Injury-associated levator ani muscle and anal sphincter ooedema following vaginal birth: a secondary analysis of the EMRLD study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether all three components of the levator ani muscle (pubovisceral [= pubococcygeal], puborectal and iliococcygeal) and the external anal sphincter are equally affected by oedema associated with muscle injury after vaginal birth. DESIGN: Observational cross-sectional study. SETTING: Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan. POPULATION: Primiparous women classified as high risk for levator ani muscle injury during childbirth. METHOD: MRI scans obtained 6-8 weeks postpartum were analysed. Muscle oedema was assessed on axial and coronal fluid-sensitive magnetic resonance (MRI) scans. Presence of oedema was separately determined in each levator ani muscle component and in the external anal sphincter for all subjects. Descriptive statistics and correlation with obstetric variables were obtained. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Oedema score on fluid-sensitive MRI scans. RESULTS: Of the 78 women included in this cohort, 51.3% (n = 40/78) showed muscle oedema in the pubovisceral (one bilateral avulsion excluded), 5.1% (n = 4/78) in the puborectal and 5.1% (n = 4/78) in the iliococcygeal muscle. No subject showed definite oedema on external anal sphincter. Incidence of oedema on the pubovisceral muscle was seven times higher than on any of the other analysed muscles (all paired comparisons, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Even in the absence of muscle tearing, the pubovisceral muscle shows by far the highest incidence of injury, establishing that levator components are not equally affected by childbirth. External anal sphincter did not show oedema-even in women with sphincter laceration- suggesting a different injury mechanism. Developing a databased map of injured areas helps understand injury mechanisms that can guide us in honing research on treatment and prevention. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Injury-associated levator ani muscle and anal sphincter oedema mapping on MRI reveals vulnerable muscle components after childbirth.

Applying the RE-AIM framework in a process evaluation of the introduction of the Non-Pneumatic Anti-Shock Garment in a rural district of Zimbabwe.

The Non-Pneumatic Anti-Shock Garment (NASG) is a first aid tool that can halt and reverse hypovolemic shock secondary to obstetric hemorrhage. The World Health Organization recommended the NASG for use as a temporizing measure in 2012, but uptake of the recommendation has been slow, partially because operational experience is limited. The study is a process evaluation of the introduction of NASG in a public sector health facility network in rural Zimbabwe utilizing an adapted RE-AIM, categorizing observations into the domains of: reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance. The location of the study was Hurungwe district, where staff members of 34 health facilities at primary (31), secondary (2) and tertiary (1) levels of care participated. We found that all facilities became skilled in using the NASG, and that the NASG was used in 10 of 11 instances of severe hemorrhage. In the cases of hypovolemic shock where the NASG was used, there were no maternal deaths and no extreme adverse outcomes related to obstetric hemorrhage in the study period. Among the 10 NASG uses, the garment was used correctly in each case. Fidelity to processes was high, especially in regard to training and cascading skills, but revisions of the NASG rotation and replacement operating procedures were required to keep clean garments stocked. Clinical documentation was also a key challenge. NASG introduction dovetailed very well with pre-existing systems for obstetric emergency response, and improved clinical outcomes. Scale-up of the NASG in the Zimbabwean public health system can be undertaken with careful attention to mentorship, drills, documentation and logistics.

Change in cervical length after arrested preterm labor and risk of preterm birth.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between preterm birth and cervical length after arrested preterm labor in high-risk pregnant women. METHODS: In this post-hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial, transvaginal cervical length was measured in women whose contractions had ceased 48 h after admission for threatened preterm labor. At admission, women were defined as having a high risk of preterm birth based on a cervical length of < 15 mm or a cervical length of 15-30 mm with a positive fetal fibronectin test. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association of cervical length measured at least 48 h after admission and of the change in cervical length between admission and at least 48 h later, with preterm birth before 34 weeks' gestation and delivery within 7 days after admission. RESULTS: A total of 164 women were included in the analysis. Women whose cervical length increased between admission for threatened preterm labor and 48 h later (32%; n = 53) were found to have a lower risk of preterm birth before 34 weeks compared with women whose cervical length did not change (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 0.24 (95% CI, 0.09-0.69)). The risk in women with a decrease in cervical length between the two timepoints was not different from that in women with no change in cervical length (aOR, 1.45 (95% CI, 0.62-3.41)). Moreover, greater absolute cervical length after 48 h was associated with a lower risk of preterm birth before 34 weeks (aOR, 0.90 (95% CI, 0.84-0.96)) and delivery within 7 days after admission (aOR, 0.91 (95% CI, 0.82-1.02)). Sensitivity analysis in women randomized to receive no intervention showed comparable results. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that the risk of preterm birth before 34 weeks is lower in women whose cervical length increases between admission for threatened preterm labor and at least 48 h later when contractions had ceased compared with women in whom cervical length does not change or decreases. © 2021 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Analysis of forensic medical opinions issued in criminal cases of alleged medical error in obstetrics at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, in 2010-2016.

AIM OF THE STUDY: Analysis of forensic medical opinions in the field of obstetrics prepared at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Krakow, in 2010-2016, in order to evaluate changes in the number of filed cases involving an alleged medical error over the years, and determine the most common situations where medical errors are suspected by patients, and the most prevalent types of medical errors in obstetrics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The opinions were divided into two groups. In the first group, the medical management was appropriate, while in the second group medical errors were identified. The medical errors were categorised as diagnostic/therapeutic, technical, and organisational. The effects of medical errors were classified as death, impairment to health, exposure to death, and exposure to impairment to health, by considering them separately for post-natal women, and for foetuses and neonates (during the first days of life). RESULTS: A total of 73 forensic medical opinions were analysed. In 25 cases, a medical error was identified. The most common situations in which a medical error was committed, and in which the suspicion of medical error proved to be unfounded, were listed. Overall, there were 17 diagnostic/therapeutic errors, 7 organisational errors, and 4 technical errors. In cases where a medical error was identified, there were 15 deaths, and in cases without a medical error - 31 deaths. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that 66% of the analysed forensic medical opinions involved no medical errors. In most of these cases, a therapeutic failure occurred, including perinatal haemorrhage, tight wrapping of the umbilical cord around the foetal neck (nuchal cord), premature birth, and septic complications. A few cases involved uncooperative patients. The most prevalent medical error was failure to perform or delaying a caesarean section when it was needed (because of emergency or urgent indications). The second most common medical error was related to incorrect CTG interpretation.

Postpartum retained products of conception: Retrospective analysis of the association with third stage of labor placental complications.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of postpartum retained products of conception (RPOC) among parturients with a history of third stage of labor placental complications and parturients without those complications. STUDY DESIGN: All women operated for postpartum RPOC following vaginal delivery by hysteroscopy or suction curettage between January 2013 and December 2017 were included in the study. Their medical records were reviewed for the occurrence of third stage of labor placental complications (including early postpartum hemorrhage treated with uterotonics, manual separation of the placenta, and revision of the uterine cavity for removal of cotyledons). RESULTS: The study cohort included 172 women operated for postpartum RPOC following vaginal delivery by operative hysteroscopy (143 cases, 83.1%) or by suction curettage (29 cases, 16.9%). Third stage of labor placental complications were reported in 65 (37.8%) cases, while 107 (62.2%) women had an uncomplicated third stage of labor. When considering all vaginal deliveries in our institution during the study period, the risk for RPOC was significantly higher among parturients with third stage of labor placental complications compared to those with an uneventful third stage of labor (3.7% versus 0.3%, p < 0.001, Odds ratio = 12.5, 95% confidence interval 9.0-17.3). CONCLUSION: Postpartum RPOC following vaginal delivery were more common in parturients with third stage of labor placental complications. However, the majority of postpartum RPOC cases were diagnosed in women reported to have an uncomplicated third stage of labor. Thus, focused postpartum ultrasound follow-up of women considered at risk for RPOC will not identify all cases.

Delivery through cervicovaginal fistula - literature review and case report.

Less than 10 deliveries via cervicovaginal fistula (CVF) with closed cervical os were reported so far. In the majority of cases, the patients had a history of induced abortions. The CVF was usually recognized due to postpartum hemorrhage. The facilitating role of prostaglandins used for labor induction was supposed. In all cases, the babies remained unaffected by the delivery route. We report a new case of a 37-year-old gravida 2, para 0, with a history of a paracervical tear following a first trimester abortion 11 years ago. The abortion and the laceration were not reported in the current obstetrical documentation. After labor induction using oral misoprostol in the 41 + 5 weeks of pregnancy, the patient delivered a healthy baby through a left-sided CVF, which imposed as bleeding paracervical laceration, 6 cm in diameter, extending to the vaginal fornix in the 3 o'clock position. The cervical os was only 1-1.5 cm dilated and imposed as an inelastic band ("squid ring") in the 9 o'clock position. The laceration was sutured under spinal anesthesia. The patient recovered quickly, and the postpartum hemoglobin drop was 2.8 g/dl. In conclusion, the possibility of CVF should be considered in women with a history of induced abortion.

Investigations of the relation between birth trauma and pelvic size in females from a medieval gravesite from Lübeck.

ABSTRACT: This study proposes that female pelvises showing no birth traumata may have had ideal child-bearing bone constitutions, differing significantly in size and shape from those with severe traumata, resulting in advantages during parturition. Based on this assumption, the female pelvises of a late medieval mass grave from Lübeck have been examined in terms of pelvic osteometric standards in obstetrics, morphological aspects, the degree of birth trauma lesions, and the possible effect of age at death on trauma mark severity. The results imply much wider pelvises (up to 1 cm) in the historical population and a shift in pelvic shape appearances from gynaecoid and platypelloid forms toward android and anthropoid shapes, compared with modern European populations. Furthermore, a significant relation between the appearances of lesions and the age at death was found, while the relations between pelvic size and shape and birth trauma appearances is not significant in this historical skeletal series.

Validity of a minimally invasive autopsy for cause of death determination in maternal deaths in Mozambique: An observational study.

BACKGROUND: Despite global health efforts to reduce maternal mortality, rates continue to be unacceptably high in large parts of the world. Feasible, acceptable, and accurate postmortem sampling methods could provide the necessary evidence to improve the understanding of the real causes of maternal mortality, guiding the design of interventions to reduce this burden. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The validity of a minimally invasive autopsy (MIA) method in determining the cause of death was assessed in an observational study in 57 maternal deaths by comparing the results of the MIA with those of the gold standard (complete diagnostic autopsy [CDA], which includes any available clinical information). Concordance between the MIA and the gold standard diagnostic categories was assessed by the kappa statistic, and the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to identify the categories of diagnoses were estimated. The main limitation of the study is that both the MIA and the CDA include some degree of subjective interpretation in the attribution of cause of death. A cause of death was identified in the CDA in 98% (56/57) of cases, with indirect obstetric conditions accounting for 32 (56%) deaths and direct obstetric complications for 24 (42%) deaths. Nonobstetric infectious diseases (22/32, 69%) and obstetric hemorrhage (13/24, 54%) were the most common causes of death among indirect and direct obstetric conditions, respectively. Thirty-six (63%) women were HIV positive, and HIV-related conditions accounted for 16 (28%) of all deaths. Cerebral malaria caused 4 (7%) deaths. The MIA identified a cause of death in 86% of women. The overall concordance of the MIA with the CDA was moderate (kappa = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.31-0.66). Both methods agreed in 68% of the diagnostic categories and the agreement was higher for indirect (91%) than for direct obstetric causes (38%). All HIV infections and cerebral malaria cases were identified in the MIA. The main limitation of the technique is its relatively low performance for identifying obstetric causes of death in the absence of clinical information. CONCLUSIONS: The MIA procedure could be a valuable tool to determine the causes of maternal death, especially for indirect obstetric conditions, most of which are infectious diseases. The information provided by the MIA could help to prioritize interventions to reduce maternal mortality and to monitor progress towards achieving global health targets.

Patología fetal grave relacionada con el parto / Severe fetal pathology related to childbirth

Introducción y objetivo: la encefalopatía hipóxico isquémica es una causa de encefalopatía neonatal. Aparece después del parto tras un episodio de asfixia con una incidencia global de encefalopatía hipóxico isquémica de 1,1 por cada 1.000 recién nacidos vivos. Otras complicaciones en el periodo perinatal son las fracturas y hemorragias intracraneales. El objetivo fue valorar las complicaciones graves del recién nacido en un hospital de tercer nivel, comparar los resultados con los obtenidos en el Benchmark de Obstetricia del 2005 y analizar la incidencia de encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica. Material y métodos: estudio retrospectivo descriptivo durante el periodo 2007 a 2013. Se incluyeron todos los casos de encefalopatía hipóxico isquémica, traumatismo y hemorragia craneal y se determinó su incidencia anual y globalmente. Resultados: se analizó un total de 43.273 recién nacidos. La incidencia global de patología grave en nuestro centro fue del 0,6% del total de recién nacidos y 0,12% de los recién nacidos a término. Con respecto a la encefalopatía hipóxico isquémica, la tasa global fue de 1,34 por 1.000 y 0,93 por 1.000 en los recién nacidos a término. La incidencia de fractura craneal global fue de 25,4 por 100.000 y 12,8 por 100.000 recién nacidos a término. La incidencia de hemorragia intracraneal global fue de 51,9 por 10.000 en el total de recién nacidos y de 2,3 por 10.000 recién nacidos a término. Conclusiones: la incidencia de encefalopatía hipóxico isquémica encontrada fue similar a la publicada en la literatura, 0,93 por 1.000 recién nacidos y la incidencia de patología grave neonatal relacionada con el parto se encuentra por debajo de la estimada (AU)

Introduction and objective: Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy is a cause of neonatal encephalopathy. It appears postpartum after an episode of asfixia with an overall incidence of hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy of 1.1 per 1,000 newborns. Other complications in the perinatal period are skull fractures and intracranial bleeding. The aim of this study was to assess the serious complications related to childbirth in a tertiary hospital, compare the results with those obtained in the 2005 Benchmark Obstetrics and analyze the incidence of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Material and methods: It is a retrospective descriptive study during the period 2007 to 2013. All cases of hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy, cranial trauma and intracranial hemorrhage were included and annual and global incidence was determined for each. Results: A total of 43,273 newborns were included in the study. The overall incidence of severe neonatal pathology in our hospital was 0.6% of all newborns and 0.12% of those borned at term. Regarding hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy, the overall rate was 1.34 per 1,000 newborns and 0.93 per 1,000 newborns at term. The overall incidence of skull fracture was 25.4 per 100,000 newborns and 12.8 per 100,000 newborns at term. The overall incidence of intracranial hemorrhage was 51.9 per 10,000 newborns and 2.3 per 10,000 newborns at term. Conclusions: The incidence of hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy found was similar to that reported in the literature, 0.93 per 1,000 newborns and the incidence of severe neonatal pathology related to childbirth is below the estimated (AU)

Intrapartal pelvic floor protection: a pragmatic and interdisciplinary approach between obstetrics and urogynecology.

Pelvic floor protection is an issue of increasing relevance. This article sought to summarize the session at last year's annual meeting of the German Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics (DGGG) in Stuttgart (10/2016) called "Urogynecology 2020-what is the optimal rate of cesarean section-does urogynecology have to deal with Obstetrics?". The main focus was set on the two important anatomical structures, the levator ani muscle and the anal sphincters. Operative vaginal delivery, epidural anesthesia, and episiotomy are subject to discussion.

Perineal body stretch during labor does not predict perineal laceration, postpartum incontinence, or postpartum sexual function: a cohort study.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The perineum stretches naturally during obstetrical labor, but it is unknown whether this stretch has a negative impact on pelvic floor outcomes after a vaginal birth (VB). We aimed to evaluate whether perineal stretch was associated with postpartum pelvic floor dysfunction, and we hypothesized that greater perineal stretch would correlate with worsened outcomes. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of primiparous women who had a VB. Perineal body (PB) length was measured antepartum, during labor, and 6 months postpartum. We determined the maximum PB (PBmax) measurements during the second stage of labor and PB change (ΔPB) between time points. Women completed functional questionnaires and had a Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) system exam 6 months postpartum. We analyzed the relationship of PB measurements to perineal lacerations and postpartum outcomes, including urinary, anal, and fecal incontinence, sexual activity and function, and POP-Q measurements. RESULTS: Four hundred and forty-eight women with VB and a mean age of 24 ± 5.0 years with rare (5 %) third- or fourth-degree lacerations were assessed. During the second stage of labor, 270/448 (60 %) had perineal measurements. Mean antepartum PB length was 3.7 ± 0.8 cm, with a maximum mean PB length (PBmax) during the second stage of 6.1 ± 1.5 cm, an increase of 65 %. The change in PB length (ΔPB) from antepartum to 6 months postpartum was a net decrease (-0.39 ± 1.02 cm). PB change and PBmax were not associated with perineal lacerations or outcomes postpartum (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PB stretch during labor is unrelated to perineal laceration, postpartum incontinence, sexual activity, or sexual function.

Peripartum pubic symphysis separation--Current strategies in diagnosis and therapy and presentation of two cases.

BACKGROUND: During spontaneous vaginal delivery, pubic symphyseal widening is normal. Common changes are reversible after complication-free birth. However, cases of peripartum symphysis separation are rare. There is no consensus in the literature on how to treat pregnancy-related pubic symphysis separation. METHODS: This review used a literature-based search (PubMed, 1900-2013) and analysis of 2 own case reports. Studies with conclusions regarding management were particularly considered. RESULTS: Characteristic symptoms, suprapubic pain and tenderness radiating to the posterior pelvic girdle or lower back, may be noted 48 h after delivery. Pain on movement, especially walking or climbing stairs, is often present. Conservative treatments, such as a pelvic brace with physiotherapy and local interventions such as infiltration, are successful in most cases. Symptom reduction within 6 weeks is the most common outcome, but can take up to 6 months in some cases. Surgical intervention is needed in cases of persistent separation. Anterior plate fixation is offered as a well-known and safe procedure. Minimally invasive SI joint screw fixation is required in cases of combined posterior pelvic girdle lesions. SUMMARY: Postpartum symphyseal rupture can be indicated with the rare occurrence of pelvic pain post-delivery, with sciatica or lumbago and decreased mobility. The diagnosis is made on clinical findings, as well as radiographs of the pelvic girdle. Conservative treatment with a pelvic brace is the gold standard in pre- and postpartum cases of symphysis dysfunction.

[Balloon catheter for cervical ripening on scarred uterus with unfavorable cervix: multicenter retrospective study of 151 patients]. / Maturation du col utérin défavorable par ballonnet supra-cervical sur utérus cicatriciel : étude rétrospective multicentrique de 151 patientes.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate safety and efficacy of balloon catheter for labor induction in women with previous cesarean section. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a multicenter retrospective cohort study, 151 patients were included with the following criteria: pregnancy over 37 weeks, singleton, vertex presentation, previous caesarean section with unique transversal segmentary incision, medical indication for induction of labor, unfavorable cervix with Bishop score inferior to 7, no premature rupture of membranes. Balloon catheter used for cervix ripening, is inflated from 30 to 80 mL of sterile of NaCl and is left until 24 hours. RESULTS: Overall rate of vaginal delivery was 53.7% (81/151). Labor began before balloon catheter removal for 58 out of 151 (38.4%) with vaginal delivery for 75% (42/58). Best prognosis factors for vaginal delivery were spontaneous labor after balloon removal (P=0.004) and anterior vaginal delivery (P=0.03). Side effects were rare bleeding or PROM, but didn't prevent continuing ripening labor. Other morbidity consisted in two uterus ruptures (1.2%) without maternofetal incidence. CONCLUSION: Supracervical balloon is a safe and efficiency method for inducing labor on scarred uterus with unfavorable cervix with low side effects.

Effect of maternal body mass index on oxytocin treatment for arrest of dilatation.

To determine whether the effectiveness of oxytocin treatment of arrest of dilatation differed in obese compared to lean women, we did a retrospective analysis of 118 subjects in spontaneous labor whose arrest of dilatation was treated with oxytocin. Cases were stratified by maternal body mass index (BMI): Group A, <25 kg/m2; Group B, 25.0-29.9 kg/m2; Group C, 30.0-34.9 kg/m2; and Group D, ≥ 35 kg/m². Groups were comparable in maternal age, parity, gestational age, birth weight, and the frequency of infection. Full dilatation was reached in about 90% of Group A and B, 72% of Group C, and 39% of Group D, the most obese women (P<0.001). The cesarean rate was directly related to maternal BMI, 11.4%, 22.9%, 34.3%, and 69.6% in Groups A through D, respectively (P<0.001). Significantly more oxytocin was used in group D than in the other groups during the first 3h of infusion in attempting to overcome the arrest (P=0.003). We conclude that oxytocin treatment of arrest of dilatation was less effective in obese than in lean women. This effect was most prominent in women with a BMI >35 kg/m2, who were, despite having received more oxytocin than those in the leaner groups, less than half as likely to attain full dilatation and more than twice as likely to deliver by cesarean.

Need for a global obstetric fistula training strategy.

Obstetric fistula is a complication of childbirth that often follows obstructed labor and is almost exclusive to low-resource countries. The original Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD 1990 Study) reported an incidence of 8.68 per 100000 and a prevalence of 51.35 per 100,000 for women aged 15-44 years in low-resource regions. The most cited global prevalence estimate is 2 million women. Although the global burden of obstetric fistula remains unclear, the number of women suffering from the condition is increasing, while surgical treatment remains limited. There are few experienced fistula surgeons and past surgical training approaches have been inconsistent. The Global Competency-Based Fistula Surgery Training Manual developed by FIGO and partners contains a set curriculum and, to ensure its implementation, a global strategy and training program have been developed. This paper describes key elements of the training program and its implementation. The anticipated impact of the training program is a reduction in global morbidity caused by obstetric fistula.

Musculoskeletal growth in the upper arm in infants after obstetric brachial plexus lesions and its relation with residual muscle function.

AIM: Denervation after obstetric brachial plexus lesion (OBPL) is associated with reduced musculoskeletal growth in the upper arm. The aim of this study was to investigate whether reduced growth of upper arm flexor and extensor muscles is related to active elbow function and humeral length. METHOD: In this study, 31 infants age less than 6 months (mean age 4.3mo; range 2.1-5.9mo; 17 males; 14 females;) with unilateral OBPL (Narakas class I, 19; II, 3; III, 2; and IV, 7) treated at the VU medical centre, in whom neurosurgical reconstruction was considered were prospectively studied using magnetic resonance imaging of both arms at a mean age of 4.3 months. Humeral length and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of elbow flexor and extensor muscles were measured in both upper arms. Paresis of elbow function was estimated when the infants were a mean age of 4.5 months using the Gilbert score. RESULTS: Both flexor and extensor CSAs were significantly smaller on the affected side than on the unaffected side (88% [SD 32%], p=0.020, and 88% [SD 24%], p=0.001 respectively), as was humeral length (96% [SD 7%], p=0.005) (unaffected side 100% in all cases). There was no relation between the reduction in flexor and extensor CSA and residual muscle function. In 17 out of 31 patients, hypertrophy of flexor and/or extensor muscles was observed. Humeral length was not related to muscle parameters. INTERPRETATION: Denervation has different effects on muscle growth and function as well as bone growth. In young infants with an OBPL, muscle size is not a predictor of muscle function. Flexion contractures of the elbow later in childhood may not be explained by a dominance of flexor muscle mass in infants.

Outcome of repeat supratrigonal obstetric vesicovaginal fistula repair after previous failed repair.

INTRODUCTION: Currently, surgical repair for vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) provides excellent results, but the recurrent VVF is difficult to treat as compared to primary. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-eight patients (44 primipara and 24 multipara) with recurrent VVF repair from January 2002 to December 2007 were included in present study. The mean size of fistula was 2.8 cm (1.0-6.5). The previous surgical repair was through the abdominal route in 50 patients (73.53%) and through the vaginal route in the remaining 18 patients (26.47%). RESULTS: The procedure was successful in 62 of 68 patients (91.17%). The mean duration of surgery was 146.6 min (100-210). Mean blood loss was 160 ml (110-400) and mean hospital stay was 5.6 days (4-10). Eight patients developed complications. CONCLUSION: Recurrent VVF is difficult to treat, but excellent results can still be achieved by strictly sticking to the principals of surgical repair for VVF.