RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Adenoviruses play an important role as human pathogens, though most infections are believed to be asymptomatic. The over 100 human adenovirus types are classified into seven species (A-G), some of which include simian adenoviruses. Recent findings have highlighted that simian adenoviruses have a zoonotic potential and that some human adenoviruses are likely the result of relatively recent spillover events. METHODS: In order to evaluate the risks associated with primates hunted and sold as bushmeat, multiple samples from 24 freshly killed monkeys were collected in the Republic of the Congo and tested for adenovirus DNA by PCRs targeting the conserved DNA polymerase and hexon genes. RESULTS: The DNA of a novel simian adenovirus was detected in a moustached monkey (Cercopithecus cephus) by the DNA polymerase PCR, but not by the hexon PCR. The 275 nucleotide amplicon was most closely related to members of the Human mastadenovirus F species (93% HAdV-40 and 89% HAdV-41 amino acid identity), rather than to other known simian adenoviruses. CONCLUSIONS: The phylogenetic clustering with Human mastadenovirus F sequences suggests a common ancestor, more recent than the last common ancestor of humans and moustached monkeys. The findings increase concerns about the zoonotic potential of simian adenoviruses and highlight the need for more research and surveillance on the issue.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Adenoviridae/veterinaria , Adenovirus Humanos/clasificación , Adenovirus de los Simios/clasificación , Adenovirus de los Simios/aislamiento & purificación , Cercopithecus/virología , Enfermedades de los Monos/virología , Infecciones por Adenoviridae/virología , Adenovirus Humanos/genética , Adenovirus de los Simios/genética , Animales , Proteínas de la Cápside/genética , Análisis por Conglomerados , Congo , ADN Viral/genética , ADN Viral/aislamiento & purificación , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
Cross-species transmission of simian foamy viruses (SFVs) from nonhuman primates (NHPs) to humans is currently ongoing. These zoonotic retroviruses establish lifelong persistent infection in their human hosts. SFV are apparently nonpathogenic in vivo, with ubiquitous in vitro tropism. Here, we aimed to identify envelope B-cell epitopes that are recognized following a zoonotic SFV infection. We screened a library of 169 peptides covering the external portion of the envelope from the prototype foamy virus (SFVpsc_huHSRV.13) for recognition by samples from 52 Central African hunters (16 uninfected and 36 infected with chimpanzee, gorilla, or Cercopithecus SFV). We demonstrate the specific recognition of peptide N96-V110 located in the leader peptide, gp18LP Forty-three variant peptides with truncations, alanine substitutions, or amino acid changes found in other SFV species were tested. We mapped the epitope between positions 98 and 108 and defined six amino acids essential for recognition. Most plasma samples from SFV-infected humans cross-reacted with sequences from apes and Old World monkey SFV species. The magnitude of binding to peptide N96-V110 was significantly higher for samples of individuals infected with a chimpanzee or gorilla SFV than those infected with a Cercopithecus SFV. In conclusion, we have been the first to define an immunodominant B-cell epitope recognized by humans following zoonotic SFV infection.IMPORTANCE Foamy viruses are the oldest known retroviruses and have been mostly described to be nonpathogenic in their natural animal hosts. SFVs can be transmitted to humans, in whom they establish persistent infection, like the simian lenti- and deltaviruses that led to the emergence of two major human pathogens, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1. This is the first identification of an SFV-specific B-cell epitope recognized by human plasma samples. The immunodominant epitope lies in gp18LP, probably at the base of the envelope trimers. The NHP species the most genetically related to humans transmitted SFV strains that induced the strongest antibody responses. Importantly, this epitope is well conserved across SFV species that infect African and Asian NHPs.
Asunto(s)
Virus Espumoso de los Simios/inmunología , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/inmunología , Zoonosis/inmunología , Adulto , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Camerún , Cercopithecus/virología , ADN Viral/sangre , Epítopos de Linfocito B/genética , Epítopos de Linfocito B/inmunología , Gabón , Gorilla gorilla/virología , Hominidae/inmunología , Hominidae/virología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pan troglodytes/virología , Infecciones por Retroviridae/virología , Virus Espumoso de los Simios/genética , Spumavirus/genética , Spumavirus/inmunología , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/genética , Zoonosis/genética , Zoonosis/virologíaRESUMEN
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a globally emerging pathogen causing debilitating arthralgia and fever in humans. First identified in Tanzania (1953), this mosquito-borne alphavirus received little further attention until a 2004 re-emergence in Kenya from an unknown source. This outbreak subsequently spread to the Indian Ocean, with adaptation for transmission by a new urban vector. Under the hypothesis that sylvatic progenitor cycles of CHIKV exist in Kenya (as reported in West Africa, between non-human primates (NHPs) and arboreal Aedes spp. mosquitoes), we pursued evidence of enzootic transmission and human spillover events. We initially screened 252 archived NHP sera from Kenya using plaque reduction neutralization tests. Given an overall CHIKV seroprevalence of 13.1% (marginally higher in western Kenya), we sought more recent NHP samples during 2014 from sites in Kakamega County, sampling wild blue monkeys, olive baboons, and red-tailed monkeys (N = 33). We also sampled 34 yellow baboons near Kwale, coastal Kenya. Overall, CHIKV seropositivity in 2014 was 13.4% (9/67). Antibodies reactive against closely related o'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) occurred; however, neutralization titers were too low to conclude ONNV exposure. Seroprevalence for the flavivirus dengue was also detected (28%), mostly near Kwale, suggesting possible spillback from humans to baboons. CHIKV antibodies in some juvenile and subadult NHPs suggested recent circulation. We conclude that CHIKV is circulating in western Kenya, despite the 2004 human outbreaks only being reported coastally. Further work to understand the enzootic ecology of CHIKV in east Africa is needed to identify sites of human spillover contact where urban transmission may be initiated.
Asunto(s)
Fiebre Chikungunya/epidemiología , Virus Chikungunya/aislamiento & purificación , Primates/virología , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Cercopithecus/sangre , Cercopithecus/virología , Fiebre Chikungunya/sangre , Fiebre Chikungunya/veterinaria , Chlorocebus aethiops/sangre , Chlorocebus aethiops/virología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Kenia/epidemiología , Pruebas de Neutralización , Papio anubis/sangre , Papio anubis/virología , Primates/sangre , Estudios SeroepidemiológicosRESUMEN
Our knowledge on simian immune deficiency virus (SIV) diversity and evolution in the different nonhuman primate species is still incomplete. In this study, we report the full genome characterization of a new SIV from a red-tailed monkey (2013DRC-I8), from the Cercopithecus ascanius whitesidei subspecies, in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The new full-length genome is 9,926 bp long, and the genomic structure is similar to that of other SIVs with the absence of vpx and vpu genes. The new SIVasc-13DRC-I8 strain fell within the Cercopithecus specific SIV lineage. SIVasc-13DRC-I8 and previously reported SIVrtg from the C.a. schmidti subspecies in Uganda did not form a separate species-specific SIV lineage. These observations provide additional evidence for high genetic diversity and the complex evolution of SIVs in the Cercopithecus genus. More studies on a large number of monkeys from a wider geographic area are needed to understand SIV evolution.
Asunto(s)
Cercopithecus/virología , Genotipo , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio/virología , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/clasificación , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/genética , Animales , Biología Computacional , República Democrática del Congo , Filogenia , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/aislamiento & purificación , Secuenciación Completa del GenomaRESUMEN
The collection and consumption of animal carcasses is a common activity in forested areas of the Congo River basin and creates sustainability, conservation, and health concerns. Residents of the Tshuapa District reported collecting the remains of 5,878 animals from >30 species when surveyed about their wildlife consumption habits. Carcasses were discovered in varying degrees of decomposition and were often consumed at home or sold in local markets. The most commonly collected animals were Cricetomys gambianus (Northern giant pouched rat), Cercopithecus ascanius (red-tailed monkey), and Heliosciurus rufobrachium (red-legged sun squirrel). Many of the species recorded may be hosts of zoonotic pathogens, creating concern for spillover events.
Asunto(s)
Animales Salvajes , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Animales , Animales Salvajes/virología , Cercopithecus/virología , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , República Democrática del Congo/epidemiología , Ratas/virología , Sciuridae/virologíaRESUMEN
Of 78 Gabonese individuals who had received bites from nonhuman primates (NHPs) while hunting, 7 were infected with human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1). Five had been bitten by gorillas and were infected with subtype B strains; however, a 12-year-old girl who was severely bitten by a Cercopithecus nictitans was infected with a subtype D strain that was closely related to the simian T lymphotropic virus (STLV-1) that infects this monkey species. Her mother was infected with a subtype B strain. These data confirm that hunters in Africa can be infected by HTLV-1 that is closely related to the strains circulating among local NHP game. Our findings strongly suggest that a severe bite represent a risk factor for STLV-1 acquisition.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por HTLV-I/virología , Virus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/clasificación , Virus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/genética , Primates/virología , África Central , Animales , Cercopithecus/virología , Niño , Femenino , Gabón , Gorilla gorilla/virología , Haplorrinos/virología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedades de los Monos/virología , FilogeniaRESUMEN
The Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) mus/mon/gsn lineage is a descendant of one of the precursor viruses to the HIV-1/SIVcpz/gor viral lineage. SIVmus and SIVgsn were sequenced from mustached and greater spot nosed monkeys in Cameroon and SIVmon from mona monkeys in Cameroon and Nigeria. In order to further document the genetic diversity of SIVmus, we analyzed two full-length genomes of new strains identified in Gabon. The whole genomes obtained showed the expected reading frames for gag, pol, vif, vpr, tat, rev, env, nef, and also for a vpu gene. Analyses showed that the Gabonese SIVmus strains were closely related and formed a monophyletic clade within the SIVmus/mon/gsn lineage. Nonetheless, within this lineage, the position of both new SIVmus differed according to the gene analyzed. In pol and nef gene, phylogenetic topologies suggested different evolutions for each of the two new SIVmus strains whereas in the other nucleic fragments studied, their positions fluctuated between SIVmon, SIVmus-1, and SIVgsn. In addition, in C1 domain of env, we identified an insertion of seven amino acids characteristic for the SIVmus/mon/gsn and HIV1/SIVcpz/SIVgor lineages. Our results show a high genetic diversity of SIVmus in mustached monkeys and suggest cross-species transmission events and recombination within SIVmus/mon/gsn lineage. Additionally, in Central Africa, hunters continue to be exposed to these simian viruses, and this represents a potential threat to humans.
Asunto(s)
Cercopithecus/virología , Genoma Viral , Filogenia , Virus Reordenados/genética , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/genética , Proteínas Virales/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Evolución Biológica , Gabón , VIH-1/clasificación , VIH-1/genética , Humanos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta , Filogeografía , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Virus Reordenados/clasificación , Virus Reordenados/aislamiento & purificación , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio/transmisión , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio/virología , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/clasificación , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 and 2, the causative agents of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), emerged from African non-human primates (NHPs) through zoonotic transmission of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV). Among African NHPs, the Cercopithecus genus contains the largest number of species known to harbor SIV. However, our understanding of the diversity and evolution of SIVs infecting this genus is limited by incomplete taxonomic and geographic sampling, particularly in East Africa. In this study, we screened blood specimens from red-tailed guenons (Cercopithecus ascanius schmidti) from Kibale National Park, Uganda, for the presence of novel SIVs using unbiased deep-sequencing. FINDINGS: We describe and characterize the first full-length SIV genomes from wild red-tailed guenons in Kibale National Park, Uganda. This new virus, tentatively named SIVrtg_Kib, was detected in five out of twelve animals and is highly divergent from other Cercopithecus SIVs as well as from previously identified SIVs infecting red-tailed guenons, thus forming a new SIV lineage. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the genetic diversity of SIVs infecting red-tailed guenons is greater than previously appreciated. This diversity could be the result of cross-species transmission between different guenon species or limited gene flow due to geographic separation among guenon populations.
Asunto(s)
Cercopithecus/virología , Genoma Viral , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/genética , Animales , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/clasificación , UgandaRESUMEN
Within the Flaviviridae, the recently designated genus Pegivirus has expanded greatly due to new discoveries in bats, horses, and rodents. Here we report the discovery and characterization of three simian pegiviruses (SPgV) that resemble human pegivirus (HPgV) and infect red colobus monkeys (Procolobus tephrosceles), red-tailed guenons (Cercopithecus ascanius) and an olive baboon (Papio anubis). We have designated these viruses SPgVkrc, SPgVkrtg and SPgVkbab, reflecting their host species' common names, which include reference to their location of origin in Kibale National Park, Uganda. SPgVkrc and SPgVkrtg were detected in 47% (28/60) of red colobus and 42% (5/12) red-tailed guenons, respectively, while SPgVkbab infection was observed in 1 of 23 olive baboons tested. Infections were not associated with any apparent disease, despite the generally high viral loads observed for each variant. These viruses were monophyletic and equally divergent from HPgV and pegiviruses previously identified in chimpanzees (SPgVcpz). Overall, the high degree of conservation of genetic features among the novel SPgVs, HPgV and SPgVcpz suggests conservation of function among these closely related viruses. Our study describes the first primate pegiviruses detected in Old World monkeys, expanding the known genetic diversity and host range of pegiviruses and providing insight into the natural history of this genus.
Asunto(s)
Cercopithecus/virología , Colobus/virología , Flaviviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Monos/virología , Papio anubis/virología , Animales , Flaviviridae/genética , Genoma Viral , FilogeniaRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Enteroviruses (EVs) are a genetically and antigenically diverse group of viruses infecting humans. A mostly distinct set of EV variants have additionally been documented to infect wild apes and several, primarily captive, Old World monkey (OWM) species. To investigate the prevalence and genetic characteristics of EVs infecting OWMs in the wild, fecal samples from mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) and other species collected in remote regions of southern Cameroon were screened for EV RNA. Remarkably high rates of EV positivity were detected in M. sphinx (100 of 102 screened), Cercocebus torquatus (7/7), and Cercopithecus cephus (2/4), with high viral loads indicative of active infection. Genetic characterization in VP4/VP2 and VP1 regions allowed EV variants to be assigned to simian species H (EV-H) and EV-J (including one or more new types), while seven matched simian EV-B variants, SA5 and EV110 (chimpanzee). Sequences from the remaining 70 formed a new genetic group distinct in VP4/2 and VP1 region from all currently recognized human or simian EV species. Complete genome sequences were obtained from three to determine their species assignment. In common with EV-J and the EV-A A13 isolate, new group sequences were chimeric, being most closely related to EV-A in capsid genes and to EV-B in the nonstructural gene region. Further recombination events created different groupings in 5' and 3' untranslated regions. While clearly a distinct EV group, the hybrid nature of new variants prevented their unambiguous classification as either members of a new species or as divergent members of EV-A using current International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) assignment criteria. IMPORTANCE: This study is the first large-scale investigation of the frequency of infection and diversity of enteroviruses (EVs) infecting monkeys (primarily mandrills) in the wild. Our findings demonstrate extremely high frequencies of active infection (95%) among mandrills and other Old World monkey species inhabiting remote regions of Cameroon without human contact. EV variants detected were distinct from those infecting human populations, comprising members of enterovirus species B, J, and H and a large novel group of viruses most closely related to species A in the P1 region. The viral sequences obtained contribute substantially to our growing understanding of the genetic diversity of EVs and the existence of interspecies chimerism that characterizes the novel variants in the current study, as well as in previously characterized species A and J viruses infecting monkeys. The latter findings will contribute to future development of consensus criteria for species assignments in enteroviruses and other picornavirus genera.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Enterovirus/veterinaria , Enterovirus/genética , Mandrillus , Enfermedades de los Monos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Monos/virología , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Camerún/epidemiología , Cercocebus/virología , Cercopithecus/virología , Enterovirus/clasificación , Infecciones por Enterovirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Enterovirus/virología , Heces/virología , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Prevalencia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Climate change is predicted to result in changes in the geographic ranges and local prevalence of infectious diseases, either through direct effects on the pathogen, or indirectly through range shifts in vector and reservoir species. To better understand the occurrence of monkeypox virus (MPXV), an emerging Orthopoxvirus in humans, under contemporary and future climate conditions, we used ecological niche modeling techniques in conjunction with climate and remote-sensing variables. We first created spatially explicit probability distributions of its candidate reservoir species in Africa's Congo Basin. Reservoir species distributions were subsequently used to model current and projected future distributions of human monkeypox (MPX). Results indicate that forest clearing and climate are significant driving factors of the transmission of MPX from wildlife to humans under current climate conditions. Models under contemporary climate conditions performed well, as indicated by high values for the area under the receiver operator curve (AUC), and tests on spatially randomly and non-randomly omitted test data. Future projections were made on IPCC 4(th) Assessment climate change scenarios for 2050 and 2080, ranging from more conservative to more aggressive, and representing the potential variation within which range shifts can be expected to occur. Future projections showed range shifts into regions where MPX has not been recorded previously. Increased suitability for MPX was predicted in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Models developed here are useful for identifying areas where environmental conditions may become more suitable for human MPX; targeting candidate reservoir species for future screening efforts; and prioritizing regions for future MPX surveillance efforts.
Asunto(s)
Cambio Climático , Reservorios de Enfermedades/virología , Monkeypox virus/fisiología , Mpox/virología , Animales , Cercopithecus/virología , República Democrática del Congo , Ecosistema , Geografía , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Humanos , Modelos Teóricos , Mpox/transmisión , Sciuridae/virología , Árboles/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
Since the first characterization of SIVsun (L14 strain) from a sun-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus solatus) in Gabon in 1999, no further information exists about the evolutionary history and geographic distribution of this lentivirus. Here, we report the full-length molecular characterization of a second SIVsun virus (SIVsunK08) naturally infecting a wild-caught sun-tailed monkey. The SIVsunK08 strain was most closely related to SIVsunL14 and clustered with members of the SIVmnd-1/SIVlhoest group. SIVsunK08 shared identical functional motifs in the LTR, Gag and Env proteins with SIVsunL14. Our data indicate that C. solatus is naturally infected with a monophyletic SIVsun strain.
Asunto(s)
Animales Salvajes/virología , Cercopithecus/virología , Genoma Viral/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio/virología , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/genética , Animales , Cercopithecus/clasificación , Evolución Molecular , Gabón , Proteínas del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Enfermedades de los Monos/virología , Filogenia , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/clasificación , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) lineages have been identified that are endemic to Bioko Island. The time the island formed offers a geological time scale calibration point for dating the most recent common ancestor of SIV. The Bioko viruses cover the whole range of SIV genetic diversity, and each Bioko SIV clade is most closely related to viruses circulating in hosts of the same genus on the African mainland rather than to SIVs of other Bioko species. Our phylogeographic approach establishes that SIV is ancient and at least 32,000 years old. Our conservative calibration point and analyses of gene sequence saturation and dating bias suggest it may be much older.
Asunto(s)
Cercopithecidae/virología , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio/virología , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/clasificación , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/genética , Animales , Cercopithecus/virología , Colobus/virología , Guinea Ecuatorial , Evolución Molecular , Genes pol , Variación Genética , Geografía , Mandrillus/virología , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/aislamiento & purificación , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The recent discoveries of novel human T-lymphotropic virus type 3 (HTLV-3) and highly divergent simian T-lymphotropic virus type 3 (STLV-3) subtype D viruses from two different monkey species in southern Cameroon suggest that the diversity and cross-species transmission of these retroviruses are much greater than currently appreciated. RESULTS: We describe here the first full-length sequence of a highly divergent STLV-3d(Cmo8699AB) virus obtained by PCR-based genome walking using DNA from two dried blood spots (DBS) collected from a wild-caught Cercopithecus mona monkey. The genome of STLV-3d(Cmo8699AB) is 8913-bp long and shares only 77% identity to other PTLV-3s. Phylogenetic analyses using Bayesian and maximum likelihood inference clearly show that this highly divergent virus forms an independent lineage with high posterior probability and bootstrap support within the diversity of PTLV-3. Molecular dating of concatenated gag-pol-env-tax sequences inferred a divergence date of about 115,117 years ago for STLV-3d(Cmo8699AB) indicating an ancient origin for this newly identified lineage. Major structural, enzymatic, and regulatory gene regions of STLV-3d(Cmo8699AB) are intact and suggest viral replication and a predicted pathogenic potential comparable to other PTLV-3s. CONCLUSION: When taken together, the inferred ancient origin of STLV-3d(Cmo8699AB), the presence of this highly divergent virus in two primate species from the same geographical region, and the ease with which STLVs can be transmitted across species boundaries all suggest that STLV-3d may be more prevalent and widespread. Given the high human exposure to nonhuman primates in this region and the unknown pathogenicity of this divergent PTLV-3, increased surveillance and expanded prevention activities are necessary. Our ability to obtain the complete viral genome from DBS also highlights further the utility of this method for molecular-based epidemiologic studies.
Asunto(s)
Cercopithecus/virología , ADN Viral/genética , Infecciones por Deltaretrovirus/veterinaria , Genoma Viral , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Virus Linfotrópico T Tipo 3 de los Simios/genética , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/veterinaria , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Paseo de Cromosoma , Análisis por Conglomerados , ADN Viral/química , Modelos Moleculares , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Conformación de Ácido Nucleico , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Homología de Secuencia , Virus Linfotrópico T Tipo 3 de los Simios/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Mustached monkeys (Cercopithecus cephus), which form a significant component of primate bushmeat in west central Africa, are infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmus). We identified and genetically characterized five new SIVmus strains infecting wild living mustached monkeys from Cameroon. Phylogenetic analysis of partial pol sequences revealed that SIVmus strains form two distinct groups within the clade comprised of lentiviruses isolated from Cercopithecus nictitans (SIVgsn), Cercopithecus mona (SIVmon) and C. cephus (SIVmus). Characterisation of three full-length SIVmus genomes confirmed the presence of two distinct lineages infecting mustached monkeys. These two variants of SIVmus, here designated SIVmus-1 and SIVmus-2, were isolated from animals sharing habitats within the same geographic region. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the diversification of SIVmus, SIVgsn and SIVmon involved inter-lineage recombination, and suggested that one of the SIVmus lineages likely resulted from cross-species transmission and recombination involving SIVmus and an as yet uncharacterized SIV. These results indicate that cross-species transmission and recombination play a major role in the evolution of primate lentiviruses among sympatric primate species.
Asunto(s)
Cercopithecus/virología , Genoma Viral , ARN Viral/genética , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio/virología , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/clasificación , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/genética , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Camerún , Evolución Molecular , Genes pol , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Homología de Secuencia de Ácido Nucleico , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Outbreaks of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever (EVHF) have been reported since 2001 in the Cuvette Ouest department, a forested area located in the Western North of Congo. At the end of October 2003 a new alarm came from this department which was quickly confirmed as being an epidemic of EVHF. The outbreak response was organized by the ministry of health with the assistance of an international team under the aegis of WHO. The case management of suspect cases was done in an isolation ward set up at the hospital; when patients refused to go to the ward for care they were isolated in their house according to a protocol "transmission risks reduction at home". Safe burials were performed by specialized teams which respected the major aspects of the funeral to allow the process of mourning of the families. An active surveillance system was set up in order to organize the detection of new cases and the follow-up of their contacts. A case definition was adopted. From October 11 to December 2, 2003, 35 cases including 29 deaths were reported, 16 cases were laboratory confirmed. The first four cases had been exposed to monkey meat (Cercopithecus nictitans). The epidemic spread was due to family transmission. The population interpretation of the disease, in particular questions around wizards and evil-minded persons, is a factor which must be taken into account by the medical teams during communication meetings for behavioral change of the populations. The case management of patient in isolation wards to prevent the transmission of the virus in the community remains the most effective means to dam up Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever outbreaks. The good perception by the community of the safe funerary procedures is an important aspect in the establishment of confidence relations with the local population.
Asunto(s)
Manejo de Caso/organización & administración , Cercopithecus/virología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa/prevención & control , Microbiología de Alimentos , Ritos Fúnebres , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/epidemiología , Carne/virología , Aislamiento de Pacientes , Cuarentena , Adolescente , Adulto , Analgésicos no Narcóticos/uso terapéutico , Animales , Actitud Frente a la Muerte , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Niño , Preescolar , Congo/epidemiología , Contención de Riesgos Biológicos , Cultura , Deshidratación/etiología , Deshidratación/prevención & control , Femenino , Fluidoterapia , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/mortalidad , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/prevención & control , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/psicología , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/transmisión , Humanos , Lactante , Cooperación Internacional , Masculino , Carne/efectos adversos , Eliminación de Residuos Sanitarios , Persona de Mediana Edad , Unidades Móviles de Salud , Vigilancia de la Población , Organización Mundial de la SaludRESUMEN
In order to understand primate lentivirus evolution, characterization of additional simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains is essential. Here, an SIV from a black mangabey (Lophocebus aterrimus) originating from the Democratic Republic of Congo was analysed phylogenetically. The monkey had cross-reactive antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2. The viral pol region sequence was amplified by nested PCR and sequence analysis confirmed that it was related to known SIV sequences. This is the first report to characterize genetically an SIV from the monkey genus Lophocebus. Phylogenetic analysis of the pol region revealed that this novel SIV, designated SIVbkm, fell into the SIVsyk and SIVgsn virus group, containing viruses isolated from the genus Cercopithecus, and suggests that cross-species transmission has occurred between species of the genera Lophocebus and Cercopithecus.
Asunto(s)
Cercocebus/virología , Filogenia , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio/virología , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/clasificación , Animales , Cercopithecus/virología , República Democrática del Congo , Humanos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/genética , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
We report the identification of a new simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), designated SIVden, in a naturally infected Dent's Mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona denti), which was kept as pet in Kinshasa, capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo. SIVden is genetically distinct from the previously characterized primate lentiviruses. Analysis of the full-length genomic sequence revealed the presence of a vpu open reading frame. This gene is also found in the virus lineage of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and chimpanzee immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpz) and was recently described in viruses isolated from Cercopithecus nictitans, Cercopithecus mona, and Cercopithecus cephus. The SIVden vpu coding region is shorter than the HIV-1/SIVcpz and the SIVgsn, SIVmon, and SIVmus counterparts. Unlike Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii viruses (SIVcpzPts) and Cercopithecus monkey viruses (SIVgsn, SIVmon, and SIVmus), the SIVden Vpu contains the characteristic DSGXES motif which was shown to be involved in Vpu-mediated CD4 and IkappaBalpha proteolysis in HIV-1 infected cells. Although it harbors a vpu gene, SIVden is phylogenetically closer to SIVdeb isolated from De Brazza's monkeys (Cercopithecus neglectus), which lacks a vpu gene, than to Cercopithecus monkey viruses, which harbor a vpu sequence.
Asunto(s)
Genes env , Genes vpu , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Cercopithecus/virología , Clonación Molecular , Cartilla de ADN , VIH/clasificación , Humanos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Conformación de Ácido Nucleico , Pan troglodytes/virología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Alineación de Secuencia , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/clasificación , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/aislamiento & purificación , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
A recent serological survey of wild-born captive monkeys from Gabon, Central Africa, revealed that 1 of 20 Cercopithecus nictitans tested was infected with a new simian T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1). We investigated the molecular relationship between the STLV-1 strain present in this C. nictitans (CN01) and the other available HTLV/STLV strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the env (gp46 and gp21) region showed that the new STLV(nict) clusters with the HTLV-1/STLV-1 group and not with the other nictitans STLVs belonging to the STLV-3 group. Moreover, our new STLV(nict) is closely related to the molecular subtype D, which presently includes five HTLV-1 and three mandrill STLV-1 strains from Gabon and two from Cameroon. These data show that C. nictitans may be the natural carrier of two different molecular types of STLV, one related to STLV-3 and the other possibly one of the simian STLV type 1 counterparts of HTLV-1 subtype D.
Asunto(s)
Cercopithecus/virología , Infecciones por Deltaretrovirus/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Monos/virología , Virus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 de los Simios/clasificación , Virus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 de los Simios/genética , Animales , Portador Sano , ADN Viral/química , ADN Viral/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Deltaretrovirus/virología , Gabón , Genes Virales , Genes env , Genotipo , Virus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/genética , Epidemiología Molecular , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Provirus/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Virus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 de los Simios/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Nearly complete sequences of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting 18 different nonhuman primate species in sub-Saharan Africa have now been reported; yet, our understanding of the origins, evolutionary history, and geographic distribution of these viruses still remains fragmentary. Here, we report the molecular characterization of a lentivirus (SIVdeb) naturally infecting De Brazza's monkeys (Cercopithecus neglectus). Complete SIVdeb genomes (9,158 and 9227 bp in length) were amplified from uncultured blood mononuclear cell DNA of two wild-caught De Brazza's monkeys from Cameroon. In addition, partial pol sequences (650 bp) were amplified from four offspring of De Brazza's monkeys originally caught in the wild in Uganda. Full-length (9068 bp) and partial pol (650 bp) SIVsyk sequences were also amplified from Sykes's monkeys (Cercopithecus albogularis) from Kenya. Analysis of these sequences identified a new SIV clade (SIVdeb), which differed from previously characterized SIVs at 40 to 50% of sites in Pol protein sequences. The viruses most closely related to SIVdeb were SIVsyk and members of the SIVgsn/SIVmus/SIVmon group of viruses infecting greater spot-nosed monkeys (Cercopithecus nictitans), mustached monkeys (Cercopithecus cephus), and mona monkeys (Cercopithecus mona), respectively. In phylogenetic trees of concatenated protein sequences, SIVdeb, SIVsyk, and SIVgsn/SIVmus/SIVmon clustered together, and this relationship was highly significant in all major coding regions. Members of this virus group also shared the same number of cysteine residues in their extracellular envelope glycoprotein and a high-affinity AIP1 binding site (YPD/SL) in their p6 Gag protein, as well as a unique transactivation response element in their viral long terminal repeat; however, SIVdeb and SIVsyk, unlike SIVgsn, SIVmon, and SIVmus, did not encode a vpu gene. These data indicate that De Brazza's monkeys are naturally infected with SIVdeb, that this infection is prevalent in different areas of the species' habitat, and that geographically diverse SIVdeb strains cluster in a single virus group. The consistent clustering of SIVdeb with SIVsyk and the SIVmon/SIVmus/SIVgsn group also suggests that these viruses have evolved from a common ancestor that likely infected a Cercopithecus host in the distant past. The vpu gene appears to have been acquired by a subset of these Cercopithecus viruses after the divergence of SIVdeb and SIVsyk.