From gynaecology offices to screening campaigns: a brief history of cervical cancer prevention in Brazil.

This paper discusses the knowledge and medical practices relating to cervical cancer in Brazil. It analyses the growing medical interest in the disease at the beginning of the twentieth century, the development of prevention techniques in the 1940s, and the emergence of screening programs in the 1960s. It argues that the development of knowledge on cervical cancer was related simultaneously to a number of factors: transformations in medical knowledge, the development of the idea that the disease should be treated as a public health problem, the increased concerns with women's health, and major changes to the Brazilian healthcare system. The article concludes by identifying a number of issues that are still proving to be obstacles to control of the disease.

[The stele of the eye doctor in the Museum of Bar and the logo of the French Language Society for the History of Ophthalmology]. / La stèle de l'oculiste du Musée barrois et le logo de la Société francophone d'histoire de l'ophtalmologie.

The objectives are to: recall the circumstances of discovery of two corner pillars 45 years apart and other objects belonging to a circa second century Gallo-Roman temple; analyze the sculptures, of which the best known is the "stele of the eye doctor", which the French Language Society for the History of Ophthalmology took as inspiration for its logo; discuss the significance of instruments and procedures within a markedly religious context at a time when the mystery cults appeared; provide elements for discussion on the interpretation of the scenes depicted on the two pillars.

Separating doctors' homes and doctors' offices: San Francisco, 1881-1941.

The urban medical delivery system includes not only the technological and scientific skills and apparatus used by health care practitioners but also those economic and social arrangements made by doctors that affect their ability to provide medical care. Among the most important of these is the location of health care facilities, especially doctors' offices. This paper traces the changing locations of doctors' offices in San Francisco between 1881 and 1941. Most specifically, it focuses on the separation of office from residence and the location of offices in the city. Changes in location began to occur during the urban transformation that occurred late in the nineteenth century. At that time, changes in the division of labor, the role of the family, and transportation and communications technology interacted with changes in science, medical technology and professional organization to alter the nature and location of the settings used to provide medical care. The health care delivery system is thus interpreted as the product of the overall dynamics of urbanization rather than the outcome simply of scientific discovery, medical technology and the influence of key medical practitioners and professional organizations.