Trends in cesarean section rates in Brazil by Robson classification group, 2014-2020.

OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the trends in cesarean sections from 2014 to 2020 across both public and private sectors, utilizing the Robson Classification. METHODS: this time series study analyzed the proportion of women who underwent cesarean sections between 2014 and 2020, considering both the Robson classification and the type of healthcare service. Trend analysis was conducted using the Prais-Winsten regression. RESULTS: higher proportions of cesarean sections were observed in all Robson groups within the private sector compared to the public sector. This was despite a decreasing trend in the private sector and an increasing trend in the public sector. Notably, elevated proportions of cesarean sections were recorded in groups that are typically favorable to normal childbirth (Robson 1, 4, and 5). CONCLUSIONS: although there was a decreasing trend in cesarean sections within the private sector, an increasing trend was observed in the public sector. Additionally, there was a high proportion of cesarean sections among women with conditions favorable to normal childbirth. It is crucial to continuously monitor these indicators to evaluate and implement interventions aimed at reducing unnecessary cesarean sections.

Using the Robson classification to assess caesarean section rates in Brazil: an observational study of more than 24 million births from 2011 to 2017.

BACKGROUND: Applying the Robson classification to all births in Brazil, the objectives of our study were to estimate the rates of caesarean section delivery, assess the extent to which caesarean sections were clinically indicated, and identify variation across socioeconomic groups. METHODS: We conducted a population-based study using routine records of the Live Births Information System in Brazil from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2017. We calculated the relative size of each Robson group; the caesarean section rate; and the contribution to the overall caesarean section rate. We categorised Brazilian municipalities using the Human Development Index to explore caesarean section rates further. We estimated the time trend in caesarean section rates. RESULTS: The rate of caesarean sections was higher in older and more educated women. Prelabour caesarean sections accounted for more than 54 % of all caesarean deliveries. Women with a previous caesarean section (Group 5) made up the largest group (21.7 %). Groups 6-9, for whom caesarean sections would be indicated in most cases, all had caesarean section rates above 82 %, as did Group 5. The caesarean section rates were higher in municipalities with a higher HDI. The general Brazilian caesarean section rate remained stable during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Brazil is a country with one of the world's highest caesarean section rates. This nationwide population-based study provides the evidence needed to inform efforts to improve the provision of clinically indicated caesarean sections. Our results showed that caesarean section rates were lower among lower socioeconomic groups even when clinically indicated, suggesting sub-optimal access to surgical care.

Aplicación de la clasificación de Robson para el análisis de la tasa de cesárea en el Hospital Doctor Peset / Review of cesarean rate in Hospital Doctor Peset using the Robson classification

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the caesarean deliveries attended in our hospital, grouping them according to the Robson Classification System and to establish measures in order to reduce caesarean delivery rates. METHOD: Prospective study of all the deliveries attended at Hospital Doctor Peset in 2019 using the Robson classification. RESULTS: A total of 1113 births have been analyzed with a total cesarean section rate of 25.3%. The largest contribution to the total cesarean delivery rate with 34.4% was group 2A (nulliparous women with a single fetus in cephalic presentation, 37 weeks or more pregnant who started labor by induction). Secondly, group 5 (multiparous women with at least previous cesarean section, with single cephalic fetus, 37 weeks or more pregnant) which represents the 20.1% of the total. Inductions in nulliparas multiply the cesarean section rate by 3 compared to nulliparas that initiate labor spontaneously. CONCLUSIONS: Robsons classification is a tool that allows to easily classify and analyze the groups in which to implement measures to reduce the number of caesarean sections performed. Analyzing the induction indications and reviewing action protocols could suppose a substantial decrease in the caesarean section rate in our center.

OBJETIVO: Analizar las cesáreas realizadas en nuestro centro agrupándolas según la clasificación de Robson para establecer medidas que permitan reducir la tasa de cesáreas. MÉTODO: Auditoría prospectiva de los nacimientos asistidos en el Hospital Doctor Peset en el año 2019 mediante la clasificación de Robson. RESULTADOS: Se han analizado 1113 nacimientos con una tasa de cesárea del 25.3%. El grupo que más contribuyó al total de cesáreas realizadas, con un 34.4%, fue el 2A (nulíparas con feto único en presentación cefálica, de 37 semanas o más de embarazo, que iniciaron el parto mediante inducción). En segundo lugar, el grupo 5 (multíparas con al menos una cesárea previa, con un feto único en presentación cefálica, de 37 semanas o más de embarazo), con un 20.1%. Las inducciones en nulíparas multiplican por tres la tasa de cesárea respecto a las nulíparas que inician el trabajo de parto de manera espontánea. CONCLUSIONES: La clasificación de Robson es una herramienta que permite clasificar y analizar de manera sencilla los grupos en los que implantar medidas para reducir el número de cesáreas realizadas. Analizar las indicaciones de inducción y revisar los protocolos de actuación podría suponer una disminución sustancial en la tasa de cesáreas en nuestro centro.

Risk Factors for Intrapartum Cesarean Section Delivery in Low-risk Multiparous Women Following at Least a Prior Vaginal Birth (Robson Classification 3 and 4).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the risk factors for cesarean section (C-section) in low-risk multiparous women with a history of vaginal birth. METHODS: The present retrospective study included low-risk multiparous women with a history of vaginal birth who gave birth at between 37 and 42 gestational weeks. The subjects were divided into 2 groups according to the mode of delivery, as C-section Group and vaginal delivery Group. Risk factors for C-section such as demographic characteristics, ultrasonographic measurements, smoking, weight gain during pregnancy (WGDP), interval time between prior birth, history of macrosomic birth, and cervical dilatation at the admission to the hospital were obtained from the charts of the patients. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes were compared between groups. RESULTS: The most common C-section indications were fetal distress and macrosomia (33.9% [n = 77 and 20.7% [n = 47] respectively). A bivariate correlation analysis demonstrated that mothers aged > 30 years old (odds ratio [OR]: 2.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30-3.34; p = 0.002), parity >1 (OR: 1.81; 95%CI: 1.18-2.71; p = 0.006), fetal abdominal circumference (FAC) measurement > 360 mm (OR: 34.20; 95%CI: 8.04-145.56; p < 0.001)) and < 345 mm (OR: 3.06; 95%CI: 1.88-5; p < 0.001), presence of large for gestational age (LGA) fetus (OR: 5.09; 95%CI: 1.35-19.21; p = 0.016), premature rupture of membranes (PROM) (OR: 1.52; 95%CI: 1-2.33; p = 0.041), and cervical dilatation < 5cm at admission (OR: 2.12; 95%CI: 1.34-3.34; p = 0.001) were associated with the group requiring a C-section. CONCLUSION: This is the first study evaluating the risk factors for C-section in low-risk multiparous women with a history of vaginal birth according to the Robson classification 3 and 4. Fetal distress and suspected fetal macrosomia constituted most of the C-section indications.

Risk Factors for Intrapartum Cesarean Section Delivery in Low-risk Multiparous Women Following at Least a Prior Vaginal Birth (Robson Classification 3 and 4)

Abstract Objective The aim of the present study was to evaluate the risk factors for cesarean section (C-section) in low-risk multiparous women with a history of vaginal birth. Methods The present retrospective study included low-risk multiparous women with a history of vaginal birth who gave birth at between 37 and 42 gestational weeks. The subjects were divided into 2 groups according to the mode of delivery, as C-section Group and vaginal delivery Group. Risk factors for C-section such as demographic characteristics, ultrasonographic measurements, smoking, weight gain during pregnancy (WGDP), interval time between prior birth, history of macrosomic birth, and cervical dilatation at the admission to the hospital were obtained fromthe charts of the patients. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes were compared between groups. Results The most common C-section indications were fetal distress and macrosomia (33.9% [n=77 and 20.7% [n=47] respectively). A bivariate correlation analysis demonstrated that mothers aged>30 years old (odds ratio [OR]: 2.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30-3.34; p=0.002), parity >1 (OR: 1.81; 95%CI: 1.18-2.71; p=0.006), fetal abdominal circumference (FAC) measurement>360mm (OR: 34.20; 95%CI: 8.04 -145.56; p<0.001)) and<345mm (OR: 3.06; 95%CI: 1.88-5; p<0.001), presence of large for gestational age (LGA) fetus (OR: 5.09; 95%CI: 1.35-19.21; p=0.016), premature rupture of membranes (PROM) (OR: 1.52; 95%CI: 1-2.33; p=0.041), and cervical dilatation<5cm at admission (OR: 2.12; 95%CI: 1.34-3.34; p=0.001) were associated with the group requiring a C-section. Conclusion This is the first study evaluating the risk factors for C-section in low-risk multiparous women with a history of vaginal birth according to the Robson classification 3 and 4. Fetal distress and suspected fetal macrosomia constituted most of the Csection indications.

Cesáreas de brasileiras e estrangeiras em município de fronteira: classificação de Robson / Brazilian and foreign cesareas in frontier city: Robson classification / Cesarea brasileñas y extranjeras em frontier city: clasificación de Robson

Objetivo: analisar a incidência de cesáreas e as condições clínicas de recém-nascidos de mães brasileiras e estrangeiras conforme a classificação de Robson. Método: estudo de corte transversal, retrospectivo e quantitativo, realizado em 2017 e 2018 em Foz do Iguaçu-PR. Foram incluídas mulheres que tiveram parto entre 2012 a 2016 (n=21.129). Para análise realizou o teste de associação Qui-Quadrado ou o teste G com o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: a incidência de cesáreas foi de 46%. O grupo de Robson que mais contribuiu foi o 5 e grupos que se mostraram expressivos em relação a escores de Apgar inferior a 7 foram 5, 8, 9 e 10. Para estas mulheres, a necessidade de encaminhamento para cuidados intensivos foi mais expressiva para recém-nascidos do grupo 10. Conclusão: a classificação de Robson é importante para gestão clínica, sendo que o grupo 5 apresenta fatores que reduzem a chance de parto vaginal

Objective: to analyze the incidence of cesarean sections and the clinical conditions of newborns of Brazilian and foreign mothers according to Robson's classification. Method: cross-sectional, retrospective and quantitative study, carried out in 2017 and 2018 in Foz do Iguaçu- PR. Women who delivered between 2012 and 2016) n=21, 129) were included. For analysis, the Chi-Square association test the G test was performed with a significance level of 5%. Results: the incidence of cesarean sections was 46%. The Robson group that contributed most was 5 and groups that were exoressive in relation to Apgar scores below 7 were 5, 8, 9 and 10. For these women, the need for referral to intensive care was more expressive for newborns births in group 10. Conclusion: Robson-s classification is importante for clinical management, with group 5 presenting factors that reduce the chance of vaginal delivery

Objetivo: analizar la incidencia de cesáreas y las condiciones clínicas de los recién nacidos de madres brasileñas y extranjeras según la clasificación de Robson. Método: estudio transversal, retrospectivo y cuantitativo, realizado en 2017 y 2018 en Foz do Iguaçu-PR. Se incluyeron mujeres que dieron a luz entre 2012 y 2016 (n = 21,129). Se realizó la prueba de asociación Chi-Cuadrado o la prueba G con significancia del 5%. Resultados: la incidencia de cesáreas fue del 46%. El grupo de Robson que más contribuyó fue el 5 y los grupos que fueron expresivos en relación con Apgar por debajo de 7 fueron 5, 8, 9 y 10. La necesidad de derivación a cuidados intensivos fue más expresiva para los recién nacidos en el grupo 10. Conclusión: la clasificación de Robson es importante para el manejo clínico, con el grupo 5 presentando factores que reducen la posibilidad de parto vaginal

Cesarean sections in Brazil's teaching hospitals: an analysis using Robson Classification / Cesáreas en los hospitales universitarios de Brasil: análisis empleando la clasificación de Robson / Cesáreas em hospitais de ensino no Brasil: análise de acordo com a Classificação de Robson

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the distribution of cesarean sections performed in teaching hospitals participating in the Project for Improvement and Innovation in the Care and Teaching of Obstetrics and Neonatology (Apice ON) using the Robson Classification. Methods. Cross-sectional descriptive study on cesarean sections performed at Apice ON hospitals according to the Robson Classification, using secondary data from the 2017 Live Births Information System on the year prior to project implementation, hence a baseline study. Hospitals are described according to their geographic distribution and cesarean section rates, using absolute and relative frequencies. Results. The proportions of newborns by Robson groups were similar to those proposed by the World Health Organization, except for Group 5 (with previous cesarean section) and Group 10 (preterm), with regional differences. The teaching hospitals' average cesarean section rates ranged from 24.8% to 75.1%, exceeding by far the recommended values, even in Robson groups considered low risk for cesarean section (Groups 1 to 4). Conclusions. Brazilian teaching hospitals displayed cesarean section rates higher than those recommended by the World Health Organization for all groups; a worrisome fact, as by teaching they induce attitudes in future professional practices. These results highlight the importance of a reliable information system. Monitoring and evaluation of cesarean sections using the Robson Classification can be an important tool to guide management and propose actions to reduce rates. Countries with high cesarean section rates might explore this hypothesis in their teaching hospitals in order to define policies for the reduction of their rates.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Utilizar la clasificación de Robson para determinar la distribución de las cesáreas realizadas en los hospitales universitarios que participan en el proyecto para la mejora y la innovación en la atención y la enseñanza de la obstetricia y la neonatología (Apice ON). Métodos. Se empleó la clasificación de Robson para realizar un estudio descriptivo transversal sobre las cesáreas realizadas en los hospitales del proyecto Apice ON. Se utilizaron datos secundarios procedentes del Sistema de Información de Nacidos Vivos del 2017 correspondientes al año anterior a la ejecución del proyecto, a modo de estudio de referencia. Los hospitales se clasifican según su distribución geográfica y sus tasas de realización de cesáreas, usando frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados. Las proporciones de recién nacidos por grupos de Robson fueron similares a las propuestas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, a excepción de los grupos 5 (con cesárea anterior) y 10 (prematuro), con diferencias regionales. Las tasas de cesárea promedio de los hospitales universitarios variaron entre el 24,8% y el 75,1%. Estos valores superan con creces los valores recomendados, incluso para grupos de Robson considerados de bajo riesgo de cesárea (grupos 1 a 4). Conclusiones. Los hospitales universitarios de Brasil mostraron tasas de realización de cesáreas superiores a lo recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud para todos los grupos. Este hecho es preocupante, ya que estos centros pueden incentivar ciertas actitudes en la práctica de los profesionales que forman. Estos resultados ponen de relieve la importancia de un sistema de información fiable. El seguimiento y la evaluación de la realización de cesáreas mediante la clasificación de Robson puede ser una herramienta útil para guiar la gestión y proponer medidas dirigidas a reducir las tasas. Esta hipótesis puede ser de interés para aquellos países con tasas elevadas de cesárea, cuyos hospitales universitarios podrían emplear este enfoque para definir políticas de reducción de sus tasas.

RESUMO Objetivo. Determinar a distribuição dos partos cesárea realizados em hospitais de ensino integrantes do Projeto de Aprimoramento e Inovação no Cuidado e Ensino em Obstetrícia e Neonatologia (Apice ON) de acordo com a Classificação de Robson. Métodos. Estudo descritivo transversal de partos cesárea realizados em hospitais integrantes do Projeto Apice ON de acordo com a Classificação de Robson com base em dados secundários do Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) de 2017 no ano anterior à implantação do projeto. Trata-se, portanto, de um estudo da linha de base. A análise foi realizada segundo a distribuição geográfica e as taxas de partos cesáreas dos hospitais, com o uso de frequências absolutas e relativas. Resultados. Os percentuais de recém-nascidos pelos grupos da Classificação de Robson foram similares aos propostos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), exceto para os grupos 5 (parto cesárea anterior) e 10 (parto prematuro), com variação regional. A taxa média de partos cesárea nos hospitais de ensino oscilou entre 24,8% e 75,1%, um patamar que está bem acima dos níveis recomendados, inclusive nos grupos de baixo risco para cesárea (grupos 1 a 4). Conclusões. Os hospitais de ensino no Brasil têm taxas de partos cesárea maiores que as recomendadas pela OMS para todos os grupos. É um fato preocupante porque o aprendizado é um indutor das práticas profissionais futuras. Os resultados deste estudo apontam para a importância de sistemas de informação confiáveis. O monitoramento e avaliação das cesáreas de acordo com a Classificação de Robson constituem um instrumento útil para orientar a conduta e propor ações para reduzir das taxas. Os países com altos índices de cesáreas deveriam considerar este modelo nos seus hospitais de ensino visando definir políticas para a redução das taxas.

CESAREAN SECTION CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE ROBSON MODEL, OBSTETRICS UNIT, SAN FELIPE GENERAL HOSPITAL, HONDURAS, APRIL-JUNE, 2017.

OBJECTIVE: To classify cesarean sections according to the Robson Model in the obstetrics unit of an intermediate complexity hospital. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the obstetrics unit of the San Felipe General Hospital (HGSF), Tegucigalpa, Honduras, between April and June 2017. Out of 477 clinical records of patients undergoing elective and/ or emergency surgery during the study period, 89 were selected using probabilistic random selection. A descriptive analysis of sociodemographic variables, clinical/obstetric indications, and categories of the Robson model was conducted. Authorization from the institution was obtained. RESULTS: The proportion of cesarean sections during the study period was 59.8% (477/797; 95% CI:56.3-63.3). Of the cases studied, 48/89 (53.9%) were classified as "no risk pregnancy" (categories 1-4); the most frequent indications in this group were low fetal reserve in 22/48 (22/48*100%) and cephalopelvic disproportion in 16/48 (16/48*100%). In the "risk group" (categories 5-10), in 41/89 (46.1%), indications were cephalopelvic disproportion and breech presentation, (8/41) (8/41*100%), respectively. The main contributors to cesarean section were groups 1 (17/89; 19.1%), 2 (20/89, 22.5%) and 5 (20/89; 22.5%), for a total of 64.1%. CONCLUSIONS: The Robson model is applicable in our setting and the classification provides information that can be used as a diagnostic and surveillance tool for cesarean sections in a level II institution.

TITULO: CLASIFICACIÓN DE CESÁREAS SEGÚN EL MODELO DE ROBSON, UNIDAD OBSTÉTRICA, HOSPITAL GENERAL SAN FELIPE, HONDURAS, ABRIL-JUNIO DE 2017. OBJETIVO: Clasificar las cesáreas según el modelo de Robson en la unidad obstétrica de un hospital de nivel medio de complejidad. METODOS: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, llevado a cabo en unidad obstétrica del HGSF, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, entre abril y junio de 2017. Se seleccionan 89 de 477 historias clínicas de pacientes sometidas a cesárea electiva o de emergencia en el periodo del estudio mediante selección aleatoria probabilística. Se realiza análisis descriptivo de variables sociodemográficas, indicaciones clínicas/obstétricas y categorías del modelo de Robson. Se obtuvo autorización institucional. RESULTADOS: La proporción de cesáreas en el periodo fue 59,8 % (477/797; IC 95 %:56,3-63,3). Se clasificaron 48/89 (53,9%) cesáreas estudiadas como embarazo "sin riesgo" (categorías 1-4); la indicación más frecuente en este grupo fue baja reserva fetal 22/48 (22/48*100 %) y desproporción céfalo-pélvica 16/48 (16/48*100 %). En el grupo "de riesgo" (categorías 5-10) en 41/89 (46,1 %) las indicaciones fueron desproporción céfalo-pélvica y presentación pélvica (8/41) (8/41*100 %) respectivamente. Los principales aportantes de cesárea fueron los grupos 1 (17/89; 19,1 %), 2 (20/89, 22,5 %) y 5 (20/89; 22,5 %) para totalizar 64,1 %. CONCLUSIONES: El modelo de Robson es aplicable en nuestro medio y la clasificación aporta información como herramienta de diagnóstico y vigilancia en la realización de cesáreas en una institución de segundo nivel.

Análisis de las cesáreas en Uruguay por tipo de centro hospitalario / An analysis of caesarean sections in Uruguay by type of hospital

Objetivo: Analizar comparativamente la incidencia de las cesáreas en los subsistemas de salud de Uruguay y en relación con los estándares de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) considerando las características médico-obstétricas de los partos, en especial la clasificación de Robson. Método: Se emplean 190.847 nacimientos registrados en el Sistema Informático Perinatal de Uruguay entre 2009 y 2014 por tipo de subsector sanitario. Mediante modelos logit se analiza la probabilidad de cesárea considerando la clasificación de Robson, otros factores de riesgo y las características de las madres. Se comparan las tasas de cesárea predichas por los distintos subsectores sanitarios para una población común. Asimismo, se contraponen las tasas de cesáreas observadas en cada subsistema con las que, hipotéticamente, se encontrarían si los hospitales siguiesen las pautas de la muestra de hospitales de referencia de la OMS. Resultados: El subsector privado, en términos generales, presenta una incidencia de cesáreas mucho más elevada que el público, incluso después de considerar las características médico-obstétricas de los nacimientos. Las tasas de cesáreas en Uruguay están más de un 75% por encima del valor que cabría esperar de acuerdo con el modelo de la OMS. Conclusiones: La incidencia de cesáreas en Uruguay es muy alta respecto a los estándares definidos por la OMS, en especial en el subsector privado. Este hecho no se explica por las características clínicas de los nacimientos.

Objective: To analyse on a comparative basis the incidence of caesarean sections among the different health care systems in Uruguay and with respect to the World Health Organization's (WHO) standards, taking into account the medical-obstetric characteristics of the births, particularly, the Robson classification. Methods: We examine 190,847 births registered by the Perinatal Information System in Uruguay between 2009 and 2014 by type of health care system. Using logit models, we analyse the probability of caesarean section taking into account the Robson classification, other risk factors and the mothers' characteristics. We compared the caesarean rates predicted by the different subsystems for a common population. Furthermore, we contrast the caesarean rates observed in each subsystem with the rates that resulted if the Uruguayan hospitals followed the guidelines of the sample of WHO reference hospitals. Results: Private health systems in Uruguay exhibit a much higher incidence of caesarean sections than public ones, even after considering the medical-obstetric characteristics of the births. Caesarean rates are more than 75% higher than those observed if the WHO standards are applied. Conclusions: Uruguay has a very high incidence of caesarean sections with respect to WHO standards, particularly, in the private sector. This fact is unrelated to the clinical characteristics of the births.

[An analysis of caesarean sections in Uruguay by type of hospital]. / Análisis de las cesáreas en Uruguay por tipo de centro hospitalario.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse on a comparative basis the incidence of caesarean sections among the different health care systems in Uruguay and with respect to the World Health Organization's (WHO) standards, taking into account the medical-obstetric characteristics of the births, particularly, the Robson classification. METHODS: We examine 190,847 births registered by the Perinatal Information System in Uruguay between 2009 and 2014 by type of health care system. Using logit models, we analyse the probability of caesarean section taking into account the Robson classification, other risk factors and the mothers' characteristics. We compared the caesarean rates predicted by the different subsystems for a common population. Furthermore, we contrast the caesarean rates observed in each subsystem with the rates that resulted if the Uruguayan hospitals followed the guidelines of the sample of WHO reference hospitals. RESULTS: Private health systems in Uruguay exhibit a much higher incidence of caesarean sections than public ones, even after considering the medical-obstetric characteristics of the births. Caesarean rates are more than 75% higher than those observed if the WHO standards are applied. CONCLUSIONS: Uruguay has a very high incidence of caesarean sections with respect to WHO standards, particularly, in the private sector. This fact is unrelated to the clinical characteristics of the births.

Análisis de la cesárea según la clasificación de Robson en un hospital público de Perú / Analysis of cesarean sections according to Robson´s classification in a public hospital in Peru

OBJETIVO: Analizar la cesárea según la clasificación de Robson en un hospital público peruano. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal, analítico, de partos atendidos en el Hospital Hipólito Unanue de Tacna, clasificados según Robson. En dos periodos (2000-2009 y 2010-2018) se compararon las tasas de cesárea, su contribución absoluta y relativa, indicación y riesgos maternos y perinatales. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó c2 y se consideró significación estadística al valor de p < 0.05 y razón de momios, con IC95%, con riesgo significativo cuando el IC fue mayor de 1 y p < 0.05. Los datos se obtuvieron del Sistema Informático Perinatal y se procesaron en el programa SPSS v26. RESULTADOS: De 64,375 partos analizados, la tasa global de cesárea fue de 38.6%, con incremento de 23.9% en 2000 a 55.8% en 2018, con predominio de los grupos 1, 3 y 5, que son los de mayor contribución absoluta y relativa. Las principales indicaciones de la cesárea fueron: desproporción céfalo-pélvica (grupos 1 a 4), sufrimiento fetal, cesárea anterior y preeclampsia. Los grupos 1 (OR = 2.63; IC95%: 1.28-5.39; p < 0.05) y 3 (OR = 3.06; IC95%: 1.62-5.79; p < 0.05) tuvieron significativamente mayor riesgo de muerte neonatal en comparación con los de parto. CONCLUSIONES: La tasa de cesárea se incrementó en los últimos 19 años, principalmente en los grupos 1, 3 y 5 según la clasificación de Robson. Los grupos 1 y 3 tuvieron mayor riesgo de mortalidad neonatal que el de los nacidos por parto. (AU)

OBJECTIVE: Analyze cesarean sections according to Robson's classification in peruvian public hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analytical cross-sectional study in 64375 deliveries attended at the Hipolito Unanue hospital in Tacna according to Robson´s classification. Cesarean rates, absolute and relative contribution, cesarean sections´ indications and maternal perinatal risks were compared in two periods (2000-2009, 2010-2018). Chi2 was used with statistical significance when p <0.05 and Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) with significant risk when IC> 1 and p <0.05. The data was obtained from the Perinatal Informatic System and processed in SPSS version 25. RESULTS: The overall cesarean section rate was 38.6% with an increase of 23.9% in 2000 to 55.8% in 2018; a predominance of groups 1, 3 and 5 who had greater absolute and relative contribution. The main indications were cephalopelvic disproportion, fetal distress, previous caesarean section and preeclampsia. There was a significantly higher risk of neonatal death in groups 1 (OR = 2.6, 95% IC: 1.28-5.39, p <0.05) and 3 (OR = 3.1, 95% IC: 1.62-5, 79; p <0.05) compared with vaginal deliveries. CONCLUSIONS: The cesarean rate increased in the last 19 years, mainly in groups 1, 3 and 5 according to Robson's classification; Group 1 and 3 presented a greater risk of neonatal mortality compared with vaginal deliveries.

Indicaciones de cesárea / Indications of Cesarea

Objetivo: Aportar a la calidad de atención y seguridad del paciente, mediante la correcta indicación de operación cesárea, basada en la mejor evidencia científica disponible, definiendo criterios de indicación de esta intervención quirúrgica. Materiales y métodos: Se realiza una estrategia de búsqueda para el desarrollo de la revisión de artículo, donde se revisa sitios web como; aNational Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC), Hinari, PubMed. Se valoran la Guía Nacional de práctica clínica: Guías de práctica clínica y de procedimientos en obstetricia y perinatología. Minist Salud Perú INMP. Conclusiones: La cesárea es el procedimiento quirúrgico más realizado en el mundo en mujeres en edad reproductiva, es motivo de preocupación en salud pública que su indicación sea la correcta, evitando consecuencias en morbilidad y mortalidad que pudiesen resultar de su sobre indicación. Reportándose elevadas tasas de prevalencia de realización de cesáreas en países en vías de desarrollo como nuestro país que supera las tasas indicadas por la OMS que recomiendan un total de 15% del total de nacimientos. Su real posicionamiento en la práctica obstétrica se comprenderá una vez se entiendan las reales ventajas y desventajas de su ejecución, no sólo en lo referente al embarazo en curso sino respecto de la historia reproductiva final de la paciente. Por ello se hace necesario que los criterios, sean precisos para la indicación de una cesárea, realizar protocolos, unificar conocimientos y actitudes hacia la cesárea, y que no sea un procedimiento habitual. (AU)

Objective: : To contribute to the quality of care and patient safety, by means of the correct indication of cesarean section, based on the best available scientific evidence, defining criteria for the indication of this surgical intervention. Materials and methods: A search strategy is developed for the development of the article review, where websites such as; aNational Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC), Hinari, PubMed. The National Guide of clinical practice is valued: Clinical practice guides and procedures in obstetrics and perinatology. Minist Salud Perú INMP.Conclusions: Caesarean section is the most performed surgical procedure in the world in women of reproductive age, it is a cause of concern in public health that its indication is correct, avoiding consequences in morbidity and mortality that could result from its over indication. There are high prevalence rates of cesarean sections in developing countries, such as our country that exceeds the rates indicated by the WHO, which recommend a total of 15% of all births. Its real positioning in obstetric practice will be understood once the real advantages and disadvantages of its execution are understood, not only in relation to the current pregnancy but also in relation to the final reproductive history of the patient.For this reason, it is necessary that the criteria are precise for the indication of a cesarean section, to carry out protocols, to unify knowledge and attitudes towards cesarean section, and that it is not a usual procedure. (AU)

[Incidencia de la operación cesárea según la clasificación de Robson en el Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia del Hospital Gral. Dr. Fernando Quiroz Gutiérrez del Instituto de Seguridad Social al Servicio de los Trabajadores del Estado]. / Incidence of cesarean section according to Robson's classification in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the General Hospital Dr. Fernando Quiroz Gutiérrez, ISSSTE.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El número de cesáreas en todo el mundo se ha incrementado de forma importante y nuestro país no es la excepción. En algunos lugares se supera el 60% de cesáreas en relación al parto vaginal. No existe una clasificación adecuada para el análisis de este incremento. La clasificación de los 10 grupos de Robson se basa en cuatro pilares: a) antecedentes obstétricos; b) progreso del parto; c) categoría del embarazo; y d) edad gestacional. Sugerimos utilizar la clasificación de Robson para determinar qué grupo de mujeres embarazadas contribuyen más al total de cesáreas en nuestra institución. MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, transversal, observacional, de 2014 al 2016, incluyendo a todas las embarazadas con más de 27 semanas de gestación. Se resolvió el embarazo a 706 mujeres con un porcentaje de cesárea del 65.29%. El promedio de edad fue de 31 ± 4.2 años, y el de la edad gestacional fue de 38.5 ± 6.7 semanas. Eran primigestas el 47%. La indicación materna más frecuente de cirugía fue por cesárea iterativa, y la fetal por distocia de presentación. En cuanto a la ubicación del mayor número de pacientes dentro de la clasificación de Robson, fue el grupo 5 con un 21.24%, seguido del grupo 2 con un 13.88% y del grupo 1 con un 9.6%. CONCLUSIÓN: La existencia de cicatriz uterina previa fue el factor determinante en la mayor parte de las cesáreas. Sugerimos incidir sobre la indicación de la primera cesárea y así disminuir cicatrices uterinas. INTRODUCTION: The increase of cesarean sections worldwide has increased significantly, our country is no exception, in some places it exceeds 60% of cesarean sections in relation to vaginal delivery, there is no adequate classification for the analysis of this increase. The classification of the 10 groups of Robson is based on four pillars: a) obstetric history; b) progress of labor; c) category of pregnancy; and d) gestational age. We suggest using Robson's classification to determine which group of pregnant women contribute most to the total number of cesareans in our institution. METHOD: This retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional, observational study was conducted from 2014 to 2016, all pregnant women with more than 27 weeks' gestation were included. Pregnancy was resolved in 706 women with a caesarean section of 65.29%, mean age was 31 ± 4.2 years, and gestational age 38.5 ± 6.7 weeks. 46.74% were primiparous. The most frequent maternal indication for surgery was by iterative cesarean section and the fetal one was due to presentation dystocia, as for the location of the patients within the Robson classification was group 5 with 21.24%, group 2 with 13.88% and the 1 with 9.6%. CONCLUSION: The previous uterine scarring was the determining factor in most of the cesarean sections, we suggest to influence the indication of the first cesarean section and thus to avoid uterine scars.

Caracterización de las pacientes llevadas a cesárea según modelo de Robson y exploración de factores asociados en gestantes atendidas en el hospital Universitario San José de la ciudad de Popayán-Colombia: 1 de enero de 2016 a 30 de junio de 2016 / Characterization of patients undergoing cesarean section according to the Robson model and exploration of associated factors in pregnant women treated at the San José University Hospital in the city of Popayán: Colombia. January 1, 2016 to June 30, 2016

INTRODUCCION: a pesar del aumento de la tasa de cesárea no se ha evidenciado una disminución de la morbilidad materna-perinatal, la utilización de modelos como el de Robson permite su auditoria interinstitucional. OBJETIVO: caracterizar las pacientes llevadas a cesárea según el modelo Robson y hacer un análisis exploratorio de sus factores asociados. METODOLOGIA: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal entre el 1 de enero 2016 al 30 de junio 2016, donde se incluyeron todos los nacimientos mayores a 24 semanas, producto único(s), vivo(s), en un Hospital de alta complejidad (Cauca - Colombia) que atiende régimen contributivo y subsidiado. Se tomó el universo, se midieron variables sociodemográficas y biológicas, se aplicó el modelo Robson y mediante regresión logística teniendo en cuenta criterios estadísticos y teóricos, se generaron dos modelos multivariados. RESULTADOS: se analizaron 838 nacimientos, según modelo Robson el grupo más aportante fue el 3 con 236 (28,16%), y según la contribución de cesáreas en grupo total de atención el 5 fue el más contribuyente (12,17%). El modelo biológico evidencio significancia en: nuliparidad ORa 3.43; IC95%; (2,31-5,11); cesárea previa ORa 14.72; IC95% (7.78-27.85), obesidad ORa 1.66; IC95% (1.01- 2,74); presentaciones no cefálicas ORa 9.60; IC95% (3,14-29,31); riesgo intermedio ORa 2,99 IC95% (2,01-4,45) y alto ORa 7,13; IC95% (4,13-12,33). CONCLUSION: El modelo Robson es práctico al aplicar, según este, nuestros resultados son similares a otras instituciones de la misma complejidad. Se encontró significancia en historia de cesárea, obesidad, nuliparidad, presentación diferentes a cefálica y ser clasificada de moderado y alto riesgo.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the increase in the cesarean rate, there has been no evidence of a decrease in maternal-perinatal morbidity, the use of models such as that of Robson allows its inter-institutional audit. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the patients carried to cesarean according to the Robson model and to make an exploratory analysis of its associated factors. METHODS: a cross-sectional descriptive study between January 1, 2016 and June 30, 2016, included all births over 24 weeks, single product (s), live(s), in a highly complex Hospital (Cauca - Colombia) That attends contributory and subsidized regime. The universe was taken, sociodemographic and biological variables were measured, the Robson model was applied and by logistic regression and taking into account statistical and theoretical criteria, two multivariate models were generated. RESULTS: 838 births were analyzed, according to the Robson model, the most contributing group was 3 with 236 (28.16%), and according to the contribution of cesarean sections in total care group, 5 was the most contributor (12.17%). The biological model evidenced significance in: nulliparity ORa 3.43; 95% CI;(2.31-5.11); Prior cesarean section ORa 14.72; 95% CI (7.78-27.85); obesity ORa 1.66; IC95% (1.01- 2.74); non-cephalic presentations ORa 9.60; 95% (CI 3.14-29.31); moderate risk ORa 2.99 95% CI; (2.01-4.45) and high ORa 7.13; 95% CI (4.13-12.33). CONCLUSION: The Robson model is practical in applying, according to this, our results are similar to other institutions of the same complexity. Significance was found in history of cesarean section, obesity, nulliparity, non-cephalic presentations and classified as moderate and high risk.

Nascer em Belo Horizonte: processo decisório e fatores obstétricos associados à via de nascimento / Birth in Belo Horizonte: decision-making process and obsttric factors associated with the way of birth

Introdução: Atualmente, o modelo de atenção ao parto no Brasil caracteriza-se por altos índices de intervenções desnecessárias, dentre elas, as cesarianas realizadas sem indicações clínicas. Neste contexto, as possíveis causas do aumento da proporção de cesarianas têm sido cada vez mais discutidas. Objetivo: analisar o processo decisório de gestantes pela via de nascimento e estimar a associação entre os fatores obstétricos e a via de nascimento em Belo Horizonte/Minas Gerais, Brasil. Método: Trata-se de estudo transversal, realizado em sete maternidades públicas e quatro maternidades que atendem a Rede Suplementar de Saúde em Belo Horizonte, no período de 2011-2013. A diferença entre as frequências foi testada por meio do Qui-quadrado de Pearson e do Teste exato de Fisher. Para avaliar a associação entre os fatores obstétricos e a via de nascimento foram construídos modelos de regressão de Poisson. Utilizou-se o programa estatístico Stata, versão 14.0. Resultados: Nas maternidades públicas a amostra de 622 puérperas foi constituída predominantemente de mulheres com idade entre 20 e 34 anos (70,69%), pardas, morenas ou mulatas (66,16%), com ensino médio (56,88%), vivem com o companheiro (66,31%) e sem trabalho remunerado (55,60%). A principal intercorrência apresentada por elas na gravidez foi síndromes hipertensivas (11,60%). Das mulheres submetidas à cesariana, 46,03% entrou em trabalho de parto e, para 64,71% dos casos, a decisão foi médica. Em relação à rede suplementar de saúde,a amostra de 353 puérperas foi constituída predominantemente de mulheres com idade entre20 e 34 anos (73,33%), cor da pele parda, morena ou mulata(55,36%), com ensino médio (51,01%), viviam com o companheiro (88,41%) e com trabalho remunerado (73.33%). A principal intercorrência apresentada por elas na gravidez foi síndromes hipertensivas (8,52%). Das mulheres submetidas à cesariana, 20,78% entrou em trabalho de parto e, para 39,24% dos...

Introduction: At present, childbirth model care in Brazil is characterized by high rates of unnecessary interventions, such as cesarean sections performed without clinical indications. In this context, possible causes of the increase in proportion of cesareans have been increasingly discussed. Objective: to analyze the decision-making process of pregnant women through birth and estimate the association between obstetric factors and birthway in Belo Horizonte / Minas Gerais, Brazil. Method:This is a cross-sectional study arried out in seven public maternity hospitals and four maternity hospitals that serves Supplementary Health Network in Belo Horizonte, in a period 2011-2013. The difference between the frequencies was tested using Pearson's Chi-square and the Fisher's exact test. Poisson regression models were constructed to assess the association between obstetric factors and birthway. The statistical program Stata, version 14.0 was used. Results: In public maternity hospitals, the sample of 622 postpartum women consisted predominantly of women aged between twenty and 34 years (70.69%), browns, brunettes or mulattoes (66.16%), with a high school education (56.88%), live with their partner (66.31%) and without paidwork (55.60%). The main intercurrence presented by them during pregnancy was hypertensive syndromes (11.60%). Of the women submitted to cesarean section, 46.03% went into labor and 64.71% of the cases, decision was a...

Use of Robson classification to assess cesarean section rate in Brazil: the role of source of payment for childbirth.

BACKGROUND: Cesarean section (CS) rates are increasing worldwide but there is some concern with this trend because of potential maternal and perinatal risks. The Robson classification is the standard method to monitor and compare CS rates. Our objective was to analyze CS rates in Brazil according to source of payment for childbirth (public or private) using the Robson classification. METHODS: Data are from the 2011-2012 "Birth in Brazil" study, which used a national hospital-based sample of 23,940 women. We categorized all women into Robson groups and reported the relative size of each Robson group, the CS rate in each group and the absolute and relative contributions made by each to the overall CS rate. Differences were analyzed through chi-square and Z-test with a significance level of < 0.05. RESULTS: The overall CS rate in Brazil was 51.9 % (42.9 % in the public and 87.9 % in the private health sector). The Robson groups with the highest impact on Brazil's CS rate in both public and private sectors were group 2 (nulliparous, term, cephalic with induced or cesarean delivery before labor), group 5 (multiparous, term, cephalic presentation and previous cesarean section) and group 10 (cephalic preterm pregnancies), which accounted for more than 70 % of CS carried out in the country. High-risk women had significantly greater CS rates compared with low-risk women in almost all Robson groups in the public sector only. CONCLUSIONS: Public policies should be directed at reducing CS in nulliparous women, particularly by reducing the number of elective CS in these women, and encouraging vaginal birth after cesarean to reduce repeat CS in multiparous women.

Uso de la clasificación de Robson en un Hospital Comarcal de España para reducir la tasa de cesáreas / Use of the Robson classification in a Regional Hospital in Spain to reduce the rate of cesarean sections

ANTECEDENTES: En las últimas décadas se ha producido un incremento extraordinario en la incidencia de cesáreas en todos los países desarrollados. La tasa de cesáreas en España registrada por el Ministerio de Sanidad es de 24,9%. OBJETIVO: Analizar las cesáreas en el Hospital La Inmaculada, mediante la clasificación de Robson para comparar con otros hospitales, tanto nacional como internacionalmente y establecer las intervenciones posibles para reducir la tasa de cesáreas. MÉTODOS: Se realiza una auditoría retrospectiva de cesáreas en función de la clasificación de diez grupos establecida por Robson desde el 1 enero de 2006 al 31 de diciembre de 2013. RESULTADOS: Se han analizado 9337 partos y 1507 cesáreas con un 16,14%. En la contribución al porcentaje de cesáreas en primer lugar con 25,2% corresponde a nulíparas con un feto único en presentación cefálica, de 37 semanas o más de embarazo. En segundo lugar las multíparas con al menos una cesárea previa, con un feto único en presentación cefálica, de 37 semanas o más de embarazo con 19,4%. En este grupo se ha realizado un 42,2% de cesáreas. En tercer lugar nulíparas con un feto único en presentación cefálica, de 37 semanas o más de embarazo, que han iniciado el parto de forma espontánea con 17,4%. CONCLUSIONES: El aumento de cesáreas en las últimas décadas hace necesario la realización de auditorías mediante un sistema de clasificación, como Robson, para establecer los grupos en los que es posible disminuir el número de cesáreas.

INTRODUCTION: In recent decades there has been a dramatic increase in cesarean section rate in all developed countries. The cesarean section rate in Spain, registered by the Ministry of Health was 24.9%. OBJECTIVE: To analyze cesarean section rate in Inmaculada Local Hospital, using Robson's classification to compare it with other hospitals, both at national and international level and establish potential interventions to reduce such rate. METHODS: A cesarean section rate retrospective audit was performed according to Robson's classification, from 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2013. RESULTS: 9337 deliveries and 1507 cesareans were analyzed on that period of time. The cesarean rate was 16.14%. Nulliparous women with a singleton pregnancy in cephalic presentation at 37 weeks or more and undergo a labor induction before the onset of labor represent the first group of the cesareans with 25.2% of the total. In second place comes multiparous women with at least one previous cesarean section with a singleton pregnancy in cephalic presentation, 37 weeks or more, representing 19.4% of the total cesareans. This group had a 42.2% cesarean rate. In third place (17.4%) we had nulliparous women with a singleton pregnancy in cephalic presentation, 37 weeks or more, who have started labor spontaneously. CONCLUSIONS: Increased cesarean section rate in recent years required audits using a classification system, like Robson's one, to establish the groups in which it is possible to reduce the number of cesareans.

Nascer em Belo Horizonte: cesarianas desnecessárias e prematuridade / Birth in Belo Horizonte: unnecessary cesarean sections and prematurity

O Brasil é o líder mundial de cirurgias cesarianas com uma taxa de 56% do total de partos, enquanto o índice recomendado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde é de 15%. Esse alto índice, já considerado uma epidemia no país, traz sérios riscos para a saúde da mulher e do recém-nascido, apresentando relação direta com o aumento da morbi-mortalidade materna e neonatal. Estima-se que no Brasil quase um milhão de mulheres são submetidas a essa cirurgia sem indicação médica e obstétrica adequada, impactando no aumento das taxas de cesáreas desnecessárias e prematuridade. A região sudeste se destaca como a região com maior índice desse tipo de parto. Objetivo: Analisar as cesáreas desnecessárias em Belo Horizonte e a prematuridade relacionada. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte, de base hospitalar, desenvolvido em maternidades públicas e privadas de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, no período de novembro de 2011 a março de 2013. A amostra foi constituída por puérperas hospitalizadas por motivo de parto hospitalar e seus conceptos vivos, independente de peso e idade gestacional ou mortos com peso maior que 500 gramas e idade gestacional maior que 22 semanas. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas com as puérperas, nos prontuários da mãe e do recém-nascido e no cartão de pré-natal. Para estimativa da idade gestacional usou-se o algoritmo proposto por Pereira et al.,(2014) e a ultrassonografia precoce ( 7 a 20 semanas). As cesáreas desnecessárias foram analisadas utilizando-se a classificação dos 10 grupos de Robson e em relação às seguintes variáveis: tipo de hospital (público ou privado), procedência, idade, raça/cor da pele e classe econômica da puérpera, plano de saúde, acompanhante e justificativa para a realização da cesárea. Os dados foram analisados por técnicas de estatística descritiva e os resultados expressos em tabelas com ênfase nas taxas esperada, observada e desnecessária...

Brazil is the world´s leader in cesarean surgery, with a rate of 56% of total births, while the percentage recommended by the World Health Organization is 15%. This high rate is considered an epidemic in the country and is associated with increased morbidity as well as maternal and newborn mortality. In Brazil, it is estimated that almost a million women undergo this surgery without medical advice and adequate obstetric care, which affects the increase in rates of unnecessary cesarean sections and prematurity. The Southeast region stands out as the region with the highest rate of this type of birth. Objective: It is to analyze the unnecessary cesarean sections in Belo Horizonte and related prematurity. Method: This is a hospital-based study that was conducted in public and private maternity hospitals in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, from November 2011 to March 2013. The sample is comprised of hospitalized mothers for birth reasons as well as their living fetuses, regardless of the weight and gestational age, or dead fetuses that weigh more than 500 grams and obtain gestational age greater than 22 weeks. Data were collected through interviews with the mothers, based in their medical records as well as the newborn´s and prenatal card. An algorithm proposed by Pereira was used to estimate the gestational age et al (2014) and early pregnancy ultrasound (7 to 20 weeks). The unnecessary caesarean sections were analyzed through the use of Robson´s 10 groups classification, based on the following variables: Type of hospital (public or private), origin, age, race/skin color and postpartum women´s economic status, health plan, her company and justifications for conducting the caesarian. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and the results expressed on tables with emphasis on expected rates and unnecessary cesareans as well as the proportion of unnecessary cesareans. Prematurity was analyzed by different methods of...

The Robson ten-group classification system for appraising deliveries at a tertiary referral hospital in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the distribution of women according to the Robson 10-group classification system (RTGCS) and the occurrence of severe maternal morbidity (SMM) by mode of delivery at a tertiary referral hospital. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted of all women admitted to the Women's Hospital at the University of Campinas (Campinas, Brazil) for delivery between January 2009 and July 2013. Women were grouped according to RTGCS. Mode of delivery and SMM (defined as need for admission to the intensive care unit) were assessed. RESULTS: Among 12 771 women, 5957 (46.6%) delivered by cesarean. Overall, 3594 (28.1%) women were in group 1 (nulliparous, single pregnancy, cephalic, term, spontaneous labor), 2328 (18.2%) in group 5 (≥1 previous cesarean, single pregnancy, cephalic, term), and 2112 (16.5%) in group 3 (multiparous excluding previous cesarean, single pregnancy, cephalic, term, spontaneous labor). Group 5 contributed the most cesarean deliveries (1626 [27.3%]), followed by group 2 (nulliparous, single pregnancy, cephalic, term, induced labor or cesarean before labor; 1049 [17.6%]). SMM was more common among women undergoing cesarean delivery than among those delivering vaginally in groups 1-5. CONCLUSION: The RTGCS allowed the identification of groups with the highest frequency of cesarean delivery and an assessment of SMM. This should be considered in related health policies.

Classifications for cesarean section: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Rising cesarean section (CS) rates are a major public health concern and cause worldwide debates. To propose and implement effective measures to reduce or increase CS rates where necessary requires an appropriate classification. Despite several existing CS classifications, there has not yet been a systematic review of these. This study aimed to 1) identify the main CS classifications used worldwide, 2) analyze advantages and deficiencies of each system. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Three electronic databases were searched for classifications published 1968-2008. Two reviewers independently assessed classifications using a form created based on items rated as important by international experts. Seven domains (ease, clarity, mutually exclusive categories, totally inclusive classification, prospective identification of categories, reproducibility, implementability) were assessed and graded. Classifications were tested in 12 hypothetical clinical case-scenarios. From a total of 2948 citations, 60 were selected for full-text evaluation and 27 classifications identified. Indications classifications present important limitations and their overall score ranged from 2-9 (maximum grade =14). Degree of urgency classifications also had several drawbacks (overall scores 6-9). Woman-based classifications performed best (scores 5-14). Other types of classifications require data not routinely collected and may not be relevant in all settings (scores 3-8). CONCLUSIONS: This review and critical appraisal of CS classifications is a methodologically sound contribution to establish the basis for the appropriate monitoring and rational use of CS. Results suggest that women-based classifications in general, and Robson's classification, in particular, would be in the best position to fulfill current international and local needs and that efforts to develop an internationally applicable CS classification would be most appropriately placed in building upon this classification. The use of a single CS classification will facilitate auditing, analyzing and comparing CS rates across different settings and help to create and implement effective strategies specifically targeted to optimize CS rates where necessary.