Potassium chloride and sodium chloride as reference toxicants to assess quality of toxicity tests carried out with the microcrustacean cladocera Ceriodaphnia dubia / Cloreto de potássio e cloreto de sódio como substâncias de referência para avaliar a qualidade do teste de toxicidade com o microcrustáceo cladocera Ceriodaphnia dubia

Two reference toxicants (potassium chloride-KCl and sodium chloride-NaCl) were used in the present study in order to assess the sensitivity of the microcrustacean cladocera Ceriodaphnia dubia. Chronic toxicity tests were carried out with those two salts and the sensitivity expressed as IC50;7D - concentration that causes inhibition of 50% of reproduction ability, in seven days exposure time. The medium values estimated for IC50;7D were 200.70 and 499.60 to KCl and NaCl, respectively. Those data have demonstrated that KCl can be more restrictive and more suitable than NaCl, when used as standard reference toxicant for plotting control charts of sensitivity.(AU)

No presente estudo foram utilizadas duas substâncias de referência (cloreto de potássio-KCl e cloreto de sódio-NaCl), para avaliar a sensibilidade do microcrustáceos cladocera Ceriodaphnia dubia. Testes de toxicidade crônica foram realizados com esses dois sais e a sensibilidade expressa como IC50;7D - concentração que causa inibição de 50% da capacidade de reprodução, em sete dias de tempo de exposição. Os valores médios estimados para IC50;7D foram 200,70 e 499,60 para KCl e NaCl, respectivamente. Esses resultados demonstraram que o KCl pode ser mais restritivo e mais adequado do que o NaCl, quando utilizado como substância de referência padrão para traçar gráficos de controle de sensibilidade.(AU)

Potassium chloride and sodium chloride as reference toxicants to assess quality of toxicity tests carried out with the microcrustacean cladocera Ceriodaphnia dubia / Cloreto de potássio e cloreto de sódio como substâncias de referência para avaliar a qualidade do teste de toxicidade com o microcrustáceo cladocera Ceriodaphnia dubia

Two reference toxicants (potassium chloride-KCl and sodium chloride-NaCl) were used in the present study in order to assess the sensitivity of the microcrustacean cladocera Ceriodaphnia dubia. Chronic toxicity tests were carried out with those two salts and the sensitivity expressed as IC50;7D - concentration that causes inhibition of 50% of reproduction ability, in seven days exposure time. The medium values estimated for IC50;7D were 200.70 and 499.60 to KCl and NaCl, respectively. Those data have demonstrated that KCl can be more restrictive and more suitable than NaCl, when used as standard reference toxicant for plotting control charts of sensitivity.

No presente estudo foram utilizadas duas substâncias de referência (cloreto de potássio-KCl e cloreto de sódio-NaCl), para avaliar a sensibilidade do microcrustáceos cladocera Ceriodaphnia dubia. Testes de toxicidade crônica foram realizados com esses dois sais e a sensibilidade expressa como IC50;7D - concentração que causa inibição de 50% da capacidade de reprodução, em sete dias de tempo de exposição. Os valores médios estimados para IC50;7D foram 200,70 e 499,60 para KCl e NaCl, respectivamente. Esses resultados demonstraram que o KCl pode ser mais restritivo e mais adequado do que o NaCl, quando utilizado como substância de referência padrão para traçar gráficos de controle de sensibilidade.

Sensitivity of Danio rerio (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) during two stages of development based on acute toxicity tests.

The sensitivity of Danio rerio to three chemicals was compared at two growth stages [larval (10 ± 2 after hatching) and post-larval (60 ± 4 days after hatching)] based on acute toxicity tests. Thirty-nine 48 h acute toxicity tests were performed with the substances CuSO4, NaCl and KCl. The 48 h LC50 values at the two growth stages were compared by independent samples t-tests. The results showed a clear decrease in sensitivity when post-larval organisms were used. Since acute toxicity test methods for D. rerio that recommend using post-larval stage fish do not represent the most sensitive stage of the test organism, our study suggests a revision of the methods to use larval fish.

[A new experimental model for inducing interstitial cystitis by oxidative stress using bladder instillation of a nitric oxide donor gel]. / Un nuevo modelo experimental de inducción de cistitis intersticial mediante estrés oxidativo empleando instilación vesical de un gel donante de óxido nítrico.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to develop a new experimental model of inducing interstitial cystitis (IC) through vesical instillation of a polymeric solution containing the NO donor S-nitrousglutathione (GSNO) and to compare it to the experimental interstitial cystitis induced by vesical instillation of protamine and potassium chloride. MATERIAL AND METHOD: For that purpose 40 female Wistar rats were used, divided in four groups: 1. saline solution + GSNO; 2. saline solution + polymeric solution (without GNSO); 3. protamine sulphate + KCl; 4. protamine sulphate + GSNO. The rats received one application (5 animals) or 3 applications (5 animals) of the corresponding substance through intravesical instillation, and after 6 days (5 animals) or 9 days (5 animals) they were euthanized and their bladders were removed for macroscopic evaluation and histological study. RESULTS: In the macroscopic evaluation we observed edema and hyperemia of the mucosa in 2 (22%) of the animals in group 1, in 0 (0%) of the animals in group 2, in 10 (100%) of the animals in group 3, and in 5 (50%) of the animals in group 4. In the protamine + KCl group and in saline + GSNO similar effects were observed on the bladder wall. The animals in group 2 (saline + polymeric) showed vascular congestion, significantly smaller than the rest after 9 days instillations (p=0.0035). Significant increased fibrosis was observed after instillations in groups 3 and 4, after 6 days (p=0.3781) and 9 days (p=0.0459) respectively, when compared to control (group 2). All groups presented neutrophilic infiltrate of variable intensity 6 days after instillations (p=0.7277). After 9 days, there was a regression of the infiltrate, with no evidence of accentuated neutrophilic reaction in all the groups (p=0.2301). CONCLUSION: The inflammatory response to bladder instillation of an aqueous solution of S-nitrousglutathione was very similar to that induced by bladder instillation of protamine and KCl. Instillation of an aqueous solution of GSNO can be considered a new model for experimental induction of interstitial cystitis.