Fetal body MRI and its application to fetal and neonatal treatment: an illustrative review.

This Review depicts the evolving role of MRI in the diagnosis and prognostication of anomalies of the fetal body, here including head and neck, thorax, abdomen and spine. A review of the current literature on the latest developments in antenatal imaging for diagnosis and prognostication of congenital anomalies is coupled with illustrative cases in true radiological planes with viewable three-dimensional video models that show the potential of post-acquisition reconstruction protocols. We discuss the benefits and limitations of fetal MRI, from anomaly detection, to classification and prognostication, and defines the role of imaging in the decision to proceed to fetal intervention, across the breadth of included conditions. We also consider the current capabilities of ultrasound and explore how MRI and ultrasound can complement each other in the future of fetal imaging.

A Clinician's Guide to Management of Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in Critically Ill Patients.

This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2020. Other selected articles can be found online at https://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/annualupdate2020. Further information about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available from http://www.springer.com/series/8901.

The neglected role of abdominal compliance in organ-organ interactions.

This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency medicine 2016. Other selected articles can be found online at http://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/annualupdate2016. Further information about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available from http://www.springer.com/series/8901.

[Extraperitoneal ligation herniorraphy by the acute infectious diseases of the abdominal cavity in children].

Surgery on the reason of the "acute abdomen" in children often reveals the persisting vaginal peritoneal defects, which further lead to hernia formation. 23 children (aged 4-15 years) were operated on the acute uncomplicated appendicitis (n=10), acute mesadenitis (n=3), appendicular local and pelvioperitonitis (n=9) and ovary apoplexia (n=1). Inguinal hernia was revealed in all patients during laparoscopy. After videoendoscopic sanation of the abdomen and appendectomy (if it was necessary) the extraperitoneal ligation herniorraphy in author's modification was performed. The were no cases of abdominal complications as well as hernia recurrence among the treated patients.

Fontaine-Farriaux syndrome: a recognizable craniosynostosis syndrome with nail, skeletal, abdominal, and central nervous system anomalies.

Craniosynostosis is an etiologically heterogeneous malformation, which may present as an isolated finding or in association with other anomalies. The concurrence of craniosynostosis together with specific central nervous system, abdominal, genital, and limb malformations defines the Fontaine-Farriaux syndrome, described so far in only two patients. We report on a stillborn who mainly presented severe intrauterine growth retardation, bilateral coronal synostosis, generalized nail hypo/aplasia more evident on the posterior side, tapered digits, mild cutaneous syndactyly, abdominal muscle hypoplasia, micropenis and bilateral cryptorchidism. Skeletal radiographs revealed universal platyspondyly and necropsy findings comprised intestinal malrotation, abnormal cortical gyral formation, periventricular heterotopia, and cerebellar hypoplasia. Comparison between the present and the two previously described patients demonstrates that our case shows a combination of features strikingly resembling the original description. Conversely, the second reported patient shows a very atypical phenotype and is, most probably, affected by a distinct clinical entity. The triad of craniosynostosis, anonychia, and abdominal muscle hypo/aplasia emerges as the most consistent core phenotype, although skeletal and brain anomalies are relevant ancillary findings. An in-depth differential diagnosis with other partially overlapping conditions is carried out.

Additional branches of celiac trunk and its clinical significance.

The anatomical variations of the abdominal arteries are important due to its clinical significance. Various types of vascular anomalies are frequently found in human abdominal viscera, during cadaveric dissection and diagnostic radiological imaging. The present report describes a variation in the celiac trunk as found during routine dissection in a 59-year-old male cadaver. The celiac trunk (CT) was unusually lengthy and took origin from the left antero-lateral surface of the abdominal aorta. Altogether, there were five branches, including three classic branches of CT. The left phrenic artery (LPA) was the first branch of the CT. The remaining four branches were left gastric artery (LGA), splenic artery (SA), common hepatic artery (CHA) and gastroduodenal artery (GDA). There was an arterial loop between the posterior branches of the superior pancreatico-duodenal artery (SPDA), arising from the GDA, and the posterior branch of the inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery (IPDA), arising from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). The arterial loop formed by the above arteries, supplied the head of the pancreas and duodeno-jejunal flexure. The embryological and clinical significance of above variations has been described.

La cintura hipertrigliceridémica / The hypertriglyceridemic waist

La definición clínica de obesidad abdominal está en revisión. En la sociedad occidental se define clínicamente por el aumento del perímetro o diámetro de la cintura, considerando patológico cuando es >= 94 cm en el hombre o >= 80 cm en la mujer. El aumento de la cintura es un parámetro fundamental par definir el síndrome metabólico y se correlaciona con hipertrigliceridemia, que es la alteración metabólica más precoz y consistente del síndrome metabólico. La prevalencia de la obesidad abdominal o cintura patológica y su asociación a hipertrigliceridemia y el resto de las alteraciones metabólicas relacionadas está aumentando en las sociedades occidentales y en los países en vías de desarrollo. La asociación de cintura patológica e hipertrigliceridemia indica, con alta probabilidad, la presencia de resistencia a la insulina y síndrome metabólico. Además, la cintura patológica, clasifica independientemente del peso total, estas alteraciones descritas, definiendo una situación de alto riesgo de desarrollar, en los próximos años, enfermedad cardiovascular y diabetes tipo 2. Los sujetos con cintura patológica y alteraciones metabólicas, es decir con síndrome metabólico, representan un porcentaje importante en la población general adulta, aproximadamente el 20-30% y en los sujetos con diabetes tipo 2 alcanza el 80%. La prevención de la obesidad en general y de la obesidad abdominal es fundamental para luchar contra la alta prevalencia de SM, diabetes tipo 2 y enfermedad cardiovascular que caracteriza a las sociedades desarrolladas. Además, es necesario establecer programas para detectar precozmente los sujetos con obesidad abdominal y SM y tratar enérgicamente esta situación para disminuir la alta morbimortalidad que conlleva (AU)

The clinical definition of abdominal obesity is currently under review. In Western societies abdominal obesity is clinically defined by increased waist circumference or diameter, and measurements of >=94 cm in men and >=80 cm in women are considered pathological. Increased waist circumference is a fundamental parameter for defining metabolic syndrome and is correlated with hypertriglyceridemia, which is the earliest and most consistent metabolic alteration in metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of abdominal obesity and its association with hypertriglyceridemia and related metabolic alterations is increasing in Western societies and in developing countries. The association of abdominal obesity and hypertriglyceridemia most probably indicates the presence of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Moreover, abdominal obesity classifies the described alterations independently from body weight and indicates a high risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in the next few years. Individuals with abdominal obesity and metabolic alterations, that is, with metabolic syndrome, constitute a substantial percentage of the general adult population, approximately 20-30%, and 80% of the population with type 2 diabetes. Prevention of obesity in general and of abdominal obesity in particular is fundamental to combatting the high prevalence of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, which characterizes developed countries. Moreover, programs for the early detection of individuals with abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome should be established and aggressive treatment should be provided to reduce the high associated morbidity and mortality (AU)