Treatment of gastric varices with cyanoacrylate complicated by systemic embolization.

Acute gastric variceal bleeding is a life-threatening condition that could be effectively treated with endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection diluted with lipiodol. The mixture acts as a tissue adhesive that polymerizes when in contact with blood in a gastric varix. This work reports a patient that presented to the emergency department with upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to acute variceal bleeding, who developed systemic embolization following cyanoacrylate injection therapy. This complication culminated in cerebral, splenic and renal infarctions with a fatal outcome. Systemic embolization is a very rare, but the most severe complication associated with endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection and should be considered in patients undergoing this treatment.

The Effectiveness of Cyanoacrylates versus Sutures for Mesh Fixation after Lichtenstein Repair (SCyMeLi STUDY) A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyze of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background: Chronic postoperative inguinal pain (CPIP) is still the most frequent complication after open Lichtenstein repair and any strategy to reduce its incidence and implications is a step forward to better outcomes. Between the means of mesh fixation atraumatic glue fixation has been explored as such possibility. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing the performance of cyanoacrylate glue versus sutures fixation was conducted. Methods: the meta-analysis was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between January 2000 and December 2021 were searched for in MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholars. The quality of RCTs and the potential risk of bias were assessed using MINORS criteria and the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Results: of 269 papers the meta-analysis was performed on 19 RCTs including 3578 patients. In the glue fixation group, the operation was shorter (mean pooled difference 6 minutes; SE = 0.47; 95% CI = - 6.77 - - 4.92; t test = -12.36; p 0.0001) and immediate postoperative pain was lower (2.37% vs 13.3%OR - 0.158; 95% CI = 0.064 0.386; p = 0.0001). There was no difference in terms of chronic pain, recurrence rate and wound events. Conclusion: glue fixation of mesh in elective Lichtenstein repair of inguinal hernia seems to be a valid choice for a painful and safe procedure without increasing risk of recurrence.

Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive versus silk sutures for mandibular third molar surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive has been presented as an alternative to sutures and several studies have compared them. The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive on postoperative pain and swelling, following mandibular third molar surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Database search was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed and Scopus, along with extensive search in the grey literature, including randomized and non-randomized clinical trials that applied cyanoacrylate adhesive for closing mandibular third molar surgical sites and compared it with silk sutures, assessing postoperative pain and swelling. The search ended on September 22, 2023. RESULTS: Of 886 identified articles, six were included and meta-analyzed. Applying cyanoacrylate demonstrated a reduction in the overall postoperative pain (SMD = -0.57, 95% CI -1.00 to -0.15, p = 0.009). A similar outcome was noted when pain was evaluated on the first and last postoperative days, based on controlled clinical trials (SMD = -0.47, 95% CI -0.92 to -0.03, p = 0.04), and randomized trials (SMD = -0.97, 95% CI -1.31 to -0.62, p < 0.00001). Patients/sides received cyanoacrylate showed a decrease in postoperative swelling (SMD = -0.26, 95% CI -0.51 to -0.01, p = 0.04). Following the GRADE rating system, the quality of evidence on pain and swelling was judged as moderate and low, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The use of cyanoacrylate adhesive may offer benefit in reducing postoperative pain and swelling following mandibular third molar surgery. Nevertheless, this should be further investigated, considering the low number of included reports. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The current results could help clinicians who perform this procedure to manage postoperative pain and swelling more effectively.

Successful Sealing of Post-COVID-19 Bronchopleural Fistula with Computed Tomography Scan-Guided Percutaneous Cyanoacrylate Glue Injection: A Case Series.

Bronchopleural fistula (BPF), a sinus tract between the bronchial system and the pleural space, is associated with COVID-19 and can lead to pneumothorax, which increases the mortality rate. Due to the analytical status of COVID-19 patients, sealing the BPF necessitates the least minimal invasive treatment. Herein, we demonstrated a technique of sealing post-COVID-19 BPF with direct injection of cyanoacrylate glue under the guidance of a computed tomography scan. Following glue injection, the BPF was completely sealed in all four patients. In conclusion, in COVID-19 patients with small and distal BPF, percutaneous glue injection is recommended for BPF closure.

Current practice of cyanoacrylate endovenous ablation: American vein and lymphatic society position statement.

BACKGROUND: Cyanoacrylate endovenous ablation and closure of incompetent saphenous veins have become increasingly utilized since its approval for use in the United States in 2015. This increase in usage necessitates a societal update to guide treatment and ensure optimal and consistent patient outcomes. METHOD: The American Vein and Lymphatic Society convened an expert panel to write an updated Position Statement with explanations and recommendations for the appropriate use of cyanoacrylate endovenous ablation for patients with venous insufficiency. RESULT: A Position Statement was produced by the expert panel with recommendations for appropriate use, treatment technique, outcomes review, and potential adverse events. Their recommendations were reviewed, edited, and approved by the Guidelines Committee of the Society. CONCLUSION: This societal Position Statement provides a useful document for reference for physicians and venous specialists to assist in the appropriate use of cyanoacrylate endovenous ablation in the treatment of patients with venous insufficiency.

Aesthetic outcome of intermediate closure versus intermediate closure followed by 2-octyl cyanoacrylate: A randomized evaluator-blinded split-wound comparative effectiveness trial.

BACKGROUND: Dermatologic surgeons are increasingly using surgical adhesives in their practice. Studies comparing sutured wounds to those that utilize a combination of suturing and skin adhesive have not been previously conducted. OBJECTIVE: To compare the cosmetic outcome and patient wound care satisfaction of an intermediate suture closure with an intermediate suture closure followed by the application of 2-octyl cyanoacrylate (2-OCA). METHODS: Fifty patients were enrolled in a randomized, evaluator-blinded, split-scar study. Following intermediate sutured closure of a surgical defect, one side of the wound was randomized to receive an additional application of 2-OCA. After 3 months, the scar was assessed using the POSAS tool and patients reported wound care preferences. RESULTS: As the primary outcome measure, the mean sum of observer POSAS was 12.80 for sutured closure alone versus 12.40 for sutured closures followed by 2-OCA (P = .49). LIMITATIONS: Single-center study of a relatively homogenous population. CONCLUSION: Although there were no significant differences in scar cosmesis, both patients and observers tended to prefer the side with an additional application of 2-OCA in most POSAS components, in overall opinion, and in patient wound care satisfaction. Dermatologic surgeons may add this to their practice without sacrificing scar outcomes or patient satisfaction.

Peripherally inserted central catheter securement with cyanoacrylate glue and bloodstream infection: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Treatment via a peripherally inserted central venous catheter is important for anticancer treatment, perioperative management, and nutrition management. In this study, we aimed to investigate the usefulness of cyanoacrylate glue (CG) in managing peripherally inserted central venous catheters in adults. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study enrolled 411 adults requiring a central venous catheter for treatment in the Chiba University Esophageal-Gastro-Intestinal Surgery department between January 2021 and October 2022. The preventive effect of CG in reducing adverse events, including infection, tip migration, and thrombus formation, was evaluated by reviewing electronic medical records, chest radiographs, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography scans. RESULTS: CG and other dressings were used in 158 (CG group) and 253 (control group) patients, respectively. The incidence of catheter infection based on the clinical course was lower in the CG group (3.2%) than in the control group (9.1%; P = 0.03). However, cases of infection confirmed by blood or catheter cultures did not differ between the CG (1.3%) and control (1.9%) groups (P = 1.0). Chest radiographs revealed that catheter tip migration (mean ± SD) was lesser in the CG group (8.2 ± 6.7 mm) than in the control group (15.0 ± 15.8 mm; P < 0.01). There were two cases of venous thrombus formation in the control group. CONCLUSION: In a population dominated by esophago-gastroenterological malignancy, peripherally inserted central catheter securement via CG was associated with decreased catheter removal because of suspected catheter infection. Further research on larger cohorts is needed to determine if other adverse events decrease following peripherally inserted central catheter securement via CG.

Comparison of 2-octyl cyanoacrylate and n-octyl cyanoacrylate topical skin adhesives for wound closure after ankle fracture surgery: a prospective randomized trial.

To date, only a few clinical studies have investigated the differences between 2-octyl cyanoacrylate and n-octyl cyanoacrylate topical skin adhesives (TSAs). This study aimed to compare the outcomes of the two TSAs for wound closure after ankle fracture surgeries. Fifty-six patients were randomized to receive either a 2-octyl or n-octyl cyanoacrylate TSA. At 3 and 6 months after surgery, wound cosmetic outcomes were assessed using the Hollander Wound Evaluation Scale (HWES), and patient satisfaction for wound cosmesis was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) and 5-item Likert scale. Functional outcomes at 6 months after surgery were assessed using the Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (OMAS). Fifty-five patients completed the study protocol. Within the follow-up period, no differences were found between the two groups in terms of HWES, VAS, 5-item Likert scale, and OMAS. 2-octyl cyanoacrylate TSA and n-octyl cyanoacrylate TSA were comparable options for wound closure after ankle fracture surgeries in terms of wound cosmesis, patient satisfaction, and functional outcome.

Clinical comparison of conventional suture and tissue adhesive in third molar surgeries: a systematic review.

The use of cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive for surgical wound closure has become increasingly popular in recent years and has shown efficacy. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to compare the effectiveness of cyanoacrylate adhesive as a substitute for conventional suture placement after extraction of impacted third molars. The PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane, and gray literature databases were searched for randomized or controlled prospective clinical trials published up to October 2022 that compared the use of cyanoacrylate adhesive and conventional silk suture in third molar surgeries. The risk of bias of each study was assessed using the RoB 2 tool (revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials). Five randomized clinical trials with a total of 236 patients were included. The most commonly evaluated outcomes were pain and bleeding. The type of adhesive used varied and included ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate, isoamyl 2-cyanoacrylate, and a mixture of n-butyl cyanoacrylate and 2-octyl cyanoacrylate. Compared with 3-0 silk suture, cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive resulted in lower levels of postoperative pain in 3 studies and lower rates of bleeding in all 5 studies. Thus, cyanoacrylate can be a good substitute for silk sutures for wound closure in intraoral surgeries.

Comparison of cyanoacrylate closure and radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of small saphenous veins.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to compare the early and mid-term results of radiofrequency ablation and cyanoacrylate ablation used in the treatment of small saphenous insufficiency. METHODS: A total of 84 patients with isolated small saphenous vein insufficiency who underwent either cyanoacrylate ablation (CA) (Group 1, n = 40) or radiofrequency ablation (RFA) (Group 2, n = 44) were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The occlusion rate of target vessel was 95% in Group 1 and 93.1% in Group 2 patients, respectively, at 1-year follow-up without any significant difference. Sural nerve injury was observed in 3 (6.8%) patients in Group 2 due to the thermal damage of the RFA device. CONCLUSIONS: While both techniques can be used with satisfactory and safe results in 1-year follow-up period, cyanoacrylate ablation may have a better safety profile compared to radiofrequency ablation due to lower complication rates in terms of paresthesia and sural nerve damage with similar occlusion rates.

Technical and clinical outcomes following EUS-guided thrombin injection and coil implantation for parastomal varices.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Bleeding from parastomal varices causes significant morbidity and mortality. Treatment options are limited, particularly in high-risk patients with significant underlying liver disease and other comorbidities. The use of EUS-guided embolisation coils combined with thrombin injection in gastric varices has been shown to be safe and effective. Our institution has applied the same technique to the treatment of parastomal varices. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of 37 procedures on 24 patients to assess efficacy and safety of EUS-guided injection of thrombin, with or without embolisation coils for treatment of bleeding parastomal varices. All patients had been discussed in a multidisciplinary team meeting, and correction of portal hypertension was deemed to be contraindicated. Rebleeding was defined as stomal bleeding that required hospital admission or transfusion. RESULTS: All patients had significant parastomal bleeding at the time of referral. 100% technical success rate was achieved. 70.8% of patients had no further significant bleeding in the follow-up period (median 26.2 months) following one procedure. 1-year rebleed-free survival was 80.8% following first procedure. 7 patients (29.1%) had repeat procedures. There was no significant difference in rebleed-free survival following repeat procedures. Higher age was associated with higher risk of rebleeding. No major procedure-related complications were identified. CONCLUSIONS: EUS-guided thrombin injection, with or without embolisation coils, is a safe and effective technique for the treatment of bleeding parastomal varices, particularly for patients for whom correction of portal venous hypertension is contraindicated.

Comparison of endovenous laser ablation and cyanoacrylate embolization in the non-invasive treatment of superficial venous insufficiency in terms of patient satisfaction.

OBJECTIVE: Ablation with n-butyl cyanoacrylate is a clinically newer technique than endovenous laser ablation and other interventional techniques in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). The aim of this study was to compare the endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) and n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) interventional techniques in terms of benefit, effectiveness, and patient satisfaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted at Yozgat City Hospital and Bozok University Research Hospital Cardiovascular Surgery clinics between November 2016 and February 2021. A total of 260 symptomatic patients with 130 randomized cases in each intervention group were included. NBCA patients constituted Group 1 and EVLA patients Group 2. The saphenous vein was evaluated by color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) of the lower extremity. Patients with saphenous veins over 5.5 mm in diameter and a saphenous-femoral reflux time of 2 s or longer were included in the study. The patients were asked about their satisfaction and symptoms in the first postoperative week during an outpatient clinic follow-up with CDUS investigation at the first and sixth months. RESULTS: Although vena saphenous magna (VSM) closure results were similar with the two methods, satisfaction rates were found to be higher with the NBCA procedure. CONCLUSION: Comparison of the new methods used in the treatment of CVI revealed similar VSM closure rates in the two methods, but the satisfaction rate was higher with the NBCA technique in this study.

A cyanoacrylate/triethyl citrate/nanosilica-based closure glue with wet-adhesion capability for treatment of superficial varicose veins.

Varicose veins in legs are common in clinics. Currently, medical adhesive-based, minimally invasive endovenous occlusion is used to treat them. However, the most common cyanoacrylate medical adhesives do not perform well when used under blood/wet conditions. In particular, poor adhesion, short curing time, and high heat release greatly limit their clinical use. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of a composite system composed of butyl-cyanoacrylate, triethyl citrate, and nanosilica that exhibits a blood/wet-adhesion capability to serve as a new sealing glue. Hydrophobic triethyl citrate groups displace boundary waters while also protecting cyanoacrylate monomers from undergoing rapid polymerization. Nanosilica increases viscosity, which contributes to in situ extrusion molding and retention. An optimal formulation, FAL-006, exhibited good physical and chemical properties in vitro. The performed additional safety assays indicated that FAL-006 has good biocompatibility. The closure efficiency of FAL-006 in vivo was evaluated in both a rat abdominal aortic closure model and in a sheep lower limb venous closure model. Taken together, these results indicate that FAL-006 exhibits promising potential for use in clinical applications. Furthermore, this study provides a new strategy for designing underwater adhesive agents for additional clinical applications, and a strategy for constructing other biomaterials needed for use under wet conditions.

Securement of Umbilical Venous Catheter Using Cyanoacrylate Glue: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of cyanoacrylate glue in reducing dislodgement of umbilical venous catheters (UVCs). STUDY DESIGN: This was a single-center, randomized, controlled, nonblinded trial. All infants requiring an UVC according to our local policy were included in the study. Infants with a UVC with a centrally located tip as verified by real-time ultrasound examination were eligible for the study. Primary outcome was the safety and efficacy of securement by cyanoacrylate glue plus cord-anchored suture (SG group) vs securement by suture alone (S group), as measured by reduction in dislodgment of the external tract of the catheter. Secondary outcomes were tip migration, catheter-related bloodstream infection, and catheter-related thrombosis. RESULTS: In the first 48 hours after UVC insertion, dislodgement was significantly higher in the S group than in the SG group (23.1% vs 1.5%; P < .001). The overall dislodgement rate was 24.6% in the S group vs 7.7% in the SG group (P = .016). No differences were found in catheter-related bloodstream infection and catheter-related thrombosis. The incidence of tip migration was similar in both groups (S group 12.2% vs SG group 11.7%). CONCLUSIONS: In our single-center study, cyanoacrylate glue was safe and effective for securement of UVCs, and particularly effective in decreasing early catheter dislodgments. TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN-CTR Clinical Trial; Registration number: R000045844.

Size and Number of Gastric Varices Decide Amount of Glue Injected during Endoscopic Therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Cyanoacrylate glue injection has become standard of care for acutely bleeding as well as for primary and secondary prophylaxis of high risk gastric varices. There is limited data on safe and effective amount of glue injected. Our study was aimed to fulfill the gap. MATERIALS: It was retrospective analysis of endoscopy laboratory chart, videos and corresponding case sheets of all consecutive endoscopies January to September 2022. Number, type and size of gastric varices, amount of glue injected and outcomes (technical success, intra procedural and post-procedural complications) were noted. RESULT: Among 337 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies performed during the study period, 12 patients had gastric varices. 3 had GOV1F1, 2 had GOV1F2, 8 had GOV2F2, 1 had GOV2F3 and one had isolated gastric varices, IGV2F1. 4 patients had history of upper GI bleed. 3 had one, 4 had two and 3 had three varices. 3 patients had <0.5 cm and 8 had >0.5 cm size varices. Cyanoacrylate glue was injected in 4 patients. Technical success was achieved in all (100%) patients. The amount of Cyanoacrylate glue injected was decided by the size and number of varices and varied between 1-4 ml depending on the above factors. Two patients had intra-procedural, self subsiding bleeding, one patient had severe abdominal pain needing intramuscular analgesic. None had fatal complication. CONCLUSION: Size and numbers of gastric varices are deciding factors for amount of glue injected during endotherapy. References Kumar A, Singh S, Madan K, et al. Undiluted N-butyl cyanoacrylate is safe and effective for gastric variceal bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc 2010;72(4):721-727. Saraswat VA, Verma A. Gluing gastric varices in 2012: lessons learnt over 25 years. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2012;2(1):55-69.

Benefits of cyanoacrylate mesh closure following exploratory laparotomy in horses.

BACKGROUND: Skin closure of laparotomy incisions using topical 2-octyl cyanoacrylate (2-OCA) mesh provides a secure bactericidal barrier in humans, which may reduce the risk of postoperative incisional complications. However, the benefits of using this mesh have not been objectively assessed in horses. METHODS: From 2009 to 2020, three methods of skin closure were used following laparotomy for acute colic, including metallic staples (MS), suture (ST) and cyanoacrylate mesh (DP). The closure method was not randomised. Owners were contacted 3 months or more after the surgery to record any postoperative complications that occurred. For each method of closure, the rates of surgical site infection (SSI) and herniation were recorded, as well as surgical time and treatment costs, including those for incisional complications. Chi-square testing and logistic regression modelling were used to assess differences between the groups. RESULTS: A total of 110 horses were recruited (45 in the DP group, 49 in the MS group and 16 in the ST group) The overall rate of SSI was 15.5%, with rates of 8.9%, 18.4% and 25% for the DP, MS and ST groups, respectively (p = 0.23). In addition, incisional hernias developed in 21.8% of cases, with 8.9%, 34.7% and 18.8% of horses in the DP, MS and ST groups, respectively, being affected (p = 0.009). The median total treatment cost did not differ significantly between groups (p = 0.47). LIMITATION: This was a retrospective study with non-randomised choice of closure method. CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences in the rate of SSI or overall cost wwere demonstrated between treatment groups. However, MS was associated with a higher rate of hernia formation than DP or ST. Despite increased capital cost, 2-OCA proved to be a safe skin closure method in horses and was no more expensive than DP or ST by the time visits to remove sutures/staples and treat infections were factored in.