRESUMEN
Plasma cell mucositis (PCM) is an unusual disorder most evident in the accessible mucosa and usually reported in the upper aerodigestive tract, although it is named according to its specific anatomical site of involvement such as plasma cell cheilitis, plasma cell gingivitis, plasma cell vulvitis, and Zoon's balanitis. PCM reflects a dense polyclonal rather than a monoclonal plasma cell proliferation of unclear and unknown etiology. This perplexing disorder tends to be treated by avoiding possible triggers and intralesional and/or systemic steroids. In this work, we provide a review and update on PCM, which often represents a clinical conundrum.
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Mucositis , Células Plasmáticas , Humanos , Mucositis/terapia , Mucositis/etiología , Mucositis/diagnóstico , Células Plasmáticas/patologíaRESUMEN
Plasma cells known as "Mott cells" present non-secretable accumulations of immunoglobulins called "Russell bodies". Its presence is related to hematological neoplasms, but it can appear in chronic inflammatory processes. The most common occurrence within the digestive tract is the gastric antrum associated with H. pylori infection. Our patient is added the rare extragastric cases where the association with H. pylori is inconsistent. We have found a frequent appearance of lower digestive and urological neoplasms in relation to these cases, justified by the expression of circulating cytokines in the tumor area that lead to the overactivation of plasma cells. This possible association could lead us to know data about the tumor environment and serve us for early diagnosis or future therapeutic targets.
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Duodenitis , Infecciones por Helicobacter , Helicobacter pylori , Humanos , Duodenitis/patología , Duodenitis/microbiología , Infecciones por Helicobacter/complicaciones , Infecciones por Helicobacter/patología , Células Plasmáticas/patologíaRESUMEN
Background: IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) was characterized by single or multiple masses in organs, which may mimic various inflammatory and malignant diseases. Here, we summarize 4 patients with aggressive manifestations of IgG4-RD that mimic nasopharynx cancer to provide some new sights for the diagnosis of IgG4-RD. Case summary: Four patients were included in our series. The age ranged from 53 to 64 years old, and the duration of the disease ranged from 4 to 6 months. The chief complaints included headache, rhinorrhea, or diplopia. All patients had more than 10 IgG4+ plasma cells/HPF in immunohistochemistry with plasma lgG4 levels ranging from 218 mg/dL to 765 mg/dL. All of them met the diagnostic criteria of lgG4-RD. Conclusion: The described case is highly similar to the clinical manifestations of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Although pathology is the gold standard, there are still limitations. Serological IgG4 can help confirm the diagnosis. Timely diagnosis of IgG4-RD is of great significance in preventing secondary organ damage in patients with active diseases.
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Enfermedad Relacionada con Inmunoglobulina G4 , Inmunoglobulina G , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas , Humanos , Enfermedad Relacionada con Inmunoglobulina G4/diagnóstico , Enfermedad Relacionada con Inmunoglobulina G4/inmunología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/inmunología , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/diagnóstico , Masculino , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/inmunología , Células Plasmáticas/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Objective: To explore the correlation of bone marrow polychonal plasma cell proportion (pPC% ) and clinical features in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 317 patients with NDMM admitted to Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from January 2018 to January 2023 was performed. The results of the pPC% in all patients were clear. The relationship between the pPC% and clinical characteristics was analyzed. Results: A total of 317 patients were included, comprising 180 males and 137 females. The median age at diagnosis was 61 (26-91) years, and 55.8% were 60 years or older. The pPC% in the bone marrow of patients with NDMM was different in the DS, International Staging System (ISS), and revised ISS (R-ISS) stages (P=0.002, 0.010, and 0.049, respectively), whereas no statistical difference in pPC% was observed among patients with different FISH risk stratigrams (P=0.971). The correlation coefficient between pPC% and hemoglobin (HGB) at the first diagnosis in patients was 0.211 (P<0.01). The correlation coefficients with serum calcium, serum creatinine, M protein level, and ß(2)-microglobulin were -0.141, -0.120, -0.181, and -0.207, respectively, and the results of the significance test were P=0.012, 0.033, 0.004, and 0.002, respectively, indicating a negative correlation. Compared with the patients with a pPC% of ≥2.5%, the group of patients with a pPC% of <2.5% had significantly higher levels of light chain, serum calcium, serum creatinine, M protein, and ß(2)-microglobulin at the initial diagnosis (P<0.05) ; lower HGB level (P<0.001) ; and a higher proportion of patients in ISS stage â ¢ (P=0.034) . Conclusion: In this study, the pPC% in patients with NDMM was associated with clinical features of good prognosis, including higher HGB, lower serum calcium, serum creatinine, M protein quantity, ß(2)-microglobulin, light chain involvement, lower proportion of advanced disease (DS stage and ISS stage â ¢), and clinical features showing lower tumor burden.
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Médula Ósea , Mieloma Múltiple , Células Plasmáticas , Humanos , Mieloma Múltiple/diagnóstico , Mieloma Múltiple/sangre , Mieloma Múltiple/patología , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Anciano , Adulto , Médula Ósea/patología , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Microglobulina beta-2/sangre , Estadificación de NeoplasiasRESUMEN
Intracellular flow cytometry is a powerful technique that can be used to interrogate signalling in rare cellular populations. The strengths of the technique are that massively parallel readouts can be gained from thousands of single cells simultaneously, and the assay is fast and relatively straightforward. This plate-based protocol enables different doses and different timepoints of stimulation to be assessed and has been optimized for rare B cell populations. Combining this technique with high-dimensional flow cytometry enables multiple signalling proteins to be measured with high confidence.
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Citometría de Flujo , Células Plasmáticas , Transducción de Señal , Citometría de Flujo/métodos , Células Plasmáticas/metabolismo , Células Plasmáticas/inmunología , Células Plasmáticas/citología , Humanos , Células B de Memoria/metabolismo , Células B de Memoria/inmunología , Animales , Subgrupos de Linfocitos B/metabolismo , Subgrupos de Linfocitos B/inmunologíaRESUMEN
One way memory B cells provide protection is by rapidly differentiating into plasma cells. Plasma cells are vital in providing long-term protection against pathogens; however, they can also be detrimental to health in the case of antibody-mediated autoimmunity. Therefore, compounds which modulate the survival of plasma cells have been of interest for therapeutic intervention. Investigation of ex vivo plasma cell survival has previously been limited by the low frequency of plasma cells in the blood. Here we describe a novel ex vivo culture system that only requires 3000-5000 cells per condition. This method permits the assessment of human plasma cell survival derived from blood and can assess the impact of small molecule inhibitors on plasma cell viability.
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Supervivencia Celular , Células Plasmáticas , Humanos , Células Plasmáticas/inmunología , Células Plasmáticas/citología , Células Plasmáticas/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula/métodos , Células Cultivadas , Citometría de Flujo/métodosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Patients diagnosed with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) but with characteristics of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-associated cholangitis (IAC) have been described. IAC often presents with biliary IgG4-positive plasma cell (IgG4+ PC) infiltration and responds to corticosteroids. In PSC, the frequencies or implications of biliary IgG4+ PC are unknown. We aimed to characterize the phenomenon of biliary IgG4+ PC in patients with an established PSC diagnosis. METHODS: Bile duct biopsies from 191 surveillance or therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiography of 58 PSC patients were retrospectively analyzed for IgG4+ PC infiltration. Patients with ≥10 IgG4+ PC per high-power field (HPF) were identified and characterized by clinical parameters, including serum IgG4 and cholangiographic presentations. RESULTS: Altogether 39.7% of the PSC patients showed ≥10 IgG4+ PC/HPF in bile duct biopsies. Patients with biliary IgG4+ PC infiltration were significantly younger at diagnosis of PSC (P = 0.023). There was no association between biliary IgG4+ PC infiltration and transplant-free survival (P = 0.618). Patients with IgG4+ PC infiltration in bile duct biopsies showed significantly higher baseline (P = 0.002) and maximum (P = 0.001) serum IgG4 compared to those without. Biliary IgG4+ PC infiltration was associated with high-grade bile duct strictures (P = 0.05). IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltrations were found multifocally in 72.7% of this subgroup of PSC patients. CONCLUSIONS: IgG4+ PC ≥10/HPF can be found abundantly in bile duct biopsies in PSC. Histological findings correlated with serum IgG4, age, and high-grade bile duct strictures. IgG4+ PC was located multifocally, hinting at a systemic biliary phenotype.
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Conductos Biliares , Colangitis Esclerosante , Inmunoglobulina G , Células Plasmáticas , Humanos , Colangitis Esclerosante/inmunología , Colangitis Esclerosante/patología , Masculino , Femenino , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Persona de Mediana Edad , Células Plasmáticas/inmunología , Células Plasmáticas/patología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Adulto , Conductos Biliares/patología , Biopsia , Anciano , Colangiopancreatografia Retrógrada EndoscópicaAsunto(s)
Leucemia Mieloide Aguda , Gammopatía Monoclonal de Relevancia Indeterminada , Mutación , Proteínas Nucleares , Nucleofosmina , Células Plasmáticas , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/patología , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Gammopatía Monoclonal de Relevancia Indeterminada/genética , Gammopatía Monoclonal de Relevancia Indeterminada/patología , Gammopatía Monoclonal de Relevancia Indeterminada/complicaciones , Células Plasmáticas/patología , Células Plasmáticas/metabolismo , Masculino , Cuerpos de Inclusión/patología , Femenino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Plasma cells (PCs) in bone marrow (BM) play an important role in both protective and pathogenic humoral immune responses, e.g. in various malignant and non-malignant diseases such as multiple myeloma, primary and secondary immunodeficiencies and autoimmune diseases. Dedicated microenvironmental niches in the BM provide PCs with biomechanical and soluble factors that support their long-term survival. There is a high need for appropriate and robust model systems to better understand PCs biology, to develop new therapeutic strategies for PCs-related diseases and perform targeted preclinical studies with high predictive value. Most preclinical data have been derived fromin vivostudies in mice, asin vitrostudies of human PCs are limited due to restricted survival and functionality in conventional 2D cultures that do not reflect the unique niche architecture of the BM. We have developed a microphysiological, dynamic 3D BM culture system (BM-MPS) based on human primary tissue (femoral biopsies), mechanically supported by a hydrogel scaffold casing. While a bioinert agarose casing did not support PCs survival, a photo-crosslinked collagen-hyaluronic acid (Col-HA) hydrogel preserved the native BM niche architecture and allowed PCs survivalin vitrofor up to 2 weeks. Further, the Col-HA hydrogel was permissive to lymphocyte migration into the microphysiological system´s circulation. Long-term PCs survival was related to the stable presence in the culture of soluble factors, as APRIL, BAFF, and IL-6. Increasing immunoglobulins concentrations in the medium confirm their functionality over culture time. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report of successful long-term maintenance of primary-derived non-malignant PCsin vitro. Our innovative model system is suitable for in-depthin vitrostudies of human PCs regulation and exploration of targeted therapeutic approaches such as CAR-T cell therapy or biologics.
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Hidrogeles , Células Plasmáticas , Humanos , Células Plasmáticas/citología , Células Plasmáticas/metabolismo , Hidrogeles/química , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Hialurónico/química , Ácido Hialurónico/farmacología , Células de la Médula Ósea/citología , Colágeno/química , Médula Ósea/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Técnicas de Cultivo Tridimensional de Células , Modelos Biológicos , Andamios del Tejido/química , Sefarosa/químicaRESUMEN
Nasal vaccination elicits a humoral immune response that provides protection from airborne pathogens1, yet the origins and specific immune niches of antigen-specific IgA-secreting cells in the upper airways are unclear2. Here we define nasal glandular acinar structures and the turbinates as immunological niches that recruit IgA-secreting plasma cells from the nasal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALTs)3. Using intact organ imaging, we demonstrate that nasal vaccination induces B cell expansion in the subepithelial dome of the NALT, followed by invasion into commensal-bacteria-driven chronic germinal centres in a T cell-dependent manner. Initiation of the germinal centre response in the NALT requires pre-expansion of antigen-specific T cells, which interact with cognate B cells in interfollicular regions. NALT ablation and blockade of PSGL-1, which mediates interactions with endothelial cell selectins, demonstrated that NALT-derived IgA-expressing B cells home to the turbinate region through the circulation, where they are positioned primarily around glandular acinar structures. CCL28 expression was increased in the turbinates in response to vaccination and promoted homing of IgA+ B cells to this site. Thus, in response to nasal vaccination, the glandular acini and turbinates provide immunological niches that host NALT-derived IgA-secreting cells. These cellular events could be manipulated in vaccine design or in the treatment of upper airway allergic responses.
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Inmunoglobulina A , Tejido Linfoide , Mucosa Nasal , Células Plasmáticas , Linfocitos T , Cornetes Nasales , Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Ratones , Bacterias/inmunología , Movimiento Celular , Quimiocinas CC/inmunología , Quimiocinas CC/metabolismo , Centro Germinal/inmunología , Centro Germinal/citología , Inmunoglobulina A/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina A/metabolismo , Tejido Linfoide/inmunología , Tejido Linfoide/citología , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Mucosa Nasal/citología , Mucosa Nasal/inmunología , Células Plasmáticas/inmunología , Células Plasmáticas/citología , Células Plasmáticas/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/citología , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Cornetes Nasales/citología , Cornetes Nasales/inmunología , Vacunación , Administración Intranasal , Vacunas/inmunología , SimbiosisRESUMEN
The upper airway is an important site of infection, but immune memory in the human upper airway is poorly understood, with implications for COVID-19 and many other human diseases1-4. Here we demonstrate that nasal and nasopharyngeal swabs can be used to obtain insights into these challenging problems, and define distinct immune cell populations, including antigen-specific memory B cells and T cells, in two adjacent anatomical sites in the upper airway. Upper airway immune cell populations seemed stable over time in healthy adults undergoing monthly swabs for more than 1 year, and prominent tissue resident memory T (TRM) cell and B (BRM) cell populations were defined. Unexpectedly, germinal centre cells were identified consistently in many nasopharyngeal swabs. In subjects with SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections, local virus-specific BRM cells, plasma cells and germinal centre B cells were identified, with evidence of local priming and an enrichment of IgA+ memory B cells in upper airway compartments compared with blood. Local plasma cell populations were identified with transcriptional profiles of longevity. Local virus-specific memory CD4+ TRM cells and CD8+ TRM cells were identified, with diverse additional virus-specific T cells. Age-dependent upper airway immunological shifts were observed. These findings provide new understanding of immune memory at a principal mucosal barrier tissue in humans.
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Memoria Inmunológica , Células B de Memoria , Células T de Memoria , Mucosa Nasal , Nasofaringe , SARS-CoV-2 , Adulto , Humanos , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/citología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/citología , COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/virología , Centro Germinal/inmunología , Centro Germinal/citología , Inmunoglobulina A/inmunología , Memoria Inmunológica/inmunología , Células B de Memoria/inmunología , Células T de Memoria/inmunología , Mucosa Nasal/inmunología , Mucosa Nasal/virología , Nasofaringe/virología , Nasofaringe/inmunología , Células Plasmáticas/inmunología , Células Plasmáticas/citología , SARS-CoV-2/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Memory B cells (MBCs) differentiate into plasma cells (PCs) or germinal centers (GCs) upon antigen recall. How this decision is programmed is not understood. We found that the relative strength between two antagonistic transcription factors, B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP1) and BTB domain and CNC homolog 2 (BACH2), progressively increases in favor of BLIMP1 in antigen-responding B cells through the course of primary responses. MBC subsets that preferentially produce secondary GCs expressed comparatively higher BACH2 but lower BLIMP1 than those predisposed for PC development. Skewing the BLIMP1-BACH2 balance in otherwise fate-predisposed MBC subsets could switch their fate preferences. Underlying the changing BLIMP1-over-BACH2 balance, we observed progressively increased accessibilities at chromatin loci that are specifically opened in PCs, particularly those that contain interferon-sensitive response elements (ISREs) and are controlled by interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4). IRF4 is upregulated by B cell receptor, CD40 or innate receptor signaling and it induces graded levels of PC-specifying epigenetic imprints according to the strength of stimulation. By analyzing history-stamped GC B cells, we found progressively increased chromatin accessibilities at PC-specific, IRF4-controlled gene loci over time. Therefore, the cumulative stimulation history of B cells is epigenetically recorded in an IRF4-dependent manner, determines the relative strength between BLIMP1 and BACH2 in individual MBCs and dictates their probabilities to develop into GCs or PCs upon restimulation.
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Factores de Transcripción con Cremalleras de Leucina de Carácter Básico , Diferenciación Celular , Epigénesis Genética , Centro Germinal , Memoria Inmunológica , Factores Reguladores del Interferón , Células B de Memoria , Células Plasmáticas , Factor 1 de Unión al Dominio 1 de Regulación Positiva , Factor 1 de Unión al Dominio 1 de Regulación Positiva/metabolismo , Factor 1 de Unión al Dominio 1 de Regulación Positiva/genética , Animales , Factores Reguladores del Interferón/metabolismo , Factores Reguladores del Interferón/genética , Ratones , Factores de Transcripción con Cremalleras de Leucina de Carácter Básico/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción con Cremalleras de Leucina de Carácter Básico/genética , Células B de Memoria/inmunología , Células B de Memoria/metabolismo , Células Plasmáticas/inmunología , Células Plasmáticas/metabolismo , Centro Germinal/inmunología , Centro Germinal/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Transducción de Señal , Activación de Linfocitos/genéticaRESUMEN
Teleost IgM+ B cells can phagocytose, like mammalian B1 cells, and secrete Ag-specific IgM, like mammalian B2 cells. Therefore, teleost IgM+ B cells may have the functions of both mammalian B1 and B2 cells. To support this view, we initially found that grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) IgM+ plasma cells (PCs) exhibit robust phagocytic ability, akin to IgM+ naive B cells. Subsequently, we sorted grass carp IgM+ PCs into two subpopulations: nonphagocytic (Pha-IgM+ PCs) and phagocytic IgM+ PCs (Pha+IgM+ PCs), both of which demonstrated the capacity to secrete natural IgM with LPS and peptidoglycan binding capacity. Remarkably, following immunization of grass carp with an Ag, we observed that both Pha-IgM+ PCs and Pha+IgM+ PCs could secrete Ag-specific IgM. Furthermore, in vitro concatenated phagocytosis experiments in which Pha-IgM+ PCs from an initial phagocytosis experiment were sorted and exposed again to beads confirmed that these cells also have phagocytic capabilities, thereby suggesting that all teleost IgM+ B cells have phagocytic potential. Additionally, we found that grass carp IgM+ PCs display classical phenotypic features of macrophages, providing support for the hypothesis that vertebrate B cells evolved from ancient phagocytes. These findings together reveal that teleost B cells are a primitive B cell type with functions reminiscent of both mammalian B1 and B2 cells, providing insights into the origin and evolution of B cells in vertebrates.