Elucidating Best Geospatial Estimation Method Applied to Environmental Sciences.

The aim of this study is to assess and identify the most suitable geospatial interpolation algorithm for environmental sciences. The research focuses on evaluating six different interpolation methods using annual average PM10 concentrations as a reference dataset. The dataset includes measurements obtained from a target air quality network (scenery 1) and a sub-dataset derived from a partitive clustering technique (scenery 2). By comparing the performance of each interpolation algorithm using various indicators, the study aims to determine the most reliable method. The findings reveal that the kriging method demonstrates the highest performance within environmental sciences, with a spatial similarity of approximately 70% between the two scenery datasets. The performance indicators for the kriging method, including RMSE (root mean square error), MAE (mean absolute error), and MAPE (mean absolute percentage error), are measured at 3.2 µg/m3, 10.2 µg/m3, and 7.3%, respectively.This study addresses the existing gap in scientific knowledge regarding the comparison of geospatial interpolation techniques. The findings provide valuable insights for environmental managers and decision-makers, enabling them to implement effective control and mitigation strategies based on reliable geospatial information and data. In summary, this research evaluates and identifies the most suitable geospatial interpolation algorithm for environmental sciences, with the kriging method emerging as the most reliable option. The study's findings contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field and offer practical implications for environmental management and planning.

Option or necessity: Role of environmental education as transformative change agent.

There is a consensus around the importance of environmental education in mitigating the ill effects of environmental problems and preserving the natural environment and promoting green behaviours. The present paper studies the role of environmental education based on transformative learning theory. It intends to present and test a model proposal using sequential mediation analysis of several constructs as the Environmental Education Support (EES) and Volunteer Attitude (VA). A quantitative study was carried out by using data obtained through online questionnaires from several Indian and Brazilian Higher Education Institutions. A multivariate statistical method was employed to analyse the data by using partial least squares structural equation modelling. The results demonstrated that environmental education positively influences students' environmental concern, willingness to be environmentally friendly, and volunteer attitude. As a novelty, it reports that environmental education beliefs, concern for the environment and willingness to be environmentally friendly sequentially mediate the relationship between environmental education support and volunteering attitude.

Four challenges when conducting bibliometric reviews and how to deal with them.

The evidence base in environmental sciences is increasing steadily. Environmental researchers have been challenged to handle massive volumes of data to support more comprehensive studies, assess the current status of science, and move research towards future progress. Bibliometrics can provide important insights into the research directions by providing summarized information for several end users. Here, we present an in-depth discussion on the use of bibliometric indicators to evaluate research outputs through four case studies comprising disciplines in environmental sciences. We discuss four big challenges researchers may face when conducting bibliometric reviews and how to deal with them. We also address some primary questions researchers may answer with bibliometric mapping, drawing lessons from the case studies. Lastly, we clarify some misuses of review concepts and suggest methodological principles of systematic reviews and maps to improve the overall quality of bibliometric studies.

Urban seismic monitoring in Brasília, Brazil.

Urban seismology has gained scientific interest with the development of seismic ambient noise monitoring techniques and also for being a useful tool to connect society with the Earth sciences. The interpretation of the sources of seismic records generated by sporting events, traffic, or huge agglomerations arouses the population's curiosity and opens up a range of possibilities for new applications of seismology, especially in the area of urban monitoring. In this contribution, we present the analysis of seismic records from a station in the city of Brasilia during unusual episodes of silencing and noisy periods. Usually, cultural noise is observed in high-fequency bands. We showed in our analysis that cultural noise can also be observed in the low-frequency band, when high-frequency signal is attenuated. As examples of noisy periods, we have that of the Soccer World Cup in Brazil in 2014, where changes in noise are related to celebrations of goals and the party held by FIFA in the city, and the political manifestations in the period of the Impeachment trial in 2016, which reached the concentration of about 300,000 protesters. The two most characteristic periods of seismic silence have been the quarantine due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, and the trucker strike that occurred across the country in 2018, both drastically reducing the movement of people in the city.

Ensino das mudanças climáticas: a questão das enchentes no bairro Jardim Botânico na cidade do Rio de Janeiro/RJ / Teaching climate change: the issue of floods in the Jardim Botânico neighborhood in the city of Rio de Janeiro/RJ

As enchentes são fenômenos frequentes no bairro Jardim Botânico durante o verão carioca. Como as escolas da região trabalham este tema com os alunos? Para responder a esta questão, o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever como o tema "mudanças climáticas" tem sido abordado na escola básica, em um território que enfrenta o problema das enchentes na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Essa pesquisa foi realizada em uma escola pública de educação infantil do bairro Jardim Botânico/RJ, atingida diretamente pela enchente do verão de 2019. A pesquisa foi realizada em três etapas: a primeira destinou-se a identificar os fatores ambientais e sociais associados à questão das enchentes no bairro Jardim Botânico na cidade do Rio de Janeiro; a segunda analisou, por meio da análise textual discursiva, a temática mudanças climáticas com foco nas enchentes em materiais didáticos de escolas da educação infantil e ensino fundamental (1º ciclo) e por último analisou como os temas ambientais foram tratados em sala de aula, baseadas nas experiências vividas pelas professoras, após perdas consubstanciais da estrutura por uma enchente. Os resultados socioambientais do problema do bairro apontam para ineficácia da gestão das comportas locais, relacionadas ao extravasamento das águas fluviais, bem como do impacto do crescimento desordenado na poluição dos rios advindos do descarte inadequado do lixoQuanto à temática das mudanças climáticas abordadas nos 17 materiais didáticos analisados verificou-se que o tema enchente não foi frequente no material utilizado na educação infantil e no ensino fundamental. No entanto, a questão das enchentes foi abordada na práxis pedagógica das professoras da educação infantil. As professoras (66,6%) disseram que os alunos associaram as enchentes com a quantidade de chuva/ excesso de lixo. As metodologias mais utilizadas para abordagem deste tema foram contação de histórias e "rodinhas'' (de conversa e de vivências) (57,1%) e os sentimentos relatados pelos alunos relacionados ao fenômeno enchente foram tristeza, medo e susto. A maioria das professoras associaram o ensino das mudanças climáticas à educação ambiental (83%) e enfatizaram que os anos iniciais são importantes para a construção da cidadania. Conclui-se que há uma grande preocupação das docentes pelas questões ambientais ainda transversas ao ensino. Entretanto, de forma lúdica, conseguem construir pontes entre o ensino formal, a educação ambiental e a problematização do entorno da escola, de acordo com a realidade de seus alunos. (AU)

Floods are frequent phenomena in Botanic Garden neighbourhood during the summer in Rio. How do schools in the region work with students on this topic? To answer this question, the objective of this paper was to describe how the theme "climate change" has been approached in elementary school, in a territory that faces the problem of flooding in the city of Rio de Janeiro. This research was carried out in a public early childhood school in the Botanic Garden neighbourhood / RJ, directly affected by the flood of the summer of 2019. The research was carried out in three stages: the first was aimed at identifying the environmental and social factors associated with the issue the floods in the Botanic Garden neighbourhood in the city of Rio de Janeiro; the second analysed, through discourse textual analysis, the theme of climate change with a focus on floods in didactic materials from schools for early childhood education and elementary school (1st cycle) and lastly analysed how environmental issues were treated in the classroom, based on in the experiences lived by the teachers, after consubstantial losses of the structure by a flood. The socio environmental results of the neighbourhood problem point to ineffective management of the local floodgates, related to the overflow of river waters, as well as the impact of uncontrolled growth on the pollution of rivers resulting from inadequate waste disposalAs for the theme of climate change addressed in the 17 didactic materials analysed, it was found that the theme of flooding was not frequent in the material used in early childhood education and elementary education. However, the issue of flooding was addressed in the pedagogical praxis of early childhood teachers. The teachers (66.6%) said that the students associated the floods with the amount of rain / excess garbage. The most used methodologies to approach this theme were storytelling and "wheels" (of conversation and experiences) (57.1%) and the feelings reported by students related to the flood phenomenon were sadness, fear and fright. teachers associated the teaching of climate change with environmental education (83%) and emphasized that the early years are important for the construction of citizenship, concluding that there is a great concern of teachers for environmental issues that are still transversal to teaching. ludic, they are able to build bridges between formal education, environmental education and the problematization of the school's surroundings, according to the reality of their students. (AU)

Revistas Publindex de Ciencias Naturales: retos y perspectivas desde la bibliometría / Publindex Natural Sciences Magazines: challenges and perspectives from bibliometrics

Resumen Objetivo. Describir el comportamiento de las revistas de Ciencias Naturales indexadas en Publindex (2004-2020). Método. Se analizó un total de 68 revistas de Ciencias Naturales registradas en Publindex a través de la información registrada en bases de datos como Publindex y Google académico usando Harzing's Publish or Perish (POP) en una búsqueda combinada de título de la revista e ISSN. Las mediciones principales usadas fueron: indicadores de producción (# publicaciones, publicaciones por año e índice de productividad), citación (Índice H, Índice G, Índice E, Índice HC e Índice H5), informetría (concurrencia de palabras, clúster de palabras con mayor concurrencia (30)). Además, en lo relacionado con Publindex se identificaron revistas por área de conocimiento, por institución editora, categorización por año y perspectiva desde la fase 3 para la próxima medición. Resultados. En el índice bibliográfico nacional (IBN) hay 68 revistas en Ciencias Naturales, la mayor concentración se encuentra en el área de conocimiento Ciencias de la Tierra y Medioambientales (24%) y Ciencias biológicas (21%). Entre 2004 y 2014 se registró un promedio anual de 54 revistas categorizadas en el IBN, con el nuevo modelo de clasificación el promedio bajo a 19 por año entre 2017-2020. Las revistas que concentran la mayor cantidad de publicaciones en el total general son Revista Colombiana de Física (6,5%), Acta Biológica Colombiana (6,3%) y Revista Colombiana De Entomología (6,2%). Las revistas con el índice h más alto son Caldasia (H=43), Revista de La Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas y Físicas y Naturales (H=37). Luego de la simulación para los resultados de la Convocatoria Publindex 2020 en la fase 3, las categorías que registran aumento son A1 del (9%) y C (14%). Conclusiones. El 37% de las revistas en Ciencias Naturales tienen alta posibilidad de ser categorizadas en el IBN 2020. Se registra un descenso en la cantidad de publicaciones de las revistas y en las citas desde 2017 y 2018 respectivamente. Las revistas NOVA, Acta Biológica Colombiana, Biota Colombiana, Revista Lasallista de Investigación, Revista de La Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales y Caldasia registran los índices bibliométricos (H, G, HC, D) más altos, además, están categorizadas y proyectan seguirlo en 2020.

Abstract Objective. To describe the behavior of the Natural Sciences journals indexed in Publindex (2004-2020). Methods. A total of 68 Natural Science journals registered in Publindex were analyzed through information registered in databases such as Publindex and Google academic using Harzing's Publish or Perish (POP) in a combined search of journal title and ISSN. The main measures used were: production indicators (# publications, publications per year and productivity index), citation (H index, G index, E index, HC index and H5 index), reporttry (word concurrence, cluster of words with highest concurrence (30)). In addition, in relation to Publindex, journals were identified by area of knowledge, by publishing institution, categorization by year and perspective from phase 3 for the next measurement. Results. In the national bibliographic index (IBN) there are 68 journals in Natural Sciences, the highest concentration is in the knowledge area of Earth and Environmental Sciences (24%) and Biological Sciences (21%). Between 2004 and 2014, an annual average of 54 journals categorized in the IBN was registered, with the new classification model the average being below 19 per year between 2017-2020. The journals that concentrate the greatest number of publications in the general total are Revista Colombiana de Física (6.5%), Acta Biológica Colombiana (6.3%) and Revista Colombiana De Entomología (6.2%). The journals with the highest h index are Caldasia (H=43), Revista de La Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas y Físicas y Naturales (H=37). After the simulation for the results of the Call Publindex 2020 in phase 3, the categories that register an increase are A1 (9%) and C (14%). Conclusions. 37% of the journals in Natural Sciences have a high possibility of being categorized in the IBN 2020. There is a decrease in the number of journal publications and citations since 2017 and 2018 respectively. The journals NOVA, Acta Biológica Colombiana, Biota Colombiana, Revista Lasallista de Investigación, Revista de La Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales and Caldasia register the highest bibliometric indices (H, G, HC, D), besides, they are categorized and plan to follow it in 2020.

Evaluation of Fe-containing Li2CuO2 on CO2 capture performed at different physicochemical conditions.

Li2CuO2 and different iron-containing Li2CuO2 samples were synthesized by solid state reaction. On iron-containing samples, atomic sites of copper are substituted by iron ions in the lattice (XRD and Rietveld analyses). Iron addition induces copper release from Li2CuO2, which produce cationic vacancies and CuO, due to copper (Cu2+) and iron (Fe3+) valence differences. Two different physicochemical conditions were used for analyzing CO2 capture on these samples; (i) high temperature and (ii) low temperature in presence of water vapor. At high temperatures, iron addition increased CO2 chemisorption, due to structural and chemical variations on Li2CuO2. Kinetic analysis performed by first order reaction and Eyring models evidenced that iron addition on Li2CuO2 induced a faster CO2 chemisorption but a higher thermal dependence. Conversely, CO2 chemisorption at low temperature in water vapor presence practically did not vary by iron addition, although hydration and hydroxylation processes were enhanced. Moreover, under these physicochemical conditions the whole sorption process became slower on iron-containing samples, due to metal oxides presence.

Alfabetización digital del profesorado de ciencias ambientales: un análisis de su competencia tecnológica / Digital literacy of environmental science teachers: an analysis of their technological competence

Introducción. En la actualidad el uso de los recursos tecnológicos en la educación es una práctica habitual e incluso de obligado cumplimiento. En la educación secundaria española la competencia digital es una de las habilidades clave que tienen que desarrollar los estudiantes. Este hecho se incrementa si tenemos en consideración que en el ámbito de las Ciencias Ambientales es primordial el uso sostenible de las TIC como factor para reducir el impacto medioambiental. Objetivo. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar la competencia digital con base en el área de información y alfabetización informacional de los docentes de Ciencias Ambientales. Metodología. El estudio se centró en la provincia de Granada (España), contando con una muestra final de 106 profesores. La metodología empleada ha sido cuantitativa, utilizando como instrumento de recogida de datos el cuestionario. Resultados. Entre los resultados, se resalta el nivel satisfactorio en las diferentes subescalas competenciales del área de competencia digital analizada, estableciendo que el profesorado presenta un grado adecuado de formación tecnológica. Además, el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales verifica la correlación positiva entre las subescalas. Conclusión. Finalmente, el estudio sobre la competencia digital docente del profesorado de Ciencias Ambientales muestra una panorámica optimista en el desarrollo de competencias digitales en los estudiantes.

Introduction: Currently, the use of technological resources in education is a common and even mandatory practice. Digital competence is one of the key skills students have to develop in secondary education in Spain. Bearing in mind that in the field of Environmental Sciences the sustainable use of ICTs is essential as a factor in reducing environmental impact, this fact increases. Objective: This work aims to analyze digital competence based on the area of information and informational literacy of Environmental Science teachers. Methodology: This study focused on the province of Granada (Spain) with a final sample of 106 teachers. The methodology used was quantitative, using the questionnaire as a data collection instrument. Results: The satisfactory level in the different competence subscales of the area of digital competence analyzed is highlighted among the results, establishing that the teaching staff presents an adequate degree of technological training. In addition, the structural equation model verifies the positive correlation between the subscales. Conclusion: Finally, the study on the digital teaching competence of Environmental Science teachers shows an optimistic view on the development of digital competences in students.

La formación ambiental: presupuesto epistemológico para la educación superior / Environmental education: epistemological premise for higher education

El presente artículo está dirigido a sistematizar una concepción teórica y metodológica que sustente la formación ambiental en las carreras universitarias cubanas. A partir de la crítica de las fuentes bibliográficas y la observación del proceso formativo en tres carreras, se construye el referido marco teórico. Entre los resultados se destaca el lugar y papel de la formación ambiental en el sistema de la formación integral del profesional. Se caracterizan la integralidad, la complejidad, la funcionabilidad y la espacialidad como rasgos de la dimensión ambiental, lo que le asigna una connotación especial, al interpretarla como mediadora entre las funciones del espacio construido y la forma en la que se gestiona el escenario donde se despliega el intercambio de flujos de energía, materia e información en su interrelación con la estructura social. Se argumentan las funciones formativas de la formación ambiental, que constituyen la exteriorización de las cualidades inherentes a cualquier carrera universitaria, que se manifiestan en el modo de actuación del profesional(AU)

This article is aimed at systematizing a theoretical and methodological conception that forms the basis of environmental education in Cuban college degrees. Starting from the review of bibliographical sources and the observation of the educational process in three degrees, the referable theoretical framework is created. Among results, the place and role of environmental education in the integral professional training system is highlighted. Integrality, complexity, functionality and spatiality are characterized as features of environmental dimension, which give it a special connotation, as it is interpreted as a mediator between the functions of the constructed space and the way it is managed on the stage where the exchange of energy, matter and information flows are used in their interrelation with the social structure. The educational functions of environmental education are argued. They reveal characteristics which are inherent to any college degree and become apparent in a professional's behavior(AU)

Características ambientais e ocupacionais do trabalho docente da rede estadual de um município brasileiro / Características ambientales y ocupacionales de la enseñanza de trabajo de la red estadual de un municipio de Brasil / Environmental and occupational characteristics of the teaching practice of the state net of a brazilian municipality

ntrodução: estudos realizados nas últimas décadas apontam uma grave situação no que diz respeito ao ambiente de trabalho docente. Objetivo: descrever as características ambientais e ocupacionais do trabalho docente da rede estadual do município de Jequié ­ BA. Métodos: estudo seccional com amostra de 300 professores da rede estadual de ensino. Para coleta de dados utilizou-se questionário padronizado, com informações sobre características sociodemográficas e referentes ao ambiente de trabalho físico e organizacional. Os dados foram analisados utilizando procedimentos da estatística descritiva como média, desvio padrão e frequência simples e relativa. Resultados: a média de idade dos entrevistados foi de 39 (DP=10,18) anos, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino.Com relação às características ambientais as queixas predominantes foram nos aspectos referentes à luminosidade inadequada (84,8 porcento), seguida pela temperatura (77,4 porcento), mobiliário (68,3 porcento) e acústica (61,7 porcento). O desgaste na relação professor-aluno foi o aspecto mais referido dentro das questões organizacionais do trabalho (55,7 porcento). A insatisfação com a profissão chega a atingir 40 porcento dos entrevistados.Conclusões: o ambiente laboral insalubre pode comprometer a qualidade do trabalho prestado e desencadear patologias temporárias ou definitivas. Os dados mostram necessidade de maior atenção por parte dos gestores públicos para adequação do ambiente de trabalho dos professores às necessidades aqui apontadas a fim de oferecer segurança e bem-estar no trabalho, além prevenir complicações de saúde e absenteísmo(AU)

Introducción: estudios realizados en las últimas décadas apuntan a una grave situación de irrespeto en el ambiente del trabajo docente. Objetivo: describir las características ambientales y ocupacionales del trabajo docente el la red estadual del município de Jequié ­ BA. Métodos: estudio seccional con una muestra de 300 profesores de la red estadual. Para la colecta de datos se utilizó un cuestionario estandarizado con informaciones sobre características sociodemográficas y referentes al ambiente de trabajo físico y organizacional. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando procedimentos de estatística descriptiva como media, desviación estándar y frecuencias simple y relativa. Resultados: la media de edad de los entrevistados fue de 39 (DP=10,18) años, siendo la mayoría del sexo femenino. Con relación a las características ambientales, las quejas predominantes fueron en los aspectos referentes a la iluminación inadequada (84,8 por ciento), seguida por la temperatura (77,4 por ciento), mobiliario (68,3 por ciento) y acústica (61,7 por ciento). El deterioro en la relación profesor-alumno fue el aspecto más referido dentro de las cuestiones organizacionales del trabajo (55,7 por ciento). La insatisfacción con la profesión llegó a alcanzar 40 por ciento de los entrevistados. Conclusiones: el ambiente laboral insalubre puede comprometer la calidad del trabajo que se proporciona y desencadenar patologías temporales o definitivas. Los datos muestran la necesidad de una mayor atención por parte de los gestores públicos para la adecuación del ambiente de trabajo de los profesores con las necesidades aquí apuntadas, a fin de ofrecer seguridad y bienestar en el trabajo y prevenir complicaciones de salud y ausentismo(AU)

Objective: To describe the environmental and occupational characteristics of the teaching practice of the state net from Jequié - BA. Methods: Sectional study with sample of 300 teachers of the teaching state net. To data collection used a standardized questionnaire, questions about sociodemographic characteristics and regarding environment of physical and organizational work. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics procedures as mean, standard deviation and simple and relative frequency. Results: The average age of respondents was 39 (DP = 10.8) years With relation to environmental characteristics the predominant complaints were in the aspects regarding to inadequate luminosity (84.8 percent), followed by temperature (77.4 percent), furniture (68.3 percent) and acoustics (61.7 percent). Other aspects drawbacks to physical environmental of teaching practice were reported in smallest proportion. The wear on the teacher-student relationship was the most referred aspects within the organizational questions of the work (55.7 percent). The dissatisfaction with the occupation arrives to reaches 40 percent of respondents. Conclusions: The unhealthy labor environment can compromise the quality of the provided work and initiate temporary or definitive pathology. The data show necessity of greater attention by part of public managers to suitability the workplace of teachers to needs pointed here in order to offer security and well-being at work, beyond prevent health complications and absenteeism(AU)

Ciência ambiental / Environmental science

Em sua 11ª edição norte-americana, este livro é um estudo interdisciplinar sobre como a natureza funciona, como interagimos com ela e como podemos viver de maneira sustentável. A sustentabilidade, tema central desta obra, está dividida em cinco grandes subtemas, a saber: como preservar o capital natural; como as atividades humanas o degradam; as soluções para esse problema; os compromissos, que indicam as vantagens e desvantagens das diversas tecnologias ambientais e as soluções para os problemas ambientais; e como os indivíduos fazem a diferença, ou seja, as contribuições importantes que as pessoas podem prestar à natureza. O Brasil é citado em várias partes do livro, havendo, inclusive, um estudo de caso dedicado a uma de suas cidades. A obra possui uma sólida base científica e oferece bastante flexibilidade de trabalho, pois os capítulos podem ser usados de maneira independente. Para reforçar o aprendizado, há ainda 62 estudos de caso, diversos recursos visuais, um resumo das principais idéias no começo de cada capítulo, perguntas de raciocínio crítico para estimular os alunos a aplicar o que aprenderam em seu cotidiano e um glossário ao final da obra...

LOS PROBLEMAS AMBIENTALES: UN NUEVO LLAMADO A LA Vita Activa DE LA FILOSOFÍA / "ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS: A NEW CALL TO THE PHILOSOPHY Vita Activa "

Se expone de forma general el impacto que la problemática ambiental ha tenido en los sistemas de las ciencias naturales y humanas; y en particular, las principales suscitaciones intelectuales que ha generado en la filosofía occidental. A la luz de este panorama, se tratará de resolver una "axiomática" para una filosofía de la sostenibilidad.

The impact the environmental problems have generated in natural and human sciences systems is presented in a general way, particularly the main intellectual arousal derived from Western philosophy. In the light of this outlook, an "axiomatic" approach for a philosophy of sustainability will be proposed.

Actitudes ambientales en los estudiantes de nivel superior en México / Environmentl atttitudes in higher education students in Mexico

La degradación y el consumo excesivo de los recursos naturales nos han llevado a tener problemas ambientales, siendo principalmente problemas por la falta de actitud o de sensibilización ambiental de la población. La palabra ambiental se empieza a escuchar por primera vez en 1975 en la Conferencia de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU), celebrada en Estocolmo (Suecia), en donde se reconoció la gravedad de estos problemas ambientales surgiendo un tema importante para poder cambiar estas actitudes o cambio de pensamiento a favor del medio ambiente y la necesidad de tener más Educación Ambiental (EA). En México la EA tuvo su inicio muchos años después en comparación a otros países, siendo el objetivo principal EA formar valores, actitudes, conductas para llegar a tener conciencia a favor del medio ambiente. Por lo que en el ámbito educativo se ha tenido que empezar a abarcar estos temas, teniendo una forma operativa entre la realidad y el medio ambiente, cosa que antes no formaba parte del currículum, ni transversal ni longitudinalmente. Se pretende con la EA que el estudiante conozca su entorno, tanto en las acciones humanas como en los fenómenos de la naturaleza y que para que esto suceda se requiere enseñarle en forma práctica y en forma teórica como aspectos fisicoquímicos y factores sociales. Y considerando que la educación de hoy, debe de ser innovadora formando a estudiantes con una visión y un criterio amplio para ofrecer resultados y propuestas para la mejora al cuidado del medio ambiente.

Degradation and overconsumption of natural resources have led to environmental problems, mainly problems due to the lack of the population's attitude or environmental awareness. The word environment was heard for the first time in 1975 at the United Nations Conference (UN) held in Stockholm, Sweden, where the seriousness of environmental problems was recognized and an important issue in order to change those attitudes or ways of thinking in favor of the environment and the need for more Environmental Education (EE) emerged. EE in Mexico, had its start many years later compared to other countries being its main purpose to educate in values, attitudes, behaviors in order to generate consciousness for the environment. This is why in the educational field these issues have been now taken into consideration using an operational way between reality and environment which did not make a part of the curriculum before neither in a crosscurricular nor in a lengthwise way. EE is intended to introduce students to their environment, both in human actions as in natural phenomena and, for this to happen, it is required to teach students in a practical and theoretical way, as well as in physicochemical aspects and social factors. Also considering that education today must be innovative, educating students with a broad discernment to offer results and proposals for improving the care of the environment.

Geografia política e gestão internacional dos recursos naturais / Political geography and international management of natural resources

Combinar ideias de autores clássicos da geografia política com autores contemporâneos permite analisar temas ambientais em uma escala internacional. Para regular os diversos interesses em jogo, foram criadas convenções internacionais sobre o ambiente, que oferecem novas formas de intercâmbio, comércio e cooperação entre países. Mas a assimetria das relações entre as partes aponta para a necessidade de discutir soberania, sustentabilidade e segurança ambiental, conceitos centrais que sustentam a ordem ambiental internacional, o conjunto de acordos multilaterais sobre o ambiente. Por isso, é fundamental analisar as matrizes teóricas dos conceitos citados combinados com convenções internacionais elaboradas em reuniões de Cúpula, como as de Estocolmo, do Rio de Janeiro e a de Joanesburgo, para reforçar o diálogo na resolução de problemas internacionais.

The combination of classical and contemporaneous authors of political geography allow us to analiser an international scale. International Conventions on Environment were created to regulate the different interests at stake. They offer new forms of interchange, commerce and cooperation among countries. However the asymmetric relationship among the parties exposes the need to discuss sovereignty, sustainability and environmental security, central concepts that maintain the international environmental order, the set of multilateral agreements on environment. For this reason, it is instrumental to examine the theoretical matrix of the above mentioned concepts in combination with the international conventions elaborated in Summits, such as the ones held in Stockholm, Rio de Janeiro and Johannesburg, to reinforce the dialogue in the resolution of international problems.

Uso múltiple y biodiversidad entre los Mayas Yucatecos (México) / Multiple use and biodiversity within the Mayan communities of Yucatan Mexico

Con base en una detallada revisión de literatura se hace un recuentro del número de especies de la flora y fauna regionales utilizadas por los mayas yucateros actuales, mediante su estrategia de uso múltiple de los recursos. La revisión ofrece datos sobre la biodiversidad útil en la milpa y otras prácticas agrícolas, los huertos familiares, la apicultura y meliponicultura, la extracción y recolección de recursos forestales, la caza y la pesca. Se estima que una comunidad maya de la Península de Yucatán utiliza en un promedio entre 300 y 500 especies de animales y plantas. Con un estudio de caso en la comunidad de Punta Laguna en Yucatán, se ilustra la dinámica que sigue el conjunto de 13 actividades que forman la estrategia local del uso múltiple cuando se aplica un análisis de flujos monetarios. Se concluye que es esta estrategia múltiple la que explica el elevado número de especies utilizadas por familias y comunidades mayas, la que induce un cierto equilibrio espacial al mantener un patrón de paisajes en forma de mosaico, la que opera como un eficiente mecanismo ecológico y económico, y la que explica en parte la resiliencia del sistema naturaleza-cultura. Finalmente se llama la atención acerca de la importancia de reconocer la estrategia múltiple en la exploración del pasado de la cultura maya y en la discusión sobre su futuro.

Metales en pm10 y su dispersión en una zona de alto tráfico vehicular / PM10 metals and their atmospheric dispersion in a zone of high vehicular traffic density

Debido a la importancia del efecto de las partículas inhalables PM10 sobre la salud, se evaluaron los niveles de ocho metales traza (Pb, Al, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, V, Cd) en dichas partículas, en una zona de alta densidad vehicular. Las muestras fueron recolectadas en los sitios de muestreo (considerados como de emisión y dispersión) durante las épocas de sequía y lluvia, empleando un muestreador de bajo volumen con filtros de fibra de cuarzo, sometidas a un proceso de digestión y analizadas por espectrometría de absorción atómica. Las concentraciones de PM10 fueron el doble en la zona de emisión que en la zona de dispersión en ambas épocas, presentando una mejor correlación entre las zonas en época de sequía. A excepción de V y Cu, todos los metales analizados mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las zonas de muestreo. Por otra parte, para el periodo total existen diferencias significativas entre las zonas y las épocas climatológicas tanto para PM10 como para la totalidad de los metales. El Pb no excedió el estándar de calidad del aire establecido para Venezuela, pero presentó una concentración promedio en la zona de emisión de 1,l3µg/m³, cercano al límite diario permisible para Venezuela y USEPA; mientras que tanto el Pb como el Ni sobrepasaron el límite permisible de la OMS en ambas zonas durante todo el período de muestreo. El análisis estadístico demostró la adecuada selección de la zona de monitoreo, confirmando que la principal fuente de emisión de los poluentes es el parque automotor.