Florfenicol-resistant Brevundimonas sanguinis sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from patient blood in South Korea.

An aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, short rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated NCCP 15609 T, was isolated from the blood sample of a patient in the Republic of Korea. The strain was identified as Brevundimonas diminuta using MALDI-TOF. A phylogenetic tree constructed using 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the isolate was of the genus Brevundimonas with 99.8% similarity to B. naejangsanensis. The strain NCCP 15609T genome consisted of one contig with 3,063,090 bp, and had a G+C content of 67.4%. The genome contained 2,949 protein-coding sequences, 52 tRNAs, and 6 rRNAs. The DNA-DNA hybridisation between NCCP 15609T and B. naejangsanensis yielded 92.5% and 49.5% ± 2.6%, respectively, using the average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridisation (dDDH). The predominant fatty acids of strain NCCP 15609T were summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c/C18:1 ω6c) and C16:0. The isolate contained polar lipids and quinone, corresponding to phosphatidylglycerol, 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[D-glycopyranosyl (1 → 4)-α-D-glucopyranuronosyl] glycerol, and ubiquinone-10, respectively. Based on its phylogenetic, physiological, and chemotaxonomic characteristics, we suggest that NCCP 15609T represents a novel pathogen resource of the genus Brevundimonas and propose to name it Brevundimonas sanguinis sp. nov. The type strain is NCCP 15609T (= DSM 116005T).

Pseudaquidulcibacter saccharophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of family Caulobacteraceae, isolated from a water purification facility with supplement of starch as a carbon source.

During a survey of microbial communities in the influent (ambient water) and effluent of a water purification facility with aeration and supplement of starch as carbon source, a novel bacterial strain, designated SZ9T, was isolated from the effluent sample. Colonies of strain SZ9T were small (approximately 0.5-1.0 mm in diameter), creamy-white, circular, smooth, translucent and convex. Cells were facultative anaerobic, motile by means of a single polar flagellum, rod-shaped, multiplied by binary fission, Gram-stain-negative, oxidase-positive and catalase-negative. Growth occurred at 10-40 °C (optimum, 28 °C) and pH 5.5-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.5). The range of NaCl concentration for growth was 0-1.0 % (w/v), with an optimum of 0-0.5 % (w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences suggested that strain SZ9T formed a lineage within the family Caulobacteraceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria and showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Aquidulcibacter paucihalophilus TH1-2T (92.44%), followed by Vitreimonas flagellata SYSU XM001T (89.61 %), Asprobacter aquaticus DRW22-8T (89.49 %) and Hyphobacterium vulgare WM6T (89.49%). The predominant fatty acids (>10 % of the total fatty acids) of strain SZ9T was summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1 ω6c and/or C16 : 1 ω7c), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω6c and/or C18 : 1 ω7c) and C16 : 0. The sole respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10, and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine and two unidentified glycolipids. The whole genome of strain SZ9T was 2 842 140 bp in size, including 2769 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and two rRNA genes, and the genomic G+C content was 41.4 mol%. The orthologous average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain SZ9T and other genera within the family Caulobacteraceae were 64.50-66.62 %, 46.96-54.17 % and 27.70-31.70 %, respectively. Therefore, based on the results of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, the isolated strain SZ9T could be distinguished from other genera, suggesting that it represents a novel species of a novel genus in the family Caulobacteraceae, for which the name Pseudaquidulcibacter saccharophilus gen. nov., sp. nov is proposed. The type strain is SZ9T (=CCTCC AB2021029T=KCTC 82788T).

Urinary tract infection by atypical uropathogens in dogs.

Bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common condition affecting dogs. Urine culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test, associated with the identification of underlying cause, are of primary importance in order to select a correct treatment, especially in presence of comorbidities. Two cases of immunecompromised dogs affected by urinary tract infection (UTI) have been described: the first, probably immunosuppressed due to old age, was in poor body condition, with severe odontolithiasis and periodontitis; the second was affected by chronic kidney disease in advanced stage. Urine cultures isolated two rare and atypical pathogens, Moellerella wisconsensis and Brevundimonas vesicularis, both showing sensitivity versus floroquinolones which were selected for the treatment. After a 4 weeks treatment, a second culture demonstrated the resolution of infection in both cases, in absence of clinical signs.To date neither of the two bacteria have been reported as cause of UTI in dog.

Genome-Based Taxonomy of Brevundimonas with Reporting Brevundimonas huaxiensis sp. nov.

Brevundimonas is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria widely distributed in nature and is also an opportunistic pathogen causing health care-associated infections. Brevundimonas strain 090558T was recovered from a blood culture of a cancer patient and was subjected to genome sequencing and analysis. The average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between 090558T and type strains of Brevundimonas species were 78.76% to 93.94% and 19.8% to 53.9%, respectively, below the cutoff to define bacterial species. Detailed phenotypic tests were performed, suggesting that 090558T can be differentiated from other Brevundimonas species by its ability to assimilate sodium acetate but not to utilize glucose, trypsin, or ß-glucosidase. Strain 090558T (GDMCC 1.1871T or KCTC 82165T) therefore represents a novel Brevundimonas species, for which the name Brevundimonas huaxiensis sp. nov. is proposed. All Brevundimonas genomes available in GenBank (accessed on 25 January 2021) were retrieved, discarding those labeled "excluded from RefSeq" by GenBank, and included 82 genomes for precise species curation. In addition to the 21 Brevundimonas species with genomes of type strains available, we identified 29 Brevundimonas taxa that either belong to the 12 Brevundimonas species without available genomes of type strains or represent novel species. We found that more than half (57.3%) of the 82 Brevundimonas genomes need to be corrected for species assignation, including species mislabeling of a type strain. Our analysis highlights the complexity of Brevundimonas taxonomy. We also found that only some Brevundimonas species are associated with human infections, and more studies are warranted to understand their pathogenicity and epidemiology. IMPORTANCEBrevundimonas is a genus of the family Caulobacteraceae and comprises 33 species. Brevundimonas can cause various infections but remains poorly studied. In this study, we reported a novel Brevundimonas species, Brevundimonas huaxiensis, based on genome and phenotype studies of strain 090558T recovered from human blood. We then examined the species assignations of all Brevundimonas genomes (n = 82) in GenBank and found that in addition to the known Brevundimonas species with genome sequences of type strains available, there are 29 Brevundimonas taxa based on genome analysis, which need to be further studied using phenotype-based methods to establish their species status. Our study significantly updates the taxonomy of Brevundimonas and enhances our understanding of this genus of clinical relevance. The findings also encourage future studies on the characterization of novel Brevundimonas species.

Plant debris are hotbeds for pathogenic bacteria on recreational sandy beaches.

On recreational sandy beaches, there are guidelines for the management of bacterial pollution in coastal waters regarding untreated sewage, urban wastewater, and industrial wastewater. However, terrestrial plant debris on coastal beaches can be abundant especially after floods and whilst it has rarely been considered a concern, the bacterial population associated with this type of pollution from the viewpoint of public health has not been adequately assessed. In this study, microbes associated with plant debris drifting onto Kizaki Beach in Japan were monitored for 8 months throughout the rainy season, summer, typhoon season, and winter. Here we show that faecal-indicator bacteria in the plant debris and sand under the debris were significantly higher than the number of faecal bacteria in the sand after a 2015 typhoon. When we focused on specific pathogenic bacteria, Brevundimonas vesicularis and Pseudomonas alcaligenes were commonly detected only in the plant debris and sand under the debris during the survey period. The prompt removal of plant debris would therefore help create safer beaches.

Terricaulis silvestris gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel prosthecate, budding member of the family Caulobacteraceae isolated from forest soil.

The family Caulobacteraceae comprises prosthecate bacteria with a dimorphic cell cycle and also non-prosthecate bacteria. Cells of all described species divide by binary fission. Strain 0127_4T was isolated from forest soil in Baden Württemberg (Germany) and determined to be the first representative of the family Caulobacteraceae which divided by budding. Cells of strain 0127_4T were Gram-negative, rod-shaped, prosthecate, motile by means of a polar flagellum, non-spore-forming and non-capsulated. The strain formed small white colonies and grew aerobically and chemo-organotrophically utilizing organic acids, amino acids and proteinaceous substrates. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that this bacterium was related to Aquidulcibacter paucihalophilus TH1-2T and Asprobacter aquaticus DRW22-8T with 91.3 and 89.7% sequence similarity, respectively. Four unidentified glycolipids were detected as the major polar lipids and, unlike all described members of the family Caulobacteraceae, phosphatidylglycerol was absent. The major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c/C18 : 1ω6c), summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c/C16 : 0 10-methyl), C16 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c/C16 : 1 ω7c). The major respiratory quinone was Q-10. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 63.5 %. Based on the present taxonomic characterization, strain 0127_4T represents a novel species of a new genus, Terricaulis silvestris gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Terricaulis silvestris is 0127_4T (=DSM 104635T=CECT 9243T).

Brevundimonas fluminis sp. nov., isolated from a river.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, motile, facultatively aerobic and ivory-pigmented bacterium (designated strain LA-55T) was isolated from a river in the Republic of Korea. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, strain LA-55T clustered with species of the genus Brevundimonas and was closely related to B revundimonas kwangchunensis KSL-102T (97.3 %), B revundimonas aurantiaca DSM 4731T (97.1 %), B revundimonas albigilva NHI-13T (97.0 %), B revundimonas balnearis FDRGB2bT (97.0 %) and Brevundimonas aveniformis DSM 17977T (97.0 %). The average nucleotide identity value between strain LA-55T and its closest-related strain was 74.1 %, indicating that strain LA-55T represents a novel species of the genus Brevundimonas. Growth occurred at 15-40 °C on Reasoner's 2A medium in the presence of 0-2 % NaCl (w/v) and at pH 6.0-8.0. The genomic DNA G+C content was 70.5 mol% and ubiquinone 10 (Q-10) was the major respiratory quinone. The major cellular fatty acids (>5 %) were C1 8 :1 ω6c and/or C1 8 :1 ω7c (summed feature 8), C16 : 0, C1 6 :1 ω6c and/or C1 6 :1 ω7c (summed feature 3) and C18 : 1 ω7c 11-methyl. The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-d-glucopyranuronosyl]glycerol, 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-α-d-glucopyranuronosyl glycerol, unidentified aminolipid, unidentified phosphoglycolipid and unidentified lipids. Physiological and biochemical characteristics indicated that strain LA-55T represents a novel species of the genus Brevundimonas, for which the name Brevundimonas fluminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LA-55T (=KACC 19639T=LMG 30850T).

Bacteria involved in biodegradation of creosote PAH - A case study of long-term contaminated industrial area.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) contained in creosote oil are particularly difficult to remove from the soil environment. Their hydrophobic character and low bioavailability to soil microorganisms affects their rate of biodegradation. This study was performed on samples of soil that were (for over forty years) subjected to contamination with creosote oil, and their metagenome and physicochemical properties were characterized. Moreover, the study was undertaken to evaluate the biodegradation of PAHs by autochthonous consortia as well as by selected bacteria strains isolated from long-term contaminated industrial soil. From among the isolated microorganisms, the most effective in biodegrading the contaminants were the strains Pseudomonas mendocina and Brevundimonas olei. They were able to degrade more than 60% of the total content of PAHs during a 28-day test. The biodegradation of these compounds using AT7 dispersant was enhanced only by Serratia marcescens strain. Moreover, the addition of AT7 improved the effectiveness of fluorene and acenaphthene biodegradation by Serratia marcescens 6-fold. Our results indicated that long-term contact with aromatic compounds induced the bacterial strains to use the PAHs as a source of carbon and energy. We observed that supplementation with surfactants does not increase the efficiency of hydrocarbon biodegradation.

Asticcacaulis tiandongensis sp. nov., a new member of the genus Asticcacaulis, isolated from a cave soil sample.

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain 3.1105T, was isolated from a karst district soil sample collected from Tiandong cave, Guizhou province, south-west PR China. The isolate grew at 10-40 °C and pH 5.0-8.0 and tolerated up to 1 % NaCl (w/v) on R2A medium, with optimal growth at 25-30 °C, pH 7.0 and 0 % NaCl (w/v). Cells showed oxidase-positive and catalase-positive reactions. The respiratory quinone was Q-10. The predominant cellular fatty acids contained C18 : 1ω7c 11-methyl, summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c or C18 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C17 : 0. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol and monoglycosyldiglycerides. The genomic DNA G+C content was 56.0 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that 3.1105T should be affiliated to the genus Asticcacaulis and showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values with Asticcacaulis excentricus CB 48T (96.0 %), Asticcacaulis endophyticus ZFGT-14T (95.3 %) and lower than 95.3 % similarity to other species of the genus Asticcacaulis. The polyphasic taxonomic characteristics indicated that strain 3.1105T represents a novel species of the genus Asticcacaulis, for which the name Asticcacaulis tiandongensis sp. nov., (type strain 3.1105T=KCTC 62978T=CCTCC AB 2018268T) is proposed.

Development of isoporous microslit silicon nitride membranes for sterile filtration applications.

The widely used 0.2/0.22 µm polymer sterile filters were developed for small molecule and protein sterile filtration but are not well-suited for the production of large nonprotein biological therapeutics, resulting in significant yield loss and production cost increases. Here, we report on the development of membranes with isoporous sub-0.2 µm rectangular prism pores using silicon micromachining to produce microslit silicon nitride (MSN) membranes. The very high porosity (~33%) and ultrathin (200 nm) nature of the 0.2 µm MSN membranes results in a dramatically different structure than the traditional 0.2/0.22 µm polymer sterile filter, which yielded comparable performance properties (including gas and hydraulic permeance, maximum differential pressure tolerance, nanoparticle sieving/fouling behavior). The results from bacteria retention tests, conducted according to the guidance of regulatory agencies, demonstrated that the 0.2 µm MSN membranes can be effectively used as sterile filters. It is anticipated that the results and technologies presented in this study will find future utility in the production of non-protein biological therapeutics and in other biological and biomedical applications.

Phenylobacterium soli sp. nov., isolated from arsenic and cadmium contaminated farmland soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, facultative anaerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated LX32T, was isolated from arsenic and cadmium contaminated farmland soil. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain LX32T was closely related to Phenylobacterium hankyongense HKS-05T (97.7 % sequence similarity), Phenylobacterium kunshanense CCTCC AB 2013085T (97.4 %) and Phenylobacterium deserti CCTCC AB 2016297T (97.1 %). The average nucleotide identity values of the whole genome sequences of LX32T/P. hankyongense HKS-05T, LX32T/P. kunshanense CCTCC AB 2013085T and LX32T/P. deserti CCTCC AB 2016297T were 79.8, 77.9 and 77.5 %, respectively. Its genome size was 4.02 Mb, comprising 3998 predicted genes with a DNA G+C content of 70.1 mol%. The major fatty acids were C15 : 0, C16 : 0 and summed feature 8 (comprising C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c). The polar lipid profiles consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, aminophospholipid, seven glycolipids and two unidentified polar lipids. The predominantly respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. Based on polyphasic analyses, the isolate is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Phenylobacterium, for which the name Phenylobacterium soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LX32T (=KCTC 62522=CCTCC AB 2018055).

Brevundimonas lutea sp. nov., isolated from lake sediment.

A novel Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated NS26T, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from Taihu Lake in China. Colonies were orange, circular, smooth and neat-edged on Reasoner's 2A agar. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain NS26T belonged to the genus Brevundimonas and had the closest relationship with Brevundimonas halotolerans DSM 24448T (96.9 %). It grew at 20-37 °C (optimum, 28 °C), pH 5.5-10.5 (pH 7.0) and without NaCl. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The dominant cellular fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c 11-methyl. The polar lipid profile comprised 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(6-phosphatidyl-α-d-glucopyranosyl) glycerol, 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-α-d-glycopyranuronosyl glycerol, sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol, 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[d-glycopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-d-glucopyranuronosyl] glycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 68.4 mol%. The average nucleotide identity value between strain NS26T and B.halotolerans DSM 24448T was 75.6 %. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic study, strain NS26T is suggested to be a novel species, for which the name Brevundimonas lutea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NS26T (=CGMCC 1.13680T=NBRC 113554T).

Phenylobacterium parvum sp. nov., isolated from lake water.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and aerobic bacterium, designated HYN0004T, was isolated from lake water. The strain grew at 15-35 °C and pH 7.0-9.0 on R2A. The isoprenoid quinone was Q10 and major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol and one unidentified glycolipid. The genome was 2.83 Mb with a DNA G+C content of 69.9 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses revealed that HYN0004T represented a member of the genus Phenylobacterium and shared sequence similarities with Phenylobacterium conjunctum (97.8 %), Phenylobacterium koreense (97.5 %), Phenylobacterium aquaticum (97.2 %), and Phenylobacteriumheamatophilum (97.0 %). In addition to the low sequence similarities, the phylogenetic tree shapes indicated that HYN0004Trepresents an independent species of this genus. The genomic and phenotypic properties, including small genome size, inability to carry out numerous enzymatic reactions and high ratio of C18 : 1ω6c and/or C18 : 1ω7c in fatty acids, verified the differentiation between HYN0004T and related species. Thus, we propose a novel species of the genus Phenylobacterium, named as Phenylobacterium parvum sp. nov. The type strain is HYN0004T (=KACC 19185T=NBRC 112736T).

Brevundimonas mongoliensis sp. nov., A Novel Psychrotolerant Bacterium Isolated from Oil-Contaminated Soil.

Two yellow-coloured, Gram-stain-negative, motile, and rod-shaped bacteria, designated strains R-10-10T and R-10-15 were isolated from oil-contaminated soil. Both strains were able to grow at 4-40 °C, pH 5.5-10.5, and 0-4% (w/v) NaCl concentration. These strains were taxonomically characterized by a polyphasic approach. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, both strains, R-10-10T and R-10-15, could be affiliated to the genus Brevundimonas and shared highest sequence similarity with Brevundimonas staleyi FWC43T (98.8%), Brevundimonas bullata TK0051T (98.6%), and Brevundimonas subvibrioides CB81T (98.3%). The pairwise sequence similarity between strains R-10-10T and R-10-15 was 99.9%. Both strains R-10-10T and R-10-15 contained phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and four unidentified glycolipids as major polar lipids; ubiquinone-10 as sole respiratory quinone; and summed feature 8 (C18:1ω7c and/or C18:1ω6c), C16:0, summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c), and C18:1ω9c as major fatty acids. The genomic DNA G+C content values of strains R-10-10T and R-10-15 were 67.1 and 66.9 mol%, respectively. The DNA-DNA relatedness between R-10-10T and R-10-15 was higher than 70% but the values were less than 55% with closely related reference type strains. The morphological, physiological, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic data clearly distinguished strain R-10-10T from its closest phylogenetic neighbors. Thus, strain R-10-10T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Brevundimonas, for which the name Brevundimonas mongoliensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R-10-10T (=KEMB 9005-696T = KACC 19387T = JCM 32172T), and strain R-10-15 is considered as an additional strain of the novel species.

Isolation and Characterization of PHA-Producing Bacteria from Propylene Oxide Saponification Wastewater Residual Sludge.

A polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-producing strain was isolated from propylene oxide (PO) saponification wastewater activated sludge and was identified as Brevundimonas vesicularis UJN1 through 16S rDNA sequencing and Biolog microbiological identification. Single-factor and response surface methodology experiments were used to optimize the culture medium and conditions. The optimal C/N ratio was 100/1.04, and the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources were sucrose (10 g/L) and NH4Cl (0.104 g/L) respectively. The optimal culture conditions consisted of initial pH of 6.7 and an incubation temperature of 33.4 °C for 48 h, with 15% inoculum and 100 mL medium at an agitation rate of 180 rpm. The PHA concentration reached 34.1% of the cell dry weight and increased three times compared with that before optimization. The only report of PHA-producing bacteria by Brevundimonas vesicularis showed that the conversion rate of PHAs using glucose as the optimal carbon source was 1.67%. In our research, the conversion rate of PHAs with sucrose as the optimal carbon source was 3.05%, and PHA production using sucrose as the carbon source was much cheaper than that using glucose as the carbon source.

Brevundimonas humi sp. nov., an alphaproteobacterium isolated from forest soil.

During a study of bacterial diversity of soil, a novel strain, CA-15T, was isolated from Kyonggi University forest soil. Cells were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, oxidase-positive and catalase- negative. Tyrosine was not oxidized but produced red pigmentation on an agar palte. Strain CA-15T hydrolysed Tween 60 and DNA. It grew at 15-35 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum, 7.0-9.0) and at 1.5 % (w/v) NaCl concentration. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain CA-15T formed a lineage within the family Caulobacteraceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria that was distinct from various species of the genus Brevundimonas. Brevundimonas bullata DSM 7126T was the closest member of strain CA-15T on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (98.48 %). Q-10 was only an isoprenoid quinone detected for strain CA-15T. The major polar lipids were 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-αd-glucopyranuronosyl]glycerol, 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[αd-glucopyranosyl]-sn-glycerol, 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-αd-glucopyranuronosylglycerol, 1,2-diacyl-3-O-[6'-phosphatidyl-αd-glucopyranosyl]glycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω7c 11-methyl and C17 : 1ω8c. The DNA G+C content of strain CA-15T was 63.6 mol%. The polyphasic characterization indicated that strain CA-15T represents a novel species in the genus Brevundimonas, for which the name Brevundimonas humi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Brevundimonas humi is CA-15T (=KEMB 9005-528T=KACC 19106T=NBRC 112677T).

Brevundimonas spp: Emerging global opportunistic pathogens.

Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria are problematic in clinical locations, being one of the most prevalent causes of nosocomial infections. Many of these non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria are opportunistic pathogens that affect patients that are suffering with underlying medical conditions and diseases. Brevundimonas spp., in particular Brevundimonas diminuta and Brevundimonas vesicularis, are a genus of non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria considered of minor clinical importance. Forty-nine separate instances of infection relating to Brevundimonas spp were found in the scientific literature along with two pseudo-infections. The majority of these instances were infection with Brevundimonas vesicularis (thirty-five cases - 71%). The major condition associated with Brevundimonas spp infection was bacteraemia with seventeen individual cases/outbreaks (35%). This review identified forty-nine examples of Brevundimonas spp. infections have been discussed in the literature. These findings indicate that infection review programs should consider investigation of possible Brevundimonas spp outbreaks if these bacteria are clinically isolated in more than one patient.

Phenylobacterium hankyongense sp. nov., isolated from ginseng field soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated HKS-05T, was isolated from ginseng field soil. This bacterium was characterized to determine its taxonomic position by using the polyphasic approach. HKS-05T grew at 10-37 °C and at pH 6.0-8.0 on R2A agar. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, HKS-05T was shown to represent a member of the family Caulobacteraceaeand to be related to Phenylobacterium lituiforme FaiI3T (98.1 % sequence similarity), 'Phenylobacterium zucineum' HLK1 (97.9 %), Phenylobacterium muchangponense A8T (97.7 %), Phenylobacteriumcomposti 4T-6T (97.2 %) and Phenylobacterium immobile ET (97.1 %). The major respiratory quinone was Q-10 and the major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (comprising C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0, and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c). The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, unidentified glycolipids and unidentified polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 70.4 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness values between HKS-05T and its closest phylogenetically neighbours were low. HKS-05T could be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from the species of the genus Phenylobacterium with validly published names. The isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Phenylobacteriumhankyongense sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain HKS-05T (=KACC 18628T=LMG 30081T).

Phenylobacterium deserti sp. nov., isolated from desert soil.

A novel bacterial strain, designated YIM 73061T, was isolated from the Cholistan desert in Punjab, Pakistan, and characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed the highest levels of sequence similarity with respect to Phenylobacterium conjunctum FWC21T (97.6 %), Phenylobacterium lituiforme FaiI3T (97.4 %), Phenylobacteriumcomposti 4T-6T (97.0 %) and Phenylobacterium aquaticum W2-3-4T (96.8 %). Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic and motile rods that formed orange colonies. The strain was oxidase- and catalase-positive. Growth occurred at 20-40 °C (optimum, 30-37 °C) at pH 5.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0-0.5 %). The major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) were summed feature 8 (comprising C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylglycerol and four unidentified glycolipids. The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 66.8 mol%. Strain YIM 73061T showed low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness to P. conjunctum FWC21T (27.2±2.6 %), P. lituiforme FaiI3T (24.6±1.1 %) and P.composti 4T-6T (18.4±3.1 %). On the basis of phylogenetic inference, chemotaxonomic characteristics and phenotypic data, strain YIM 73061T should be classified as representing a novel species, for which the name Phenylobacterium deserti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 73061T (=DSM 103871T=CCTCC AB 2016297T).

Brevundimonas diminuta infection in a case of nephrotic syndrome.

Brevundimonas has rarely been isolated from clinical specimens. We here report a case of Brevundimonas diminuta infection in an 18-year-old male patient with nephrotic syndrome. B. diminuta was identified by the VITEK 2 Compact system, following isolation from his blood sample. To the best of our knowledge, B. diminuta has not been reported in patients with nephrotic syndrome.