Social vulnerability: The connection between psychiatric disorders and thiamine deficiency in pregnant women.

The evaluation of thiamine and its derivative phosphate esters levels in pregnant women in rural communities can contribute not only for understanding the specific characteristics of this population regarding nutritional aspects, but also for clarifying the relations of psychiatric manifestations and a vitamin deficit. In the present work we assessed sociodemographic variables, psychiatric parameters and thiamine and its derivative in the whole blood of women in a rural, low-income community in Brazil. A case-control study was done. 94 women were divided in groups using the trimesters of pregnancy as a criterion: each trimester, 1st, 2nd and 3rd had 17, 37 and 38 women, respectively. A control group of non-pregnant women (n-39) was also included. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were assessed using the HAMA Scale and Beck Inventory, respectively. The thiamine and its phosphorylated derivatives concentrations were determined in whole blood samples using the HPLC method. The results suggest that physiological mechanisms linked to the metabolic pathways of thiamine may play a role in some neurobiological substrate involved in the regulation of emotional state. Thus, social vulnerability is identified as an important factor to be considered in the evaluation of the mental health of pregnant women living in rural communities.

Effect of blood thiamine concentrations on mortality: Influence of nutritional status.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that low blood thiamine concentrations in malnourished critically ill children are associated with higher risk of 30-d mortality. METHODS: Prospective cohort study in 202 consecutively admitted children who had whole blood thiamine concentrations assessed on admission and on days 5 and 10 of intensive care unit (ICU) stay. The primary outcome variable was 30-d mortality. Mean blood thiamine concentrations within the first 10 d of ICU stay, age, sex, malnutrition, C-reactive protein concentration, Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 score, and severe sepsis/septic shock were the main potential exposure variables for outcome. RESULTS: Thiamine deficiency was detected in 61 patients within the first 10 d of ICU stay, 57 cases being diagnosed on admission and 4 new cases on the 5th d. C-reactive protein concentration during ICU stay was independently associated with decreased blood thiamine concentrations (P = 0.003). There was a significant statistical interaction between mean blood thiamine concentrations and malnutrition on the risk of 30-d mortality (P = 0.002). In an adjusted analysis, mean blood thiamine concentrations were associated with a decrease in the mortality risk in malnourished patients (odds ratio = 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73-0.98; P = 0.029), whereas no effect was noted for well-nourished patients (odds ratio: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.94-1.13; P = 0.46). CONCLUSIONS: Blood thiamine concentration probably has a protective effect on the risk of 30-d mortality in malnourished patients but not in those who were well nourished.

Thiamine deficiency, oxidative metabolic pathways and ethanol-induced neurotoxicity: how poor nutrition contributes to the alcoholic syndrome, as Marchiafava-Bignami disease.

Ethanol is an important risk factor for the occurrence of several brain disorders that depend on the amount, period and frequency of its consumption. Chronic use of ethanol often leads to the development of neurodegenerative syndromes, which cause morphological and functional impairments such as foetal alcohol syndrome in newborns exposed to ethanol during pregnancy, Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome and, more rarely, Marchiafava-Bignami disease (MBD). MBD is characterized by primary degeneration of the corpus callosum, without inflammation and is associated with oxidative stress and hypovitaminosis, as well as altered mental status, to mention dementia, seizures, depression and so on. This review discusses MBD and poor nutrition as a risk factor for the development of such alcoholic syndrome, with focus on diagnosis, pathogenic aspects, signs and symptoms, as well as therapeutic perspectives. On the basis of the inclusion/exclusion criteria adopted, the performed search in scientific databases (Pubmed, Scielo and Google Scholar) resulted in 100 studies that are being presented and discussed in the present work. Review, case-control and cohort studies on alcoholism-associated hypovitaminosis, oxidative stress, MBD and ethanol metabolism pathways were admitted as relevant. We highlight that MBD is a poorly described, diagnosed, insidious and progressive condition, for which evidence suggests a synergism between ethanol-induced neurotoxic effects and hypovitaminosis B. Present treatment consists of vitamin B1(thiamine) supplementation. Nonetheless, other strategies such as the inclusion of antidepressants or steroidal anti-inflammatories as add-on therapies have been employed as an attempt to improve the damage. Indeed, both the diagnosis and treatment are difficult, and death occurs within few years.

Low serum vitamin B-12 and folate concentrations and low thiamin and riboflavin intakes are inversely associated with greater adiposity in Mexican American children.

BACKGROUND: Micronutrient status may be a contributing factor to the development of childhood obesity in many industrializing countries passing the nutritional transition. The few studies investigating associations between serum concentrations of vitamin B and intake of B vitamins with adiposity, however, have reported inconsistent findings. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to examine associations between serum vitamin B-12 and folate concentrations and intakes of B vitamins with body fat by using data on 1131 Mexican American children 8-15 y of age included in NHANES 2001-2004. METHODS: Children's body mass index (BMI), trunk fat mass (TrFM), and total body fat mass (TBFM) were used as body adiposity (BA) measures. Serum concentrations of folate and vitamin B-12 were measured in blood samples collected from children. Intake of B vitamins was collected according to 24-h dietary recall. Associations of BA with serum concentrations of vitamin B-12 and folate and intake of B vitamins were determined by using linear and multinomial regression models. RESULTS: Serum concentrations of vitamin B-12 and folate were inversely associated with BMI (ß: -2.68, P < 0.01; ß = -1.33, P < 0.01), TrFM (ß:-3.32, P < 0.01; ß: -0.14, P < 0.05), and TBFM (ß:-1.93, P < 0.01; ß: -3.19; P < 0.01). Higher serum concentrations of vitamin B-12 were associated with a reduced risk of obesity (OR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.77; P < 0.001). Thiamin and riboflavin intakes were inversely associated with BMI (ß:-1.35, P < 0.05; ß: -1.11, P < 0.05) and TrFM (ß:-1.26, P < 0.05; ß: -1.37, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Similar inverse associations between BA and status of both vitamin B-12 and folate and intake of thiamin and riboflavin suggest that these micronutrients may play a role in adipogenesis and risk of childhood obesity.

Thiamine deficiency and cardiac dysfunction in Cambodian infants.

OBJECTIVES: To compare blood thiamine concentrations, echocardiography findings, and plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels in infants with clinically diagnosed beriberi and healthy matched controls, and to evaluate changes after thiamine treatment. STUDY DESIGN: Sixty-two Cambodian infants (20 cases and 42 controls), aged 2-47 weeks, were enrolled in this prospective study. Echocardiography and phlebotomy were performed at baseline and after thiamine treatment. RESULTS: Both cases and controls were thiamine-deficient, with median blood thiamine diphosphate (TDP) concentrations of 47.6 and 55.1 nmol/L, respectively (P = .23). All subjects had normal left ventricular ejection fraction. The median NT-proBNP concentration in cases (340 pg/mL [40.1 pmol/L]) was higher than previously reported normal ranges, but not statistically significantly different from that in controls (175 pg/mL [20.7 pmol/L]) (P = .10), and was not correlated with TDP concentration (P = .13). Two cases with the lowest baseline TDP concentrations (24 and 21 nmol/L) had right ventricular enlargement and elevated NT-proBNP levels that improved dramatically by 48 hours after thiamine administration. CONCLUSION: Only a minority of thiamine-deficient Cambodian infants demonstrate abnormal echocardiography findings. Thiamine deficiency produces echocardiographic evidence of right ventricular dysfunction, but this evidence is not apparent until deficiency is severe. NT-proBNP concentrations are mildly elevated in sick infants with normal echocardiography findings, indicating possible physiological changes not yet associated with echocardiographic abnormalities.

Ressonância magnética cardíaca na cardiomiopatia dilatada: atualidades / Cardiac magnetic resonance in dilated cardiomyopathy: an update

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A cardiomiopatia dilatada(CMD) é a mais comum das cardiomiopatias, compreendendo mais de 90% de todos os casos. O seu diagnóstico é feito, sobretudo,com a utilização da ecocardiografia, a qual apresenta algumas limitações quanto à identificação da etiologia. A ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) tem se destacado como exame coadjuvante, permitindo melhor caracterização morfofuncional e tecidual do músculo cardíaco. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrevero papel da RMC no diagnóstico e avaliação das diversas causas de CMD.CONTEÚDO: A RMC apresentou bons resultados na aplicaçã oclínica em diversas causas de CMD, não possuindo capacidade de diferenciar todos os seus tipos, porém, contribuindo para a presunção diagnóstica.CONCLUSÃO: Com o avanço tecnológico da RMC, múltiplas indicações clínicas têm surgido em algumas ocasiões, com um aspecto complementar a determinados exames, em outras, como solução de dilemas diagnósticos. Tudo isso com acurácia superior aos demais métodos de imagem, poucas contraindicações e mínimos riscos de efeitos adversos.(AU)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common cause of cardiomyopathies,including more than 90% of all cases. Its diagnostic is done using, especially, echocardiography; which presents some limitations regarding the etiology's identification. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has been very useful as a more precise study, allowing better characterization of myocardium tissue and morphology. The objective of this article was to describe the role of the CMR in the diagnosis and evaluation of the diverse causes of DCM.CONTENTS : The CMR presented good results in the clinical applicationin diverse causes of DCM, not having capacity to differentiate all their types; however, better contributing to the diagnostic and patients follow up.CONCLUSION: With the technological development of CMR, several clinical indications have been created, in a few occasions with a complementing aspect to certain exams, in others with solutions of diagnostic dilemmas. All with higher accuracy in comparison to others image modalities, few contraindications and minimum adverse risks effects.(AU)

Influência da terapia com diuréticos nos níveis séricos de tiamina em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca / Influence of diuretic therapy on thiamin blood levels in patients with heart failure

Fundamento - A importância de micronutrientes como tiamina há muito é conhecida, visto que sua deficiência associa-se com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) de alto débito. Vários trabalhos mostram a influência dos diuréticos nos níveis de tiamina. Objetivos - Avaliar se o uso de furosemida isolada ou associada a espironolactona (espiro) determina níveis de tiamina diferentes em pacientes (pc) com IC. Verificar se a tiamina é influenciada por fatores nutricionais, comorbidades e outros fármacos. Métodos - Estudo em duas etapas: Estudo 1 - análise transversal (uso prévio de furosemida isoladamente ou em associação com espiro) de 22 pc com IC (classes III/IV da NYHA) divididos em: grupo I - com epiro (n=11) e grupo II - sem espiro (n=11); Estudo 2 - ensaio clínico randomizado, aberto, com três grupos paralelos de 53 pc com IC divididos em grupo "sem diuréticos" (n=15), "com diurético" (n=15) (uso de furosemida até o dia 90 e depois associar espiro até o dia 180) e "com espiro" (n=23) (usar furosemida e espiro desde a visita inicial até o dia 180). Os pc realizaram três visitas: inicial, em 90 dias e 180 dias, sendo coletadas amostras de sangue para tiamina e outros exames, assim como análise clínica. Determinamos os níveis de tiamina por recombinação de apoenzima e por cromatografia líquida de alta performance. Utilizamos testes t de Student, qui-quadrado, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman e como a variância foi cerca de três vezes maior que a estimada, usamos a simulação robusta de Monte Carlo. Resultados: no estudo 1, os grupos I e II eram similares em relação à ingesta alimentar, doses diárias de furosemida (I=110,9 +- 30,2 vs II=105,5 +-26,9mg; p>0,05) e dados demográficos. Os pacientes do grupo I mostraram níveis maiores de tiamina (277,2+-89,8), comparados aos do grupo II (154,7+-35,7) (p<0,001). Nenhuma outra variável esteve associada com a tiamina. No estudo 2, os grupos também eram semelhantes quanto às características clínicas e laboratoriais...

Background: The importance of micronutrients such as thiamine known since its deficiency is associated with the development of high-output heart failure (HF). Several studies show the influence of diuretic therapy in thiamine blood levels. Objectives: assess whether the use of furosemide alone or in combination with spironolactone (spiro) can determine different thiamine blood levels in patients (pt) with HF. To determinat whether thiamine blood levels were influenced by nutritional factors, comorbidities and other drugs. Methods: Study 1 - cross-sectional analysis (previous use of furosemide alone or with spiro) of 22 HF pt (NYha class III/IV) divided in two groups: I - with spiro (n=11) and II - without spiro (n=11); Study 2 - randomized, open-label, with three parallel groups of 53 HF pt divided into group "without diuretics" (n=15), "with diuretic" (n=15) (use of furosemide until day 90 and then adding spiro from day 90 until day 180) and "with spiro" (n=23) (using furosemide and spiro through all study). Patients were scheduled to three visits: day 0, day 90 and day 180, and blood samples were collected for thiamine and other tests, as well as clinical analysis. Thiamine levels were determined using an apoenzyme recombination method and high-performance liquid chromatography. The tests used were t-Student, chi-square, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman correlation, and as the variance was about three times higher than estimated, we used a robust Monte Carlo simulation. Results: in study 1, group I and II were similar regarding food intake, daily furosemide doses (I=110.9+-30.2 vs II=105.5+-26.9 mg; p>0.05) and demographics. Pts in group I (277.2+-89.8) showed significantly higher thiamine levels when compared to pts in group II (154.7+-35.7) (p<0.001). No other variables were associated with thiamine. In study 2, the groups were also similar regarding clinical and laboratory assessments. We found no statistical differences in thiamin blood levels...

Thiamin, selenium, and copper levels in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy taking diuretics.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association of thiamin, selenium, and copper serum levels with cardiac function in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy using diuretics, and also to compare them with levels in control patients with no evidence of disease. METHODS: The study comprised 30 patients with heart disease and 30 healthy control individuals. Thiamin was analyzed by measuring the activity of erythrocytic transketolase and the effect of thiamin pyrophosphate. Selenium and copper serum levels were measured by hydride generation and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, respectively. RESULTS: Thiamin deficiency was observed in 10% of the control individuals and in 33% of the patients with heart disease (p=0.02). The mean selenium and copper serum levels in control individuals and patients with heart disease were, respectively, 73.2+/-9.9 microg/L (56.5 to 94.5 microg/L) and 72.3+/-14.3 microg/L (35.5 to 94 microg/L) (p=0.77); 1.1+/-0.4 mg/L (0.6 to 1.8 mg/L) and 1.2+/- 0.4 mg/L (0.6 to 2.2 mg/L) (p=0.27). No association between the levels of these nutrients and cardiac function was observed. CONCLUSION: Thiamin deficiency was significantly more frequent in patients with heart disease. No significant difference was observed between the mean selenium and copper serum levels in control individuals and in patients with heart disease. The results suggest possible benefits with thiamin replacement in patients taking diuretics.

Thiamine status in Jamaican patients with alcoholic cirrhosis compared with "normal" adults

Thiamine status has been determined in 22 "normal" adults and 8 adults with alcoholic cirrhosis. The activity of erythrocyte transketolase was measured with and without the addition of exogenous thiamine pyrophospate and expressed as a percentage stimulaion (TTP-E percent). Biochemical evidence of thiamine deficiency was found in 14 percent of normal adults and 38 percent of alcoholics. The most severe deficiency was found in an alcoholic with cardiac involvement (TTP-E of 58 percent). The three deficient alcoholics improved with thiamine therapy, but the response was slow, indicating, perhaps, an apotransketolase deficiency. One patient with Wernicke's encephalopathy had a normal thiamine status. Two of the deficient patients had hepatic encephalopathy, whilst the third had delirium tremens.(AU)