Integrating network pharmacology and renal metabonomics to reveal the protective mechanism of resveratrol on gouty nephropathy.

Resveratrol (Res) has been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on gouty nephropathy (GN). However, the mechanisms of Res on GN remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of Res on GN. In this study, network pharmacology technology was used to predict the Res targets in the prevention and treatment of GN. Renal metabonomics was used to identify differential metabolites in kidney tissue of GN model rats. Finally, molecular docking technology was used to verify the binding ability of Res to key targets. Metabonomics analysis showed that 24 potentially important metabolites were involved in the prevention and treatment of GN with Res. After exposure to Res, metabolite levels normalized. The network pharmacology analysis showed that 24 key targets were involved in the prevention and treatment of GN disease. According to the metabolite-gene network diagram, we identified two core genes, PTGS1 and PTGS2, and found that both were involved in the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway. Molecular docking further verified the affinity of Res binding to PTGS1 and PTGS2. In conclusion, the mechanism of Res against GN may be the regulation of arachidonic acid metabolism through the regulation of PTGS 1 and PTGS 2.

The edible seaweed Laminaria japonica contains cholesterol analogues that inhibit lipid peroxidation and cyclooxygenase enzymes.

In this study, 5 sterols were isolated and purified from Laminaria japonica, commonly known as edible brown seaweed, and their structures were identified based on detailed chemical methods and spectroscopic analyses. Spectroscopic analyses characterized 5 sterols as 29-Hydroperoxy-stigmasta-5,24(28)-dien-3ß-ol, saringosterol (24-vinyl-cholest-5-ene-3ß,24-diol), 24-methylenecholesterol, fucosterol (stigmasta-5,24-diene-3ß-ol), and 24-Hydroperoxy-24-vinyl-cholesterol. The bioactivities of these sterols were tested using lipid peroxidation (LPO) and cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and -2) enzyme inhibitory assays. Fucosterol exhibited the highest COX-1 and -2 enzyme inhibitory activities at 59 and 47%, respectively. Saringosterol, 24-methylenecholesterol and fucosterol showed higher LPO inhibitory activity at >50% than the other compounds. In addition, the results of molecular docking revealed that the 5 sterols were located in different pocket of COX-1 and -2 and fucosterol with tetracyclic skeletons and olefin methine achieved the highest binding energy (-7.85 and -9.02 kcal/mol) through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bond. Our results confirm the presence of 5 sterols in L. japonica and its significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity.

Synthesis of aspirin-curcumin mimic conjugates of potential antitumor and anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties.

Series of piperidone-salicylate conjugates were synthesized through the reaction of 3E,5E-bis(arylidene)-4-piperidones with the appropriate acid chloride of acetylsalicylate in the presence of triethylamine. All the synthesized conjugates reveal antiproliferative properties against A431 (squamous skin) cancer cell line with potency higher than that of 5-fluorouracil. Many of the synthesized agents also exhibit promising antiproliferative properties against HCT116 (colon) cancer cell line, of which 5o and 5c are the most effective with 12.9, 9.8 folds potency compared with Sunitinib. Promising activity is also shown against MCF7 (breast) cancer cell line with 1.19, 1.12 folds relative to 5-fluorouracil. PI-flow cytometry of compound 5c supports the arrest of cell cycle at G1-phase. However, compound 5o and Sunitinib arrest the cell cycle at S-phase. The synthesized conjugates can be considered as multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors due to the promising properties against VEGFR-2 and EGFR in MCF7 and HCT116. CDOCKER studies support the EGFR inhibitory properties. Compounds 5p and 5i possessing thienylidene heterocycle are anti-SARS-CoV-2 with high therapeutic indices. Many of the synthesized agents show enhanced COX-1/2 properties than aspirin with better selectivity index towards COX-2 relative to COX-1. The possible applicability of the potent candidates discovered as antitumor and anti-SARS-CoV-2 is supported by the safe profile against normal (non-cancer, RPE1 and VERO-E6) cells.

New N-Substituted-1,2,4-triazole Derivatives of Pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone with Significant Anti-Inflammatory Activity-Design, Synthesis and Complementary In Vitro, Computational and Spectroscopic Studies.

Regarding that the chronic use of commonly available non-steroidal and anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is often restricted by their adverse effects, there is still a current need to search for and develop new, safe and effective anti-inflammatory agents. As a continuation of our previous work, we designed and synthesized a series of 18 novel N-substituted-1,2,4-triazole-based derivatives of pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone 4a-c-9a-c. The target compounds were afforded via a convenient way of synthesis, with good yields. The executed cell viability assay revealed that molecules 4a-7a, 9a, 4b-7b, 4c-7c do not exert a cytotoxic effect and were qualified for further investigations. According to the performed in vitro test, compounds 4a-7a, 9a, 4b, 7b, 4c show significant cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitory activity and a promising COX-2/COX-1 selectivity ratio. These findings are supported by a molecular docking study which demonstrates that new derivatives take position in the active site of COX-2 very similar to Meloxicam. Moreover, in the carried out in vitro evaluation within cells, the title molecules increase the viability of cells pre-incubated with the pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide and reduce the level of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in induced oxidative stress. The spectroscopic and molecular modeling study discloses that new compounds bind favorably to site II(m) of bovine serum albumin. Finally, we have also performed some in silico pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness predictions. Taking all of the results into consideration, the molecules belonging to series a (4a-7a, 9a) show the most promising biological profile.

In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of New 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives of Pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone as Promising Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors.

Since long-term use of classic NSAIDs can cause severe side effects related mainly to the gastroduodenal tract, discovery of novel cyclooxygenase inhibitors with a safe gastric profile still remains a crucial challenge. Based on the most recent literature data and previous own studies, we decided to modify the structure of already reported 1,3,4-oxadiazole based derivatives of pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone in order to obtain effective COX inhibitors. Herein we present the synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of 12 novel compounds with disubstituted arylpiperazine pharmacophore linked in a different way with 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring. None of the obtained molecules show cytotoxicity on NHDF and THP-1 cell lines and, therefore, all were qualified for further investigation. In vitro cyclooxygenase inhibition assay revealed almost equal activity of new derivatives towards both COX-1 and COX-2 isoenzymes. Moreover, all compounds inhibit COX-2 isoform better than Meloxicam which was used as reference. Anti-inflammatory activity was confirmed in biological assays according to which title molecules are able to reduce induced inflammation within cells. Molecular docking studies were performed to describe the binding mode of new structures to cyclooxygenase. Investigated derivatives take place in the active site of COX, very similar to Meloxicam. For some compounds, promising druglikeness was calculated using in silico predictions.

Inhibitory Mechanisms of Lusianthridin on Human Platelet Aggregation.

Lusianthridin is a phenanthrene derivative isolated from Dendrobium venustum. Some phenanthrene compounds have antiplatelet aggregation activities via undefined pathways. This study aims to determine the inhibitory effects and potential mechanisms of lusianthridin on platelet aggregation. The results indicated that lusianthridin inhibited arachidonic acid, collagen, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-stimulated platelet aggregation (IC50 of 0.02 ± 0.001 mM, 0.14 ± 0.018 mM, and 0.22 ± 0.046 mM, respectively). Lusianthridin also increased the delaying time of arachidonic acid-stimulated and the lag time of collagen-stimulated and showed a more selective effect on the secondary wave of ADP-stimulated aggregations. Molecular docking studies revealed that lusianthridin bound to the entrance site of the cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) enzyme and probably the active region of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme. In addition, lusianthridin showed inhibitory effects on both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymatic activities (IC50 value of 10.81 ± 1.12 µM and 0.17 ± 1.62 µM, respectively). Furthermore, lusianthridin significantly inhibited ADP-induced suppression of cAMP formation in platelets at 0.4 mM concentration (p < 0.05). These findings suggested that possible mechanisms of lusianthridin on the antiplatelet effects might act via arachidonic acid-thromboxane and adenylate cyclase pathways.

Synthesis and computational studies of novel fused pyrimidinones as a promising scaffold with analgesic, anti-inflammatory and COX inhibitory potential.

Addressing the global need for the development of safe and potent NSAIDs, new series of oxadiazolo and thiadiazolo fused pyrmidinones were synthesized and initially tested for their analgesic activity. All tested compounds showed promising analgesic activity compared with the reference standard indomethacin. Moreover, anti-inflammatory activity evaluation, ulcerogenic liability, and in vitro COX-1, COX-2 enzyme inhibition assays were also performed for the most active derivatives. The methoxyphenyl piperazinyl derivative 3d showed analgesic activity surpassing indomethacin with protection of 100%, and 83%; respectively. Also 3d showed good anti-inflammatory activity with relatively lower ulcer index compared with other tested compounds, and potent COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activity with IC50 = 0.140, 0.007 µm, respectively, and with a selectivity index of 20.00 which was better than the reference standards and the other tested congeners. Additionally, compounds 3b, 3g and 3h revealed moderate selectivity (SI = 3.53, 3.70 and 5.87, respectively). Moreover, in silico physicochemical parameters revealed that the new fused pyrimidinones demonstrated promising pharmacokinetic properties. Furthermore, computational studies in form of 2D-quantitative structure-activity relationship (2D-QSAR) and 3D-pharmacophore confirmed the potential analgesic properties of the new target compounds.

Inhibition of cyclooxygenase by blocking the reducing cosubstrate at the peroxidase site: Discovery of galangin as a novel cyclooxygenase inhibitor.

Earlier we have shown that certain flavonoids (e.g., quercetin) are high-affinity reducing cosubstrates for cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2. These compounds can bind inside the peroxidase active sites of COXs and donate an electron from one of their B-ring hydroxyl groups to hematin. Based on these earlier findings, it is postulated that some of the natural flavonoids such as galangin that are structural analogs of quercetin but lack the proper B-ring hydroxyl groups might function as novel inhibitors of COXs by blocking the effect of the reducing cosubstrates. This idea is tested in the present study. Computational docking analysis together with quantum chemistry calculation shows that galangin can bind inside the peroxidase active sites of COX-1 and COX-2 in a similar manner as quercetin, but it has little ability to effectively donate its electrons, thereby blocking the effect of the reducing cosubstrates like quercetin. Further experimental studies confirm that galangin can inhibit, both in vitro and in vivo, quercetin-mediated activation of the peroxidase activity of the COX-1/2 enzymes. The results of the present study demonstrate that galangin is a novel naturally-occurring inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2, acting by blocking the function of the reducing cosubstrates at the peroxidase sites.

Three-dimensional structure of human cyclooxygenase (hCOX)-1.

The beneficial effects of Cyclooxygenases (COX) inhibitors on human health have been known for thousands of years. Nevertheless, COXs, particularly COX-1, have been linked to a plethora of human diseases such as cancer, heart failure, neurological and neurodegenerative diseases only recently. COXs catalyze the first step in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) and are among the most important mediators of inflammation. All published structural work on COX-1 deals with the ovine isoenzyme, which is easier to produce in milligram-quantities than the human enzyme and crystallizes readily. Here, we report the long-sought structure of the human cyclooxygenase-1 (hCOX-1) that we refined to an R/Rfree of 20.82/26.37, at 3.36 Å resolution. hCOX-1 structure provides a detailed picture of the enzyme active site and the residues crucial for inhibitor/substrate binding and catalytic activity. We compared hCOX-1 crystal structure with the ovine COX-1 and human COX-2 structures by using metrics based on Cartesian coordinates, backbone dihedral angles, and solvent accessibility coupled with multivariate methods. Differences and similarities among structures are discussed, with emphasis on the motifs responsible for the diversification of the various enzymes (primary structure, stability, catalytic activity, and specificity). The structure of hCOX-1 represents an essential step towards the development of new and more selective COX-1 inhibitors of enhanced therapeutic potential.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of new nicotinate derivatives as potential anti-inflammatory agents targeting COX-2 enzyme.

Two novel series derived from nicotinic acid were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against cyclooxygenases COX-1 and COX-2, and their selectivity indices were determined. Celecoxib, diclofenac and indomethacin were used as reference drugs. All compounds showed highly potent COX-2 inhibitory activity and higher selectivity towards COX-2 inhibition compared to indomethacin. In addition, these compounds except 3a showed clear preferential COX-2 over COX-1 inhibition compared to diclofenac. Compounds 3b, 3e, 4c and 4f showed COX-2 inhibitory activity equipotent to celecoxib. Compounds 4c and 4f demonstrated selectivity indices 1.8-1.9 fold higher than celecoxib. These two most potent and COX-2 selective compounds were further tested in vivo for anti-inflammatory activity by means of carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. Ulcerogenic activity with histopathological studies were performed. The results showed no ulceration, which implies their safe gastric profile. Compound 4f exhibited the most potent in vivo anti-inflammatory activity comparable to all reference drugs. Further, compounds 4c and 4f were investigated for their influence on certain inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1ß in addition to PEG2. The findings revealed that these candidates could be identified as promising potent anti-inflammatory agents. Molecular docking of 4c and 4f in the COX-2 active site was performed to rationalize their COX-2 inhibitory potency. The results were found to be in line with the biological findings as they exerted more favorable interactions compared to that of celecoxib, explaining their remarkable COX-2 inhibitory activity.

Biological activity, phytochemical parameters, and potential bioaccessibility of wheat bread enriched with powder and microcapsules made from Saskatoon berry.

The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of Saskatoon powder addition on phytochemical parameters, biological activity, and nutritional value of wheat bread. Supplementation increased phenolics content up to 72% in the bread with 6% powder content. This increase was reflected in the improved antioxidative properties of breads, especially after their supplementation with the microencapsulated additives (an increase by 93% in the bread enriched with 6% of powder covered with maltodextrin). The in vitro digestion released the antioxidative compounds, leading to higher bioaccessibility of the breads enriched with the microencapsulated powders. The highest inhibition of activities of cyclooxygenase 1 and -2, as well as amylase and glucosidase was recorded for the breads enriched with the additive microencapsulated with maltodextrin and inulin. Thus, Saskatoon berry powders, especially the microencapsulated ones, may be used as functional components in designing innovative bakery products.

Synthesis of Novel Aryl (4-Aryl-1H-Pyrrol-3-yl) (Thiophen-2-yl) Methanone Derivatives: Molecular Modelling, In Silico ADMET, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Ulcer Activities.

BACKGROUND: Due to the presence of both five-membered heterocyclics like pyrrole and thiophene in one molecule considerable attention was made for their enormous pharmacological activities out of which include anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activities. OBJECTIVE: Chalcones with toluenesulfonylmethyl isocyanide (TosMIC) undergo synthesis to form some new aryl (4-aryl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl) (thiophen-2-yl) methanone derivatives. Molecular docking of synthesized compounds with protein receptors of anti-inflammatory COX-1(3N8Y), COX-2 (1PXX) along with anti-ulcer H+/K+ATPase enzyme (2XZB) followed with drug-likeness, and in silico ADMET properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The multicomponent reaction was carried out by the intermediate formation of α, ß-unsaturated ketone from carbonyl compounds which on sequential addition undergoes [3+2] cycloaddition reaction in same medium affords aryl (4-aryl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl) (thiophen-2-yl) methanone derivatives by addition of TosMIC in basic medium had resulted in series of compounds PY1 to PY12. All the new synthesized compounds were screened for their in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity by bovine serum albumin method followe with COX assay, and in-vivo by using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method of the selected compounds PY1, PY5 and PY12 which is also screened for anti-ulcer activity by pylorus ligation method, respectively. Molecular docking was performed using autodock tools, drug-likeness by OSIRIS property explorer and admetSAR properties. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: From the synthesized compounds of aryl (4-aryl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl) (thiophen- 2-yl) methanone derivatives PY5 showed decent in-vitro and in-vivo anti-inflammatory along selectivity index of 6.2 for COX-1 with IC50(µM) value of 9.54 over diclofenac with 8.74 and PY1 showed decent in-vivo anti-ulcer activities along with drug-likeness and in silico ADMET predictions revealed that all the synthesized compounds have minimal toxic effects with good absorption as well as solubility characteristics. The selected compounds may serve as potential lead compounds for developing new anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer drugs. CONCLUSION: From the newly synthesized molecules PY5 was found to be effective for anti-inflammatory and PY1 was found to be effective for anti-ulcer activities further derivitization and designed of modification to achieve more compounds with potent anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activities.

Phytochemical and Biological Activity Studies on Nasturtium officinale (Watercress) Microshoot Cultures Grown in RITA® Temporary Immersion Systems.

The main compounds in both extracts were gluconasturtiin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin and rutoside, the amounts of which were, respectively, determined as 182.93, 58.86 and 23.24 mg/100 g dry weight (DW) in biomass extracts and 640.94, 23.47 and 7.20 mg/100 g DW in plant herb extracts. The antioxidant potential of all the studied extracts evaluated using CUPRAC (CUPric Reducing Antioxidant Activity), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma), and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assays was comparable. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts was tested based on the inhibition of 15-lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and phospholipase A2. The results demonstrate significantly higher inhibition of COX-2 for in vitro cultured biomass compared with the herb extracts (75.4 and 41.1%, respectively). Moreover, all the studied extracts showed almost similar antibacterial and antifungal potential. Based on these findings, and due to the fact that the growth of in vitro microshoots is independent of environmental conditions and unaffected by environmental pollution, we propose that biomass that can be rapidly grown in RITA® bioreactors can serve as an alternative source of bioactive compounds with valuable biological properties.

In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of New Indole-Based 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles as EGFR and COX-2 Inhibitors.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are crucial targetable enzymes in cancer management. Therefore, herein, new 2-[(5-((1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio]-N-(thiazol/benzothiazol-2-yl)acetamides (2a-i) were designed and synthesized as EGFR and COX-2 inhibitors. The cytotoxic effects of compounds 2a-i on HCT116 human colorectal carcinoma, A549 human lung adenocarcinoma, and A375 human melanoma cell lines were determined using MTT assay. 2-[(5-((1H-Indol-3-yl)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio]-N-(6-ethoxybenzothiazol-2-yl)acetamide (2e) exhibited the most significant anticancer activity against HCT116, A549, and A375 cell lines with IC50 values of 6.43 ± 0.72 µM, 9.62 ± 1.14 µM, and 8.07 ± 1.36 µM, respectively, when compared with erlotinib (IC50 = 17.86 ± 3.22 µM, 19.41 ± 2.38 µM, and 23.81 ± 4.17 µM, respectively). Further mechanistic assays demonstrated that compound 2e enhanced apoptosis (28.35%) in HCT116 cells more significantly than erlotinib (7.42%) and caused notable EGFR inhibition with an IC50 value of 2.80 ± 0.52 µM when compared with erlotinib (IC50 = 0.04 ± 0.01 µM). However, compound 2e did not cause any significant COX-2 inhibition, indicating that this compound showed COX-independent anticancer activity. The molecular docking study of compound 2e emphasized that the benzothiazole ring of this compound occupied the allosteric pocket in the EGFR active site. In conclusion, compound 2e is a promising EGFR inhibitor that warrants further clinical investigations.

Computational analysis of eugenol inhibitory activity in lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways.

Chronic inflammation is triggered by numerous diseases such as osteoarthritis, Crohn's disease and cancer. The control of the pro-inflammatory process can prevent, mitigate and/or inhibit the evolution of these diseases. Therefore, anti-inflammatory drugs have been studied as possible compounds to act in these diseases. This paper proposes a computational analysis of eugenol in relation to aspirin and diclofenac and analyzing the ADMET profile and interactions with COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes, important enzymes in the signaling pathway of pro-inflammatory processes. Through the analysis of ADMET in silico, it was found that the pharmacokinetic results of eugenol are similar to NSAIDs, such as diclofenac and aspirin. Bioinformatics analysis using coupling tests showed that eugenol can bind to COX-2 and 5-LOX. These results corroborate with different findings in the literature that demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity with less gastric irritation, bleeding and ulcerogenic side effects of eugenol. The results of bioinformatics reinforce studies that try to propose eugenol as an anti-inflammatory compound that can act in the COX-2/5-LOX pathways, replacing some NSAIDs in different diseases.

Dual COX and 5-LOX inhibition by clerodane diterpenes from seeds of Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites.

Natural metabolites with their specific bioactivities are being considered as a potential source of materials for pharmacological studies. In this study, we successfully isolated and identified five known clerodane diterpenes, namely 16-oxo-cleroda-3,13(14)E-dien-15-oic acid (1), 16-hydroxy-cleroda-3,13-dien-15-oic acid (2), 16-hydroxy-cleroda-4(18),13-dien-16,15-olide (3), 3α,16α-dihydroxy-cleroda-4(18),13(14)Z-dien-15,16-olide (4), and 16α-hydroxy-cleroda-3,13(14)Z-dien-15,16-olide (5) from the methanolic extract of seeds of Polyalthia longifolia. Initially, all the isolated metabolites were investigated for COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX inhibitory activities using the standard inhibitory kits. Of which, compounds 3, 4, and 5 exhibited to be potent COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX inhibitors with the IC50 values similar or lower to those of the reference drugs. To understand the underlying mechanism, these compounds were subjected to molecular docking on COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX proteins. Interestingly, the in silico study results were in high accordance with in vitro studies where compounds 3, 4, and 5 hits assumed interactions and binding pattern comparable to that of reference drugs (indomethacin and diclofenac), as a co-crystallized ligand explaining their remarkable dual (COX/LOX) inhibitor actions. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that compounds 3, 4, and 5 functioned as dual inhibitors of COX/5-LOX and can contribute to the development of novel, more effective anti-inflammatory drugs with minimal side-effects.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of vortioxetine derivatives as new COX-1/2 inhibitors in human monocytes.

In order to identify a suitable alternative to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) we aimed to develop derivatives of vortioxetine, a multimodal anti-depressive drug that has been shownpreviously to be endowed withanti-inflammatory activity in human monocytes/macrophages. Vortioxetine (1) was synthesized in good yield and different alkyl and aryl derivatives were prepared based on their structural diversity and easy availability. The compounds were tested on human monocytes isolated from healthy donors for theireffect on superoxide anion production and cytokine gene expression, and for COX-1/2 gene expression and activity modulation. Moreover, a docking study was performed to predict the interactions between the synthesized compounds and COX-1 and COX-2. Correlating experimental biological data to the molecular modelling studies, it emerged that among the novel compounds, 6 was endowed of antioxidant and anti-COX-1 activity, vortioxetine and 3 were good antioxidants and mild anti-COX-1/2 inhibitors, while 7 was a good anti-COX-1/2 inhibitor and 11 was more specific versus COX-2.

Sila-Ibuprofen.

The synthesis, characterization, biological activity, and toxicology of sila-ibuprofen, a silicon derivative of the most common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is reported. The key improvements compared with ibuprofen are a four times higher solubility in physiological media and a lower melting enthalpy, which are attributed to the carbon-silicon switch. The improved solubility is of interest for postsurgical intravenous administration. A potential for pain relief is rationalized via inhibition experiments of cyclooxygenases I and II (COX-I and COX-II) as well as via a set of newly developed methods that combine molecular dynamics, quantum chemistry, and quantum crystallography. The binding affinity of sila-ibuprofen to COX-I and COX-II is quantified in terms of London dispersion and electrostatic interactions in the active receptor site. This study not only shows the potential of sila-ibuprofen for medicinal application but also improves our understanding of the mechanism of action of the inhibition process.

Synthesis and evaluations of selective COX-2 inhibitory effects: Benzo[d]thiazol analogs.

A series of benzo[d]thiazole analogs were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Using an ear edema model, except for compounds 2k, 2m-2q and 3a, other compounds showed the anti-inflammatory effects. Among them, compounds 2c, 2d, and 2g showed the best anti-inflammatory activity (inhibition rate: 86.8%, 90.7% and 82.9%, respectively). By the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test, except for compounds 2e, 2l, 2m, 2o, 2p and 3a, other compounds showed the analgesic effects with inhibition rate values of 51.9-100% (2a-2r) and 68.6-100% (3a-3g). Next, compounds 2c, 2d, 2g, 3d, 3f, 3g that displayed the excellent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities were evaluated for their inhibitory effect against ovine COX-1 and COX-2. Compounds 2c, 2d, 2g, 3d, 3f, 3g were weak inhibitors of the COX-1 isozyme but exhibited the moderate COX-2 isozyme inhibitory effects IC50 from 0.28 to 0.77 µM and COX-2 selectivity indexes (SI: 18.6 to 7.2). This benzo[d]thiazole moiety will be proved to be of great significance for developing more potent COX-2 inhibitors.

Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles of the Soft Coral Nephthea Sp. Supported by Metabolomics Analysis and Docking Studies.

BACKGROUND: Soft corals have been endorsed as a plentiful source of bioactive compounds with promising anti-inflammatory activities; therefore, exploring their potential as source of anti-inflammatory metabolites has stimulated a growing research interest. PURPOSE: To investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of the soft coral, Nephthea sp., in its bulk and silver nanostructure. Metabolomics analysis of Nephthea sp., followed by molecular docking studies, was also conducted in order to explore and predict the secondary metabolites that might provide its inhibitory actions on inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions were used to synthesize silver nanoparticles. The prepared silver nanoparticles were characterized through UV-vis spectrophotometric, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. Testing for the anti-inflammatory activity was performed against COX-1 and COX-2. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based metabolomics analysis and molecular docking were also applied. RESULTS: A variety of secondary metabolites were identified, among them, sesquiterpenes were found to prevail. The petroleum ether and acetone fractions of Nephthea sp. showed the highest COX-2 inhibitory activities, possibly attributable to their substantial contents of terpenoids. Additionally, the green synthesized silver nanoparticles of both the petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions of Nephthea sp. demonstrated higher anti-COX-2 properties. CONCLUSION: The obtained results showed the effectiveness of non-targeted metabolomics technique in metabolic profiling of Nephthea sp., helping the search for new bioactive metabolites in future chemical studies on this soft coral. The interesting anti-inflammatory potential of the tested extracts and their nanoparticles could also be relevant to the development of new, effective anti-inflammatory agents.