Acute Fractures of the Glenoid.

Glenoid fractures are unique in which they span the fields of orthopaedic traumatology and sports medicine. Treatment of glenoid fractures, whether surgical or nonsurgical, may be challenging and have long-term implications on pain and shoulder function. Plain radiographs are always indicated, and most glenoid fractures will require advanced imaging in the form of CT scan. Two general categories of glenoid fractures exist and differ in mechanism of injury, fracture morphology, and treatment. The first category is glenoid fractures with extension into the scapular neck and body. These fractures are typically from high-energy trauma and are often associated with other orthopaedic and nonorthopaedic injuries. The second category includes glenoid rim fractures, which are typically consequent of lower energy mechanisms and are associated with shoulder instability events. Treatment of glenoid rim fractures is dictated by the size and displacement of the fracture fragment and may be nonsurgical or surgical with either open and arthroscopic techniques. The purpose of this review was to discuss the current evidence on glenoid fractures regarding diagnosis, classification, management, and outcomes.

Mechanism and patterns of bone loss in patients with anterior shoulder dislocation.

BACKGROUND: Bony defects are common injuries associated with anterior shoulder dislocation. It is generally thought that these bony defects are created at the time of dislocation. However, there have been no biomechanical reports demonstrating the exact time point when these lesions occur. The purpose of this study was to clarify when, how, and which types of bony defects were created during experimental dislocation in cadaveric shoulders. METHODS: Fifteen fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders (mean age at the time of death, 79 years) were fixed in a custom testing machine. First, the glenohumeral joint was inspected by arthroscopy. Then, the arm was held at 60° of abduction and maximum external rotation and was manually extended horizontally under fluoroscopy until an anterior dislocation occurred. Next, a force of 800 N was applied to a Kirschner wire inserted in the humeral head in the direction of the pectoralis major with use of an air cylinder. We waited until the arm came to equilibrium under this condition. Finally, the glenohumeral joint was arthroscopically examined. We further performed x-ray micro-computed tomography and histologic examination in 1 shoulder with a bipolar lesion. RESULTS: After the anterior dislocation, a Bankart lesion was created in 9 of 15 shoulders and a fragment-type glenoid defect (avulsion fracture) was created in 4. A Hill-Sachs lesion, on the other hand, was not observed after the dislocation. The equilibrium arm position was 40° ± 17° in flexion, 45° ± 22° in abduction, and 27° ± 19° in external rotation. In this arm position, newly created lesions were Hill-Sachs lesions in 6 shoulders and erosion-type glenoid defects (compression fracture) in 7. Micro-computed tomography, performed in a single specimen, showed a flattened anterior glenoid rim with collapse of trabecular bone. Histologic analysis of nondecalcified sections using hematoxylin-eosin staining indicated that the anterior rim of the glenoid was compressed and flattened. The cortex of the anterior glenoid rim could be clearly observed. CONCLUSION: The fragment-type glenoid defect (avulsion fracture) was observed at the time of dislocation, whereas the erosion-type defect (compression fracture) was observed when the arm came to equilibrium in the midrange of motion. Hill-Sachs lesions were created not at the time of dislocation but after the arm came to equilibrium.

Return to sports after glenoid reconstruction using an implant-free iliac crest bone graft.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate sports ability and the rate of return to sports after implant-free iliac bone graft for recurrent, anterior shoulder instability and anterior glenoid bone loss. Subgroups of younger and older patients and patients who had previous arthroscopic Bankart surgery and those who did not have such surgery before implant-free iliac bone graft were formed and compared. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 34 patients; 14 patients had previous arthroscopic Bankart surgery, and 20 patients did not have the surgery; The median age at the time of iliac bone graft was 35.3 years (range, 23 to 75), 17 patients were over the age of 35, and 17 patients were under the age of 35. The mean follow-up was 40 months (range: 25 to 56). RESULTS: All the 34 patients were engaged in pre- and post-operative sport, which represents a return to sport rate of 100%. Although the number of sport disciplines decreased significantly from 6 before the operation to 4.8 after the operation (p=0.002), the number of sports sessions per week did not change significantly, and the duration per session did not change significantly. More than two-thirds of all patients returned to sports within 6 months. Overall, 41% of patients changed sport disciplines, 15% of whom cited shoulder-related causes; however, all patients returned to the same sport level. CONCLUSIONS: Overall and within the subgroups, the return to sport rate after implant-free iliac bone grafting was high, with a high sense of well-being. The number of sport disciplines decreased significantly and more than one-third of the patients changed disciplines, of which 15% percent changed due to shoulder-related causes. The sport level remained equal, and no other parameters changed significantly compared with the time before the onset of restrictive shoulder symptoms.

Effect of subcritical glenoid bone loss on activities of daily living in patients with anterior shoulder instability.

BACKGROUND: It has been biomechanically demonstrated that 20% to 25% is a critical glenoid bone loss. Recently, there are several reports describing that a bone loss less than 20% to 25% needed to be treated because patients may have decreased quality of life without recurrent instability events. The purpose of this study was to clarify the presence of subcritical bone loss that would affect postoperative instability or quality of life. METHODS: Subjects were 43 patients aged≤40years with less than 25% glenoid bone loss who had undergone arthroscopic Bankart repair. These patients were assessed at a mean follow-up of 32months. The Western Ontario Shoulder Instability (WOSI) and Rowe scores were used for the clinical evaluation. Patients were divided in 3 groups based on the percentage of bone loss: group 1: <8%; group 2: 8% to 17%; and group 3: >17%. RESULTS: The recurrence rate was 7% (3/43 shoulders). A weak negative correlation was seen between bone loss and sports/recreation/work domain of the WOSI score (r=-0.304, p=0.0191). The WOSI for group 3 was significantly lower than that for group 1 and 2 (p=0.0009). The male WOSI scores were significantly lower than the female ones (p=0.0471). The WOSI scores of the contact athletes were significantly lower than those of non-contact athletes (p=0.0275). All the patients in Group 3 were males and participated in contact sports. CONCLUSION: Glenoid bone loss between 17% and 25% is considered to be a "subcritical bone loss" in our series, especially in male patients who are involved in sports or high-level activities. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III, retrospective study.

Complicaciones de las prótesis de hombro: valor añadido de la imagen SPECT/TC / Complications of shoulder arthroplasty: added value of SPECT/CT imaging

El número de implantes protésicos de hombro se ha incrementado considerablemente en los últimos años, con el consiguiente aumento de las complicaciones derivadas de dicho procedimiento. El diagnóstico correcto de cada tipo de complicación es esencial para la toma de decisiones terapéuticas, y se basa actualmente en la información aportada tanto por las técnicas de radiodiagnóstico como de medicina nuclear. No obstante, ambos métodos diagnósticos presentan unas limitaciones intrínsecas que pueden ser superadas en gran medida con la incorporación de la imagen SPECT/TC, la cual está llamada a desempeñar un papel fundamental en la valoración de las prótesis de hombro

The incidence of prosthetic shoulder replacements has increased considerably in recent years, as well as the complications derived from the procedure. The correct diagnosis of each type of complication is essential for therapeutic decision making, which is currently based on the information provided by radiological and nuclear medicine imaging. Nevertheless, both techniques have intrinsic limitations that could be mostly overcome with the advent of the hybrid SPECT/CT imaging, which is set to play a fundamental role in the evaluation of shoulder prostheses

Treatment of a 4-Part Proximal Humeral Fracture with a Concomitant Glenoid Fracture in an Elderly Patient: A Case Report.

CASE: Reported here is a single case of a highly comminuted fracture of the proximal aspect of the humerus with substantial humeral head displacement and a concomitant glenoid fracture encompassing >20% of the glenoid width. The fractures were treated simultaneously with reverse total shoulder arthroplasty and open reduction and internal fixation, respectively. CONCLUSION: The 1-year follow-up demonstrated excellent pain control and a good functional outcome, with no signs of instability or implant complications.

Arthroscopy-assisted fixation of Ideberg-type Vb glenoid fracture: A case report.

In this article, we report a 41-year-old right-handed male patient with Ideberg-type Vb fracture who was treated with arthroscopic reduction and fixation. The patient was a laborer who suffered from a high-energy trauma (fall from height). X-ray revealed an intra-articular fracture of the left scapula. Computed tomography with three-dimension reconstruction confirmed the fracture type to be an Ideberg-type Vb glenoid fracture. The patient was operated, discharged on postoperative day two, and was able to continue his daily activities even at two months postoperatively. At six months, the University of California at Los Angeles shoulder score was 33 of 35 and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire score was 2 of 100. Arthroscopic reduction and fixation of Ideberg-type Vb fracture appears to be safe with good radiological and clinical outcomes.

Comparison of Curved and Straight Anchor Insertion for Bankart Repair.

The quality of Bankart repair may be compromised by the presence of glenoid perforation during suture anchor placement. The purpose of this study was to compare the rate of glenoid perforation and biomechanical strength of antero-inferior suture anchors placed with a curved vs a traditional straight technique through an anteroinferior portal. Ten bilateral pairs of fresh human cadaveric shoulders were randomized to either a curved or a straight suture anchor insertion technique. An anteroinferior portal was used to place a 1.5-mm soft anchor in the anteroinferior glenoid (5:30 position for right shoulders). Anatomic dissection was performed, and the maximum load of each anchor was measured using a materials testing system. The overall rate of glenoid perforation by the anteroinferior anchor was 50%. The rate of glenoid perforation was 40% in the straight group and 60% in the curved group (P=.41). The median maximum load was 86 N in the straight group and 137 N in the curved group (P=.23). The median maximum load of the anchors that did perforate the glenoid was 102 N and of those that did not was 118 N (P=.72). The mode of failure was suture anchor pullout in all except one specimen. The curved guide was not superior to the traditional straight guide in terms of the rate of glenoid perforation or the maximum load of the suture anchors. Anterior cortical perforation of the glenoid during anteroinferior suture anchor placement is common with both techniques. [Orthopedics. 2019; 42(2):e242-e246.].

Complications of shoulder arthroplasty: added value of SPECT/CT imaging. / Complicaciones de las prótesis de hombro: valor añadido de la imagen SPECT/TC.

The incidence of prosthetic shoulder replacements has increased considerably in recent years, as well as the complications derived from the procedure. The correct diagnosis of each type of complication is essential for therapeutic decision making, which is currently based on the information provided by radiological and nuclear medicine imaging. Nevertheless, both techniques have intrinsic limitations that could be mostly overcome with the advent of the hybrid SPECT/CT imaging, which is set to play a fundamental role in the evaluation of shoulder prostheses.

Arthroscopic repair of glenoid rim fractures: a ligamentotaxis surgical technique.

PURPOSE: Glenoid fractures occur as a result of direct impact of the humeral head against the glenoid rim following high-energy trauma. They frequently involve one-third of the glenoid surface with an oblique fracture rim from 2 to 6-7 o'clock, and they must not be confused with bony Bankart lesions. In medium-age patients, they are frequently associated with acute cuff tear while in older patients with chronic cuff tear: These conditions increase the instability of the shoulder if not treated. With this study, we reported the results of the arthroscopic ligamentotaxis technique treatment of acute antero-inferior glenoid fractures type IA of Ideberg with a cuff repair associated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eleven patients with IA Ideberg glenoid fracture were treated with ligamentotaxis technique. Mean age: 56 years (45-70); 80% dominant side; male/female: 1.2. Mean extension area of glenoid fracture: 25%. The fragment was fixated reinserting the labro-ligamentous complex with a single 2 o'clock anchor. In six patients (55%), a rotator cuff tear was present, repaired during the surgical intervention. Radiological assessment: X-rays and CT with PICO method to measure the glenoid area involved. Clinical assessment: VAS, constant score, Dash score and Rowe score. RESULTS: After 30 months of follow-up (12-50), no differences in flexion, abduction, rotations and pain were reported compared to the contralateral side (p > 0.05). The mean normalized constant was 101 (60-123), and the mean Rowe was 93 (65-100). X-rays showed good healing without articular surface depressions or step in all cases. Two patients had a progression of gleno-humeral arthritis. CONCLUSION: Acute antero-inferior glenoid rim fractures are uncommon but they are increasing in over 55 years population (frequently associated with cuff tear). Correct classification and treatment are necessary to achieve good results. The X-ray assessment includes the Neer's trauma series and the CT study with PICO measurement of glenoid fragment size. Wrong treatment can lead to chronic instability, degenerative joint disease and poor results. The arthroscopic repair with ligamentotaxis is a good solution and permits the treatment of the associated rotator cuff tear. Arthroscopic technique imposes a long learning curve. CT can be used to confirm the anatomic reduction and the healing of the fracture but since it uses X-rays it must be reserved to comminuted fractures.

[Arthroscopically Assisted Minimally Invasive Fixation of a Type D2c Scapular Fracture]. / Arthroskopisch gestützte minimalinvasive Schraubenosteosynthese einer Skapulafraktur Typ D2c nach Euler/Rüdi.

Fractures of the scapula are rare and have an incidence of 1% of all fractures. Publications highlight glenoid rim fractures. Classification by Ideberg and Euler and Rüdi are accepted. Euler and Rüdi describe three extra-articular and two intra-articular fracture patterns. The indications for surgery are displaced glenoid fractures, scapula tilt of more than 40° and injuries to the superior shoulder suspensory complex. We describe a case of a 22 year old man, who while cycling collided with a moving car due to wet roads. After his admission to hospital as a polytraumatised patient, the trauma CT-Scan showed haemothorax with several associated rip fractures, displaced humeral shaft fracture and fractures of the acromion and glenoid, classified as type D2c according to Euler and Rüdi. Following damage control principles, drainage of the haemothorax was already performed in the ER and surgical treatment of the displaced humeral shaft fracture was performed on the day of admission. No peripheral neurological deficits were evident. After pulmonary stabilisation, surgery was performed 6 days later on the glenoid and acromion fracture, which in conjunction may be regarded as an injury to the superior shoulder suspensory complex. We performed an arthroscopically-assisted screw fixation of the glenoid fracture (type D2c according to Euler and Rüdi) and an ORIF procedure at the acromion. Postoperative rehabilitation was performed with passive abduction and elevation up to 90° for the first two weeks and active abduction an elevation up to 90° for weeks 3 to 6. Full ROM was allowed at week 7. CONCLUSION: Articular fractures of the glenoid are rare and mainly seen as rim fractures. The indications for surgery are displaced articular fractures and injury to the superior shoulder suspensory complex. As demonstrated by this article, type D2c fractures according to Euler and Rüdi can be treated effectively as an arthroscopically-assisted screw fixation procedure.

Diagnosis of glenoid labral tears using 3-tesla MRI vs. 3-tesla MRA: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Various protocols exist for magnetic resonance arthrogram (MRA) of the shoulder, including 3D isotropic scanning and positioning in neutral (2D neutral MRA), or abduction-external-rotation (ABER). HYPOTHESIS: MRA does not improve diagnostic accuracy for labral tears when compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed using 3-Tesla (3T) magnets. METHOD: Systematic review of the Cochrane, MEDLINE, and PubMed databases according to PRISMA guidelines. Included studies compared 3T MRI or 3T MRA (index tests) to arthroscopic findings (reference test). Methodological appraisal performed using QUADAS-2. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were calculated. RESULTS: Ten studies including 929 patients were included. Index test bias and applicability were a concern in the majority of studies. The use of arthroscopy as the reference test raised concern of verification bias in all studies. For anterior labral lesions, 3T MRI was less sensitive (0.83 vs. 0.87 p = 0.083) than 3T 2D neutral MRA. Compared to 3T 2D neutral MRA, both 3T 3D Isotropic MRA and 3T ABER MRA significantly improved sensitivity (0.87 vs. 0.95 vs. 0.94). For SLAP lesions, 3T 2D neutral MRA was of similar sensitivity to 3T MRI (0.84 vs. 0.83, p = 0.575), but less specific (0.99 vs. 0.92 p < 0.0001). For posterior labral lesions, 3T 2D neutral MRA had greater sensitivity than 3T 3D Isotropic MRA and 3T MRI (0.90 vs. 0.83 vs. 0.83). CONCLUSIONS: At 3-T, MRA improved sensitivity for diagnosis of anterior and posterior labral lesions, but reduced specificity in diagnosis of SLAP tears. 3T MRA with ABER positioning further improved sensitivity in diagnosis of anterior labral tears. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Intra- and interobserver reliability of glenoid fracture classifications by Ideberg, Euler and AO.

BACKGROUND: Representing 3%-5% of shoulder girdle injuries scapula fractures are rare. Furthermore, approximately 1% of scapula fractures are intraarticularfractures of the glenoid fossa. Because of uncertain fracture morphology and limited experience, the treatment of glenoid fossa fractures is difficult. The glenoid fracture classification by Ideberg (1984) and Euler (1996) is still commonly used in literature. In 2013 a new glenoid fracture classification was introduced by the AO. The purpose of this study was to examine the new AO classification in clinical practice in comparison with the classifications by Ideberg and Euler. METHODS: In total CT images of 84 patients with glenoid fossa fractures from 2005 to 2018 were included. Parasagittal, paracoronary and axial reconstructions were examined according to the classifications of Ideberg, Euler and the AO by 3 investigators (orthopedic surgeon, radiologist, student of medicine) at three individual time settings. Inter- and intraobserver reliability of the three classification systems were ascertained by computing Inter- and Intraclass (ICCs) correlation coefficients using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, 95%-confidence intervals as well as F-tests for correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Inter- and intraobserver reliability for the AO classification showed a perspicuous coherence (R = 0.74 and R = 0.79). Low to moderate intraobserver reliability for Ideberg (R = 0.46) and Euler classification (R = 0.41) was found. Furthermore, data show a low Interobserver reliability for both Ideberg and Euler classification (R < 0.2). Both the Inter- and Intraclass reliability using AO is significantly higher than those using Ideberg and Euler (p < 0.05). Using the new AO classification, it was possible to find a proper class for every glenoid fossa fracture. On average, according to Euler classification 10 of 84 fractures were not classifiable whereas to Ideberg classification 21 of 84 fractures were not classifiable. CONCLUSION: The new AO classification system introduced 2013 facilitates reliable grading of glenoid fossa fractures with high inter- and intraobserver reliability in 84 patients using CT images. It should possibly be applied in order to enable a valid, reliable and consistent academic description of glenoid fossa fractures. The established classifications by Euler and Ideberg are not capable of providing a similar reliability.

Arthroscopically Assisted Reduction and Internal Fixation of a Displaced Posterior Glenoid Fracture: A Case Report.

CASE: We report the successful use of arthroscopy for reduction and internal fixation of a posterior glenoid fracture in a 62-year-old man 5 days following a skiing accident. Additionally, we review the technique utilized for successful fixation of this rare fracture, and we report the postoperative return of function. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopically facilitated fixation of glenoid fractures has been reported in the literature with excellent clinical outcomes. However, arthroscopic reduction and screw fixation of a posterior intra-articular glenoid fracture (Ideberg type Ib), to our knowledge, has not been previously published. The unique benefits of arthroscopic screw fixation are discussed.

Lesiones del bíceps en la inserción del reborde glenoideo superior / Lesions of the biceps at the superior glenoid

Fundamento: las lesiones del reborde glenoideo superior en la inserción de la porción larga del bíceps provocan dolor, limitación del movimiento articular y debilidad muscular.Objetivo: profundizar en las lesiones del reborde glenoideo superior y en su tratamiento por la vía artroscópica.Método: la búsqueda de la información se realizó en un período de dos meses del 1ro de junio de 2016 al 31 de julio de 2016 y se emplearon las siguientes palabras: SLAP lesion, superior labral anterior posterior lesion or repair. A partir de la información obtenida se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de un total de 315 artículos publicados en las bases de datos PubMed, Hinari, SciELO y Medline mediante el gestor de búsqueda y administrador de referencias EndNote, de ellos se utilizaron 52 citas seleccionadas para realizar la revisión, 48 de ellas de los últimos cinco años. Se incluyeron además, cinco libros.Desarrollo: se abordan diferentes elementos relacionados con las funciones anatómicas, factores predisponentes, diagnóstico clínico basado en maniobras específicas y clasificación de las lesiones. Se hace referencia al tratamiento artroscópico según el tipo de lesión, así como las complicaciones más frecuentes.Conclusiones: las lesiones del reborde glenoideo superior son difíciles de diagnosticar desde el punto de vista clínico e imaginológico, de allí que la exploración artroscópica es de vital importancia para detectar y tratar esta afección. El tratamiento está basado en diferentes factores como: edad, lesiones asociadas, actividad del enfermo y tipo de lesión(AU)

Background: superior labrum from anterior to posterior lesions could cause pain, limitation of movement and muscular weakness.Objective: to deep about superior labrum from anterior to posterior lesions and its management by arthroscopy.Methods: a search in the databases PubMed, Hinari, SciELO and Medline was done through the information locator EndNote by using the words SLAP lesion, superior labral anterior posterior lesion or repair, resulting in a total of 315 articles which 52 of them selected for review, 48 of them in the last five years. Five books were included, as well.Development: important aspects related to superior labrum from anterior to posterior lesions were described as: anatomic function, predisposing factors, diagnosis based on maneuvers and classification. Arthroscopic treatment was pointed out and complications were mentioned.Conclusions: superior labrum from anterior to posterior lesion is difficult to diagnose clinically, that is why arthroscopy is so important to detect and treat them. Treatment is based on: age, associated lesions, daily activity and kind of lesion(AU)

Inferior glenoid fossa fractures: patho-anatomy and results of operative treatment.

INTRODUCTION: A typical feature of inferior glenoid fractures is a distal fragment separated from the glenoid fossa. In most cases, the inferior glenoid fractures are associated with a fracture of the scapular body. However, there are no detailed studies of inferior glenoid fractures, and only brief mentions can be found in the literature in this respect. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The basic group comprised 42 patients, with the mean age of 48 years, who sustained 42 fractures of the inferior glenoid. In this group, the scapular fracture anatomy was evaluated, based on 3D CT reconstructions. A total of 29 patients operated on were followed up for 12 to 128 months after injury (average, 52 months), three patients were lost to follow up. The results of the operative treatment, including complications, were assessed radiologically and functionally. RESULTS: Fracture anatomy was described from various aspects, i.e., the size of the articular surface carried by the separated glenoid fragment, the existence of multiple articular fragments, the size of the separated glenoid fragment and the extent of injury to the scapular body. All 29 operatively treated fractures radiologically healed within three months. Full and pain-free range of motion was restored in 18 patients; in eight patients it was limited by 20 degrees and in three patients by more than 40 degrees. The mean Constant score was 82. CONCLUSION: Fractures of the inferior glenoid fossa requires CT examination, including 3D CT reconstruction with subtraction of the surrounding bones. Displaced fractures are indicated for operative treatment.

Preoperative planning for accurate glenoid component positioning in reverse shoulder arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Glenoid component positioning in reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) is challenging. Patient-specific instrumentation (PSI) has been advocated to improve accuracy, and is based on precise preoperative planning. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of glenoid component positioning when only the glenoid surface is visible, compared to when the entire scapula is visible on a 3D virtual model. METHODS: CT scans of 30 arthritic shoulders were reconstructed in 3D models. Two surgeons then virtually placed a glenosphere component in the model while visualizing only the glenoid surface, in order to simulate typical intraoperative exposure ("blind 3D" surgery). One surgeon then placed the component in an ideal position while visualizing the entire scapula ("visible 3D" surgery). These two positions were then compared, and the accuracy of glenoid component positioning was assessed in terms of correction of native glenoid version and tilt, and avoidance of glenoid vault perforation. RESULTS: Mean version and tilt after "blind 3D" surgery were +1.4° (SD 8.8°) and +7.6° (SD 6°), respectively; glenoid vault perforation occurred in 17 specimens. Mean version and tilt after "visible 3D" surgery were +0.3° (SD 0.8°) and +0.1° (SD 0.5°), respectively, with glenoid vault perforation in 6 cases. "Visible 3D" surgery provided significantly better accuracy than "blind 3D" surgery (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: When the entire scapula is used as reference, accuracy is improved and glenoid vault perforation is less frequent. This type of visualization is only possible with pre-operative 3D CT planning, and may be augmented by PSI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Basic science study. Level III.

[Influencing factors and complications in open treatment of acute anterior glenoid rim fractures]. / Einflussfaktoren und Komplikationen bei offener Versorgung akuter anteriorer Glenoidrandfrakturen.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this comparative study was to evaluate the clinical radiological outcome after open treatment of acute anterior glenoid rim fractures and to analyze the influencing factors and complications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 26 patients with an average age of 51.6 years (range 27-71 years) at surgery. The mean period of follow-up was 5.1 years (range 2.0-11.1 years). The average extent of glenoid fracture involvement was 25.5 % (range 18-35%) and three fixation techniques were applied: 1) bioresorbable pins (n = 16), 2) small fragment screws (n = 5) and 3) bioresorbable suture anchors (n = 5). RESULTS: The mean score values were 80.3 points for the absolute Constant score, 87.6 points for the normalized Constant score, 88.7 points for the Rowe score, 17.4 points for the Oxford shoulder score, 10.3 points for the simple shoulder test, 13.0 points for the shoulder pain and disability index and 81.5 % for the subjective shoulder value. The fixation technique did not show a significant influence; however, multi-fragment fractures were associated with a significantly inferior absolute (73 vs. 87 points, p = 0.022) and normalized Constant scores (81 vs. 94 points, p = 0.019). Subscapularis insufficiency with internal rotation deficit was found in 10 (39 %) patients and posttraumatic osteoarthritis occurred in 6 (23 %) patients. CONCLUSION: Open fixation yielded good or excellent shoulder function in 20 out of the 26 (77 %) patients and the clinical outcome primarily depended on the underlying type of fracture. Significantly inferior outcomes should be expected in patients with multi-fragment fractures. The main complications were subscapularis insufficiency and posttraumatic osteoarthritis.

Novedades en artroplastia de hombro en 2015 / Update in shoulder surgery 2015: arthroplasty

La indicación en la cirugía de sustitución protésica del hombro ha cambiado de una forma drástica en los últimos años, hemos pasado del tratamiento con prótesis parciales para fracturas agudas al uso de prótesis inversas, la prótesis anatómica ha perdido terreno hasta el punto de que en muchos hospitales la prótesis invertida ha superado con creces a la prótesis anatómica. También podemos decir que las indicaciones de prótesis han variado, así hemos ampliado el uso de la prótesis inversa que fue desarrollada para el tratamiento de las artropatías por manguito rotador. Estos implantes en la actualidad se usan además como recurso para fracturas y recambios. En este artículo intentamos hacer una puesta al día de los problemas más frecuentes de las artroplastias y además se hace una revisión de lo publicado en los últimos años haciendo mayor hincapié en los artículos publicados en el JSES, JBJS y los ICL de la AAOS. De forma resumida se valoran las complicaciones que afectan a las prótesis de hombro

Changes in replacement surgery in the shoulder have happened recently: reverse shoulder prosthesis for acute fractures, and more indications for reverse shoulder arthroplasty than before. In this paper an update of most frequent concepts in shoulder surgery during 2015 is performed

Results of non-operative treatment of fractures of the glenoid fossa.

AIMS: Our aim was to investigate the outcomes of patients with a displaced fracture of the glenoid fossa who are treated conservatively. There is little information in the literature about the treatment of these rare injuries non-operatively. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed 24 patients with a mean age of 52 years (19 to 81) at a mean of 5.6 years (11 months to 18 years) after the injury. RESULTS: At final follow-up, the mean Constant and Murley score was 79 points (18 to 98); the mean Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index score (WOSI) was 77% (12 to 100) and the mean Rowe score was 93 points (50 to 100). Fractures with little intra-articular displacement (≤ 3 mm) had an uneventful outcome. Those with intra-articular displacement of ≤ 3 mm had a significant better mean Constant and Murley score than those with displacement of ≥ 5 mm and/or a fracture gap of ≥ 5 mm. Poor clinical results such as nonunion and post-traumatic osteoarthritis were associated with displaced or angulated glenoid fragments and significant intra-articular displacement. CONCLUSION: Glenoid fossa fractures with displacement of ≥ 5 mm should be treated surgically if the patient's condition allows. Displacement and angulation can lead to nonunion and a poor outcome if the degree of displacement results in a persistent fracture gap in the glenoid fossa or if the angulation of fragments leads to malunion. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1074-9.